The objectives of this study were to investigate the corrosion behavior of conventional and self-ligating stainless steel brackets and the surface structural changes in response to salad dressing. Damon, In-Ovation,Smart clip, Discovery, OMNI and Masel brackets were all included in the study. For the control group, the brackets were placed in Petri dishes with Potassium Ferrocyanide (Fe [CN]6K4) and distilled water. Whereasas for the experimental group, the brackets were incorporated into the same reagent mixed with Oil-based - Kraft Classic French Oil and Water-based-Salad Magic, Herb and Garlic Dressing. The released ferrous ion concentrations were measured by spectrophotometer after 24 and 48 hours. Scanning electron microscope was used to analyze surface changes of the brackets. All types of brackets demonstrated signs of corrosion. Generally, self-ligating brackets were more susceptible to corrosion than the conventional ones the most extensive corrosion was seen in In-Ovation R™. Meanwhile, Masel was the most corroded brackets for conventional brackets.The oil-based salad dressing illustrated the most extensive corrosion in all brackets. Self-ligating brackets, Inovation R™ showed pitting corrosion on the wings. Smart clip showed surfaces corrosion only. The commonly ingested fluids aggravate the corrosive process, and this is related to sodium chloride content.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document reviews materials for corrosion prevention in the oil industry. It discusses how corrosion impacts oil production, transportation, and processing. Common causes of corrosion include mineral acids formed from salts in crude oil. Recent research has focused on developing new corrosion-resistant materials, chemicals to remove water and neutralize acids, and surface-active substances. Various amines, nitrogen compounds, and commercial inhibitors like HERCULES-30617 and DEOL-4241 are used to inhibit corrosion in different operations. The review aims to analyze existing approaches and develop new materials for applications in corrosion prevention.
Review on Erosion and Corrosion Studies on Steel WeldmentsIRJET Journal
This document provides an extensive literature review on erosion and corrosion studies carried out on various grades of steel weldments. It discusses different types of erosion and corrosion, parameters that affect erosion rates like particle size and impact angle. Methods to analyze erosion and corrosion rates like weight loss tests and SEM imaging are also summarized. The review focuses on erosion and corrosion behavior of carbon steels like A106 grade steel typically used in pipes under various environmental conditions like chemicals and high temperatures.
Antibacterial and osteo-stimulatory effects of a borate-based glass series do...yiming li
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of increasing strontium (Sr2+) content and incubation time on the solubility, antibacterial properties, and ability to stimulate bone growth (osteo-stimulatory effects) of a series of borate-based glasses. The glasses were tested after being immersed in water for 1, 7, and 30 days. Results showed that higher Sr2+ content decreased glass solubility and promoted bone cell growth, while lower Sr2+ contents inhibited cell growth. The glasses were generally effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria for short incubation periods of 1-7 days due to ion release, except for the glass with the highest Sr2+ content.
This document summarizes coatings that can provide anti-corrosion and anti-wear properties for hard tissue implants. It discusses oxide coatings produced through thermal oxidation, microarc oxidation, and oxygen ion implantation that improve hardness and corrosion/wear resistance by forming protective oxide layers. It also mentions sol-gel derived oxide films like SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 that enhance corrosion resistance when applied as coatings. The document aims to give a comprehensive review of functional coatings for improving metallic implant performance and longevity in hard tissue applications.
This document discusses causes and effects of corrosion in refineries. It outlines that corrosion occurs due to interactions between metals and their environments, such as interactions between two metals, a metal and atmosphere, or a metal and soil. This can cause leakage or rupture of industrial equipment. Corrosion results in significant financial losses, with estimates that the US lost $276 billion to corrosion in 1998. To avoid these negative effects, refineries should select corrosion-resistant materials.
Control of corrosion on underwater pilesDocumentStory
Corrosion control methods for underwater piles include protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Protective coatings like inorganic zinc silicates and high build epoxy coatings can be applied. Cathodic protection prevents corrosion electrochemically using anodes bonded to the pile. FRP composites are lightweight, strong, and chemically resistant, and can be used to repair piles by restoring their cross-section and tensile capacity.
The document summarizes a study that measured the biodegradation and nickel release from orthodontic appliances over time. The study found that nickel is released from brackets, bands, and archwires when placed in artificial saliva. The maximum nickel release occurred at 7 days, then levels decreased over time. Untreated nickel-titanium wires released the most nickel, followed by copper nickel-titanium, ion-implanted nickel-titanium, and stainless steel wires. For nickel-sensitive patients, the study recommends using nickel-free brackets along with ion-implanted or stainless steel archwires.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document reviews materials for corrosion prevention in the oil industry. It discusses how corrosion impacts oil production, transportation, and processing. Common causes of corrosion include mineral acids formed from salts in crude oil. Recent research has focused on developing new corrosion-resistant materials, chemicals to remove water and neutralize acids, and surface-active substances. Various amines, nitrogen compounds, and commercial inhibitors like HERCULES-30617 and DEOL-4241 are used to inhibit corrosion in different operations. The review aims to analyze existing approaches and develop new materials for applications in corrosion prevention.
Review on Erosion and Corrosion Studies on Steel WeldmentsIRJET Journal
This document provides an extensive literature review on erosion and corrosion studies carried out on various grades of steel weldments. It discusses different types of erosion and corrosion, parameters that affect erosion rates like particle size and impact angle. Methods to analyze erosion and corrosion rates like weight loss tests and SEM imaging are also summarized. The review focuses on erosion and corrosion behavior of carbon steels like A106 grade steel typically used in pipes under various environmental conditions like chemicals and high temperatures.
Antibacterial and osteo-stimulatory effects of a borate-based glass series do...yiming li
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of increasing strontium (Sr2+) content and incubation time on the solubility, antibacterial properties, and ability to stimulate bone growth (osteo-stimulatory effects) of a series of borate-based glasses. The glasses were tested after being immersed in water for 1, 7, and 30 days. Results showed that higher Sr2+ content decreased glass solubility and promoted bone cell growth, while lower Sr2+ contents inhibited cell growth. The glasses were generally effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria for short incubation periods of 1-7 days due to ion release, except for the glass with the highest Sr2+ content.
This document summarizes coatings that can provide anti-corrosion and anti-wear properties for hard tissue implants. It discusses oxide coatings produced through thermal oxidation, microarc oxidation, and oxygen ion implantation that improve hardness and corrosion/wear resistance by forming protective oxide layers. It also mentions sol-gel derived oxide films like SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 that enhance corrosion resistance when applied as coatings. The document aims to give a comprehensive review of functional coatings for improving metallic implant performance and longevity in hard tissue applications.
This document discusses causes and effects of corrosion in refineries. It outlines that corrosion occurs due to interactions between metals and their environments, such as interactions between two metals, a metal and atmosphere, or a metal and soil. This can cause leakage or rupture of industrial equipment. Corrosion results in significant financial losses, with estimates that the US lost $276 billion to corrosion in 1998. To avoid these negative effects, refineries should select corrosion-resistant materials.
Control of corrosion on underwater pilesDocumentStory
Corrosion control methods for underwater piles include protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Protective coatings like inorganic zinc silicates and high build epoxy coatings can be applied. Cathodic protection prevents corrosion electrochemically using anodes bonded to the pile. FRP composites are lightweight, strong, and chemically resistant, and can be used to repair piles by restoring their cross-section and tensile capacity.
The document summarizes a study that measured the biodegradation and nickel release from orthodontic appliances over time. The study found that nickel is released from brackets, bands, and archwires when placed in artificial saliva. The maximum nickel release occurred at 7 days, then levels decreased over time. Untreated nickel-titanium wires released the most nickel, followed by copper nickel-titanium, ion-implanted nickel-titanium, and stainless steel wires. For nickel-sensitive patients, the study recommends using nickel-free brackets along with ion-implanted or stainless steel archwires.
Corrosion represents one of the most serious noticed in the industrial world especially in petrochemical, petroleum, power plants, etc.
Billions of Dollars are lost yearly due to the affect of corrosion in the world.
General Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
Concentration-Cell Corrosion
Intergranular Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Pitting
This document provides an overview of over 30 publications by J. Neshati and collaborators related to corrosion inhibition and protection of metals. The publications investigate various corrosion inhibitors, coatings, and electrochemical techniques for evaluating corrosion of metals like mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminum alloys in acidic environments. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and other methods are used to characterize corrosion protection performance. The work seeks to develop new corrosion inhibitors and coatings for protecting metals in industrial applications.
A seminar report on control of corrosion on underwater pilesRam Sayan Yadav
This document is a seminar report on controlling corrosion on underwater piles. It provides background on corrosion mechanisms of steel in seawater and defines zones of corrosion on steel piles. It then discusses corrosion management in three phases: assessment, physical assessment and remediation, and future monitoring. The report also describes various corrosion protection methods like protective coatings (inorganic zinc silicates primers, high build epoxy coatings, aliphatic polyurethane topcoats, zinc rich epoxy primers, non-skid deck coatings) and cathodic protection (suspension anodes, rod anodes). It gives examples of applying FRP composites on bridges to control corrosion.
Nalcool 2000 is an efficient corrosion inhibitor which use in many applications. It serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor which used as a Nalcool 2000 is an efficient corrosion inhibitor which use in many applications. It serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor which used as a Coolant corrosion inhibitor.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery/rotary endodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document defines biomaterials and discusses the various types used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by defining biomaterials and discussing their history. It then covers the main types of biomaterials used: metals (including stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, dental metals), ceramics (nonabsorbable, biodegradable, bioactive), polymers (such as PVC, polyethylene), composites, and biodegradable polymers. For each category, common materials are identified and their properties and uses are described.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Causes, Prevention, & Designing for Corrosion Resistance on Sheet Pile Struc...morethanmetal
A brief presentation regarding causes, prevention, & designing for corrosion resistance on sheet pile structures brought to you by Roll Form Group, a division of Samuel, Son & Co., Limited.
Deeper understanding of corrosion controlRobin Wright
This document discusses corrosion control and the importance of thoroughly cleaning metal surfaces prior to coating application. It explains that visually clean blasted surfaces still contain microscopic contaminants that can cause corrosion under coatings over time. The standard surface preparation methods do not fully remove these contaminants. The CleanWirx system is presented as an improved method that uses a gel to dissolve and remove microscopic contaminants, ensuring coatings adhere properly and assets last longer. It provides a deep decontamination in a simple, efficient process.
Control of corrosion on underwater piles pptLakshay Saxena
This document discusses corrosion protection methods for underwater piles. It begins with an introduction to corrosion and the corrosion mechanisms that affect steel piles in seawater. It then describes the different zones of corrosion for steel piles and various corrosion protection methods like protective coatings, cathodic protection, anode delivery systems, and the application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. It concludes with standards and codes from organizations like NACE and ASTM that are relevant to corrosion control system design. The key methods discussed are protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and wrapping piles with FRP composites for repair and reinforcement.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery /oral surgery courses by ...Indian dental academy
This document provides information about a seminar on biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery presented by Dr. M. Prudhvi Raj. It discusses the introduction and definitions of biomaterials, selection criteria for biomedical materials, and common classes of biomaterials including metals, polymers, and ceramics. Specifically, it describes commonly used metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium alloys; highlighting their compositions and properties.
Control of corrosion of underwater pilesAvinash Shaw
This document discusses various methods for controlling corrosion of underwater piles. It describes how corrosion occurs and identifies different zones that piles are exposed to based on wetness and tidal patterns. Common protection methods include protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Protective coatings can include inorganic zinc primers, epoxy coatings, and polyurethane topcoats. Cathodic protection involves connecting anodes to the metal to redirect corrosion. FRP composites provide strength and chemical resistance for repairing damaged piles.
Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is an electrochemical process that results in rust formation and expansion, which can crack and delaminate the concrete over time. The main causes of corrosion are chlorides and carbonation. Chlorides from deicing salts or seawater can penetrate the concrete and destroy the protective oxide layer on the steel. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide penetrates the concrete and raises its acidity, also damaging the protective layer. Common methods to protect reinforcement include using epoxy or zinc coatings on the steel, adding corrosion inhibitors to the concrete mix, or installing galvanic or impressed current anode systems that divert corrosion to the more easily corroded anode material.
A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Ac...ijtsrd
The Schiff base 2 3,4 dihydroxy 5 nitrophenyl methylidene hydrazine 1 carbothioamide DHNPMHC synthesized by condensation of 3,4 dihydroxcy 5 nitro benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The structure of Schiff base was characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR and UV – Vis methods. The inhibition efficiency of DHNPMHC towards the corrosion of iron in 0.5M HCl was investigated using weight loss measurement technique. Results showed that DHNPMHC is an effective inhibitor for iron corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency also increased with concentration of inhibitor increased. The maximum corrosion inhibition e ciency of inhibitor reported at 5 5X10 5M inhibitor concentration is 89.52 . Adsorption of the inhibitor on the iron surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Sanjay Kumar | Dr. Yogesh Chahar | Dr. V. K. Swami "A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Acidic Medium" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/45226/a-study-of-newly-schiff-base-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-metal-corrosion-in-acidic-medium/sanjay-kumar
Nanoparticles and their Potential affect as Antimicrobials in dentistryAI Publications
The aim of the current article is to evaluate the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of surfacemodified different orthodontic brackets with silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, using radiomarker. To measure the current study, a quantitative method was applied to the adherence of Streptococci to orthodontic brackets, 70 samples of orthodontic brackets were selected and classified in to 10 groups as follow: GVn (Radiance plus-Roth), GVI (InVu-Roth), GVII (SystemAlexanderLTS), GVIII (Gemini-Roth), GIX (NuEdge-Roth), GIIIn (Gemini-Roth), GIVn (NuEdge-Roth), GX (Radiance plus-Roth), GIn (InVu-Roth), and GIIn (SystemAlexanderLTS). The study focused on patients’ gender while considering sample for the present article. To codify and measure the bacterium, a radioactive marker (3 H) was applied. The brackets were then immersed in a radiolabeled solution, and the radiation was measured. The ANOVA test (Sheffè post hoc) was used to calculate the statistical analysis. The findings revealed that there were substantial disparities between the groups. GIIIn was the lowest score for both bacteria, whereas GIX and GVI were the highest for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, respectively. In conclusion, the surface of orthodontic brackets can be modified with silver nanoparticles to reduce the accumulation of dental plaque and the development of dental caries during orthodontic treatment.
Promotion Strategies For FINCARE Anti-Corrosion Coating for Air Conditioner Tanveer Singh Rainu
This document is an internship project report submitted by Tanveer Singh Rainu to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of a Master of Management Studies degree. The report focuses on promotion strategies for FINCARE, an anti-corrosion coating product for air conditioners, produced by SK Formulations India Private Limited. The report provides background on corrosion, the air conditioner and HVAC markets in India, and describes the company and FINCARE product. It then outlines the research objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations for promotion strategies.
1. The study compares silver nanoparticles coated and uncoated NiO–Fe2O3–CaO–SiO2–P2O5 ferromagnetic bioactive ceramics.
2. XRD and TEM analysis show the growth of hydroxyapatite layers on both coated and uncoated samples immersed in simulated body fluid.
3. Coated samples demonstrate better antimicrobial properties, degradation, and drug delivery compared to uncoated samples. The presence of silver nanoparticles improves these properties.
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
This document is a seminar report on controlling corrosion on underwater piles. It discusses corrosion mechanisms in seawater and defines four zones of corrosion: atmospheric, splash, tidal, and submerged. It outlines a three-phase corrosion management program involving assessment, remediation, and monitoring. Finally, it examines various corrosion protection methods including protective coatings, cathodic protection, and the application of fiber reinforced polymer composites to piles.
This document discusses corrosion of steel piles in seawater and methods to manage corrosion. It begins by introducing corrosion and its mechanism in seawater, then describes the different zones of corrosion for steel piles from the atmospheric zone to the submerged zone. It discusses three phases of corrosion management: planning, assessment and remediation, and future monitoring. Methods to protect from corrosion are then outlined, including protective coatings, cathodic protection, and using fiber reinforced polymer composites. It concludes that while no method eliminates all corrosion, cathodic protection and coatings are effective, and fiber reinforced polymers have advantages like strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals.
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of annealing process on the corrosion resistance of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. Samples of the alloy were annealed at 400°C for durations of 4, 8, and 12 hours. Testing showed that annealed samples had lower corrosion resistance and higher corrosion rates than the base metal in 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical polarization revealed that electrode potentials decreased with increasing annealing time. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the most severe intergranular corrosion on samples with the longest annealing time. In general, annealing the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy reduced its corrosion resistance.
This document outlines strategies for teaching and dealing with large classes. It discusses planning lessons in advance, working with teacher assistants, establishing routines and discipline, organizing time, dividing students into teams, giving students opportunities to participate, building rapport, using technology, providing feedback, encouraging communication between students, using motivation and dealing with specific problems. The key recommendations are to plan thoroughly, establish clear expectations and structure, engage students through active learning techniques like group work and technology, and build positive relationships.
Corrosion represents one of the most serious noticed in the industrial world especially in petrochemical, petroleum, power plants, etc.
Billions of Dollars are lost yearly due to the affect of corrosion in the world.
General Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
Concentration-Cell Corrosion
Intergranular Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Pitting
This document provides an overview of over 30 publications by J. Neshati and collaborators related to corrosion inhibition and protection of metals. The publications investigate various corrosion inhibitors, coatings, and electrochemical techniques for evaluating corrosion of metals like mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminum alloys in acidic environments. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and other methods are used to characterize corrosion protection performance. The work seeks to develop new corrosion inhibitors and coatings for protecting metals in industrial applications.
A seminar report on control of corrosion on underwater pilesRam Sayan Yadav
This document is a seminar report on controlling corrosion on underwater piles. It provides background on corrosion mechanisms of steel in seawater and defines zones of corrosion on steel piles. It then discusses corrosion management in three phases: assessment, physical assessment and remediation, and future monitoring. The report also describes various corrosion protection methods like protective coatings (inorganic zinc silicates primers, high build epoxy coatings, aliphatic polyurethane topcoats, zinc rich epoxy primers, non-skid deck coatings) and cathodic protection (suspension anodes, rod anodes). It gives examples of applying FRP composites on bridges to control corrosion.
Nalcool 2000 is an efficient corrosion inhibitor which use in many applications. It serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor which used as a Nalcool 2000 is an efficient corrosion inhibitor which use in many applications. It serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor which used as a Coolant corrosion inhibitor.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery/rotary endodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document defines biomaterials and discusses the various types used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by defining biomaterials and discussing their history. It then covers the main types of biomaterials used: metals (including stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, dental metals), ceramics (nonabsorbable, biodegradable, bioactive), polymers (such as PVC, polyethylene), composites, and biodegradable polymers. For each category, common materials are identified and their properties and uses are described.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Causes, Prevention, & Designing for Corrosion Resistance on Sheet Pile Struc...morethanmetal
A brief presentation regarding causes, prevention, & designing for corrosion resistance on sheet pile structures brought to you by Roll Form Group, a division of Samuel, Son & Co., Limited.
Deeper understanding of corrosion controlRobin Wright
This document discusses corrosion control and the importance of thoroughly cleaning metal surfaces prior to coating application. It explains that visually clean blasted surfaces still contain microscopic contaminants that can cause corrosion under coatings over time. The standard surface preparation methods do not fully remove these contaminants. The CleanWirx system is presented as an improved method that uses a gel to dissolve and remove microscopic contaminants, ensuring coatings adhere properly and assets last longer. It provides a deep decontamination in a simple, efficient process.
Control of corrosion on underwater piles pptLakshay Saxena
This document discusses corrosion protection methods for underwater piles. It begins with an introduction to corrosion and the corrosion mechanisms that affect steel piles in seawater. It then describes the different zones of corrosion for steel piles and various corrosion protection methods like protective coatings, cathodic protection, anode delivery systems, and the application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. It concludes with standards and codes from organizations like NACE and ASTM that are relevant to corrosion control system design. The key methods discussed are protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and wrapping piles with FRP composites for repair and reinforcement.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery /oral surgery courses by ...Indian dental academy
This document provides information about a seminar on biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery presented by Dr. M. Prudhvi Raj. It discusses the introduction and definitions of biomaterials, selection criteria for biomedical materials, and common classes of biomaterials including metals, polymers, and ceramics. Specifically, it describes commonly used metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium alloys; highlighting their compositions and properties.
Control of corrosion of underwater pilesAvinash Shaw
This document discusses various methods for controlling corrosion of underwater piles. It describes how corrosion occurs and identifies different zones that piles are exposed to based on wetness and tidal patterns. Common protection methods include protective coatings, cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes, and application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Protective coatings can include inorganic zinc primers, epoxy coatings, and polyurethane topcoats. Cathodic protection involves connecting anodes to the metal to redirect corrosion. FRP composites provide strength and chemical resistance for repairing damaged piles.
Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is an electrochemical process that results in rust formation and expansion, which can crack and delaminate the concrete over time. The main causes of corrosion are chlorides and carbonation. Chlorides from deicing salts or seawater can penetrate the concrete and destroy the protective oxide layer on the steel. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide penetrates the concrete and raises its acidity, also damaging the protective layer. Common methods to protect reinforcement include using epoxy or zinc coatings on the steel, adding corrosion inhibitors to the concrete mix, or installing galvanic or impressed current anode systems that divert corrosion to the more easily corroded anode material.
A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Ac...ijtsrd
The Schiff base 2 3,4 dihydroxy 5 nitrophenyl methylidene hydrazine 1 carbothioamide DHNPMHC synthesized by condensation of 3,4 dihydroxcy 5 nitro benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The structure of Schiff base was characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR and UV – Vis methods. The inhibition efficiency of DHNPMHC towards the corrosion of iron in 0.5M HCl was investigated using weight loss measurement technique. Results showed that DHNPMHC is an effective inhibitor for iron corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency also increased with concentration of inhibitor increased. The maximum corrosion inhibition e ciency of inhibitor reported at 5 5X10 5M inhibitor concentration is 89.52 . Adsorption of the inhibitor on the iron surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Sanjay Kumar | Dr. Yogesh Chahar | Dr. V. K. Swami "A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Acidic Medium" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/45226/a-study-of-newly-schiff-base-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-metal-corrosion-in-acidic-medium/sanjay-kumar
Nanoparticles and their Potential affect as Antimicrobials in dentistryAI Publications
The aim of the current article is to evaluate the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of surfacemodified different orthodontic brackets with silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, using radiomarker. To measure the current study, a quantitative method was applied to the adherence of Streptococci to orthodontic brackets, 70 samples of orthodontic brackets were selected and classified in to 10 groups as follow: GVn (Radiance plus-Roth), GVI (InVu-Roth), GVII (SystemAlexanderLTS), GVIII (Gemini-Roth), GIX (NuEdge-Roth), GIIIn (Gemini-Roth), GIVn (NuEdge-Roth), GX (Radiance plus-Roth), GIn (InVu-Roth), and GIIn (SystemAlexanderLTS). The study focused on patients’ gender while considering sample for the present article. To codify and measure the bacterium, a radioactive marker (3 H) was applied. The brackets were then immersed in a radiolabeled solution, and the radiation was measured. The ANOVA test (Sheffè post hoc) was used to calculate the statistical analysis. The findings revealed that there were substantial disparities between the groups. GIIIn was the lowest score for both bacteria, whereas GIX and GVI were the highest for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, respectively. In conclusion, the surface of orthodontic brackets can be modified with silver nanoparticles to reduce the accumulation of dental plaque and the development of dental caries during orthodontic treatment.
Promotion Strategies For FINCARE Anti-Corrosion Coating for Air Conditioner Tanveer Singh Rainu
This document is an internship project report submitted by Tanveer Singh Rainu to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of a Master of Management Studies degree. The report focuses on promotion strategies for FINCARE, an anti-corrosion coating product for air conditioners, produced by SK Formulations India Private Limited. The report provides background on corrosion, the air conditioner and HVAC markets in India, and describes the company and FINCARE product. It then outlines the research objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations for promotion strategies.
1. The study compares silver nanoparticles coated and uncoated NiO–Fe2O3–CaO–SiO2–P2O5 ferromagnetic bioactive ceramics.
2. XRD and TEM analysis show the growth of hydroxyapatite layers on both coated and uncoated samples immersed in simulated body fluid.
3. Coated samples demonstrate better antimicrobial properties, degradation, and drug delivery compared to uncoated samples. The presence of silver nanoparticles improves these properties.
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
This document is a seminar report on controlling corrosion on underwater piles. It discusses corrosion mechanisms in seawater and defines four zones of corrosion: atmospheric, splash, tidal, and submerged. It outlines a three-phase corrosion management program involving assessment, remediation, and monitoring. Finally, it examines various corrosion protection methods including protective coatings, cathodic protection, and the application of fiber reinforced polymer composites to piles.
This document discusses corrosion of steel piles in seawater and methods to manage corrosion. It begins by introducing corrosion and its mechanism in seawater, then describes the different zones of corrosion for steel piles from the atmospheric zone to the submerged zone. It discusses three phases of corrosion management: planning, assessment and remediation, and future monitoring. Methods to protect from corrosion are then outlined, including protective coatings, cathodic protection, and using fiber reinforced polymer composites. It concludes that while no method eliminates all corrosion, cathodic protection and coatings are effective, and fiber reinforced polymers have advantages like strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals.
Effect of Annealing Process on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 7075-T6 ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of annealing process on the corrosion resistance of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. Samples of the alloy were annealed at 400°C for durations of 4, 8, and 12 hours. Testing showed that annealed samples had lower corrosion resistance and higher corrosion rates than the base metal in 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical polarization revealed that electrode potentials decreased with increasing annealing time. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the most severe intergranular corrosion on samples with the longest annealing time. In general, annealing the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy reduced its corrosion resistance.
This document outlines strategies for teaching and dealing with large classes. It discusses planning lessons in advance, working with teacher assistants, establishing routines and discipline, organizing time, dividing students into teams, giving students opportunities to participate, building rapport, using technology, providing feedback, encouraging communication between students, using motivation and dealing with specific problems. The key recommendations are to plan thoroughly, establish clear expectations and structure, engage students through active learning techniques like group work and technology, and build positive relationships.
Colour correction was used to change the colours in images for a video to communicate a "red" theme throughout by making the shots more characterful with depth and providing more variety overall. Colour correction or grading is the technique of changing colours present in an image, from stark changes like blue to red or subtle changes like white balance adjustments. This was done to give the video's shots more character and depth while providing more variety overall in support of a unifying red theme.
El efecto Pigmalión describe cómo las expectativas que tiene una persona sobre otra pueden influir en su rendimiento, basado en el mito griego de Pigmalión. Existen efectos Pigmalión positivos y negativos en ámbitos educativos, laborales y sociales, como se ha demostrado en experimentos e historias como la obra Pigmalión y las películas Pinocho y En busca de la felicidad.
Here SarkariNaukriOnline.co brings you the latest Government Jobs (Sarkari Naukri) published on our website on 10.12.2016. We hope that the information provided here will help you in getting your dream job.
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La cocaína se extrae de la planta de coca y fue aislada por primera vez en 1859. Se usó como anestésico y para tratar la adicción a la morfina en las décadas de 1870 y 1880. Freud escribió sobre sus efectos en 1884 y Koller descubrió su uso como anestésico local ese mismo año. El consumo regular de cocaína puede conducir a una rápida dependencia psicológica aunque no física, y su uso continuo puede causar graves problemas cardiovasculares y respiratorios.
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Transforming Customer and Client Outcomes Through Engaging User ExperiencesDOYO Live
User experience is a huge buzzword in the design world right now, but what does it really mean? The truth is it means lots of things, and can best be thought of as a philosophy for creating engaging experiences for digital points-of-contact. In my talk, I’ll introduce you to tools, best practices, and approaches to design that leverage user goals and needs to build better products of all stripes.
Guiseppe Getto, Ph.D. is a college professor based in North Carolina and is President and Co-Founder of Content Garden, Inc., a digital marketing and UX consulting firm.
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Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Aspects of Green Corrosion Inhibitors in Ac...ijtsrd
Mild steel a low carbon steel is an affordable engineering material used for many purposes in various environments including mild acidic environment with some precautions. The corrosion behaviour of mild steel MS in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M HCl, in the temperature range 303–323 K without and with the inhibitor N 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl methyleneamino 4 hydroxy benzamide DMHB , was investigated using Potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS techniques supplementing with surface characterization study using scanning electron microscope SEM and atomic force spectroscopy AFM . Experimental observations were found to be in agreement with Density functional theory DFT calculations. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in DMHB concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency of 86 in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 81 in 0.5 M HCl, respectively, at concentration of 3 × 10 3 M at 303 K. The inhibition efficiency of DMHB obtained relatively at its lower concentration 3 × 10 3 M compared to other reported related compounds confirms its potential towards corrosion inhibition. Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dubey "Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Aspects of Green Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidic Media at Mild Steel Surfaces" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50128.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50128/thermodynamic-and-electrochemical-aspects-of-green-corrosion-inhibitors-in-acidic-media-at-mild-steel-surfaces/dr-rakesh-kumar-dubey
1. Corrosion is the primary means by which metals deteriorate when exposed to various environments like water, acids, bases, salts, oils, gases, and other chemicals. Understanding metallurgical factors that influence corrosion, like chemical composition, material structure, alloying elements, and heat treatment, is important for controlling corrosion in industries like petroleum and chemicals.
2. Key metallurgical factors that affect corrosion include the chemical composition, material structure, grain boundaries, alloying elements, mechanical properties, heat treatment, surface coating, welding, and manufacturing conditions of metals and alloys.
3. Common forms of corrosion include general corrosion, localized corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion
Performance Characteristics of various Corrugated Roofing Sheets in Nigeriaijceronline
This Paper is based on an experiment carried out on different roofing sheets namely aluminum, galvanized steel, plastic and asbestos of various grades. The aluminum samples were obtained from two different companies in Nigeria namely First Aluminum and Tower Aluminum; the Asbestos was obtained from Emenite while the Steel and Plastic samples were bought from the market. The samples were cut into a particular size (8cm by 5cm) and immersed in various media namely acidic (H2SO4), alkaline (NaOH), Sea water and Rain water in 2litres plastic beakers. The Rain water was used as the control medium for the experiment. The experiment was carried out for 70days and each grade was cut into 14 pieces of the same dimension. The samples were washed, weighed and tagged before immersion in the media. Each sample was removed every 5 days, washed thoroughly, dried and re-weighed. Some of the samples corroded while some resisted corrosion. The differences in the weights of the samples, and hence their respective rates of corrosion were obtained depending on the reacting media. The values that were obtained, the weight loss and weight gain were used to determine the corrosion rates per unit area per unit time. Graphs of specific weight loss/gain against time were plotted for each medium and each sample. Based on our graphs and observations, we can say that the coated samples are more resistant to corrosion, and therefore more durable.
The aim of this project was to investigate and evaluate corrosion using computer modelling for investigating causes of failure on specimen which had similar behavior to nature of failures, used in petroleum industry. A nipple-connecter reducer made from malleable cast iron used to carry liquid and gas in a petro chemical company located in Bahrain was used as sample.
The problem was also modeled to study the effect of the flow in causing the corrosion, in the nipple-connecter reducer assembly which concludes that the main cause of this attack is the flow turbulence, shear stress and pressure.
IRJET - Corrosion of Steel Bars in Concrete Mixes Designed According to Diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the corrosion of steel bars in concrete mixes designed according to three different code recommendations (ECP 203-2017, ACI 318-2019, and BS 8500‐1:2015+A2:2019) and exposed to either pure water or sea water environments. 72 concrete cubes, cylinders, and rebar specimens were cast and tested for each mix design and curing environment. The study found that steel bars corroded less in pure water-cured concrete compared to sea water-cured concrete, across all three mix designs. Additionally, steel bars in ACI mix design concrete corroded less than the other two mixes in both curing environments. Compressive and splitting strengths were higher
Review: Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors on Mild Steel in Acidic MediumIRJET Journal
This document reviews eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in acidic environments. It summarizes previous research that explored various plant extracts and organic compounds as green inhibitors. The research investigated the inhibition efficiency of these materials using different measurement techniques like weight loss, electrochemical, and theoretical studies. Most of the reviewed inhibitors showed high inhibition efficiency of over 75% within certain concentration ranges. The efficiency generally decreased with increasing temperature but was effective even at moderately high temperatures in some cases. The inhibitors were found to adsorb onto the steel surface, forming a protective layer. This helps reduce corrosion by decreasing reactant diffusion and surface charge. The document provides an overview of recent work investigating green alternatives for mild steel corrosion inhibition in acidic industrial settings.
Performance of blended corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Use of chemical corrosion inhibitors has been recognized as one of the effective way of controlling rebar corrosion in reinforced cement concrete (RCC). Corrosion inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category and are used to slow down corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. The addition of corrosion inhibitors to the mix, offers a viable corrosion protection measure. There are generally three groups of inhibitors: anodic, cathodic and mixed inhibitors. The effect of these chemicals on various physical properties of cement such as setting time, pH, and compressive strength needs to be explored before use. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to mix two commercially available corrosion inhibitors and evaluate its effect on setting time, pH and compressive strength. In the next part of the study electrochemical test involving the blended chemical corrosion inhibitor were also conducted on RCC slab specimen. Corrosion kinematic parameters have been estimated using potentio-dynamic polarization tests. It has been observed that the corrosion inhibitor does not have any adverse effect on physical properties of cement and cement concrete. The low corrosion current density exhibited by the inhibitor proves their potential in controlling corrosion initiation and propagation. Keywords - Corrosion inhibitors, setting time, compressive strength, corrosion kinematic parameters
Performance of blended corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concreteeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the performance of blended corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concrete. It summarizes the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the effect of a blend of calcium nitrite and calcium hypophosphite corrosion inhibitors on the physical properties and corrosion resistance of cement and concrete. The experiments found that the corrosion inhibitor blend did not adversely affect the setting time, pH, or compressive strength of cement or concrete. Electrochemical tests also showed that the corrosion inhibitor blend reduced the corrosion current density, demonstrating its potential to control corrosion initiation and propagation in reinforced concrete.
This document provides an overview of various approaches for protecting steel from corrosion. It discusses design techniques, cathodic protection, chemical inhibition, conversion coatings, coating systems, improving steel material properties, and corrosion monitoring. The best approach involves a practicable painting or organic coating system that provides protection tailored to the environment. While methods have improved corrosion resistance, more effective and economical solutions are still needed for all environments.
1. Corrosion of orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity can weaken the appliances, increase friction, and cause local pain or swelling. It can also release metal ions which can discolor tissues or cause allergic reactions.
2. Factors like temperature, saliva content, plaque, and pH can influence the corrosion of orthodontic alloys like stainless steel, titanium, and nickel-titanium in the oral environment.
3. Corrosion occurs through processes like uniform corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and fretting which can ultimately lead to mechanical failure if left unaddressed.
Modelling of Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by Crush...theijes
The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.7M, 1.2M and 2.2M HCl by thoroughly pounded fresh leaves of Sida Acuta has been investigated using the weight-loss method. Corrosion rate curves progressively decreased with time. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 71.16% was attained when the crushed leaves of Sida Acuta were added at 15g per litre of 0.7M HCl whilst the corrosion rate reduced from 1.0485 to 0.3006mgcm-2 h -1 . The predictive corrosion rate model was developed using multiple regression and artificial neural network. Predictions of the experimental corrosion rate values by the artificial neural network revealed the importance of independent variables: (time (h), concentration of acid (M) and quantity of extract (g)) in the prediction of the dependent variable (Corrosion rate, CR (mgcm-2 h -1 ). The time of exposure immensely contributed to the prediction of the experimental corrosion rate by 48.9%, followed by the quantity of crushed leaves, 26.2% and finally the concentration of acid, 25.0%. Predictions by the artificial neural network gave minimal errors and were closer to the experimental corrosion rate values in comparison with predictions by multiple regression. The protective film formed on the mild steel surface was analysed by FTIR spectroscopy and surface electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR analysis revealed that the adsorbed constituents of the pounded fresh leaves of Sida Acuta on the surface of mild steel were associated with the stretching vibrations of C≡C, C=C, C=O and O–H bonds. The SEM image shows that the degradation of the surface of mild steel in an uninhibited solution of 0.7M HCl is localized but the addition of the inhibitor remarkably prevented the surface of mild steel from corrosion. Four adsorption isotherm models were tested and the results show that the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by the crushed fresh leaves of Sida Acuta in hydrochloric acid obeys all the isotherm models with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm maintaining the best fit of R2 = 0.996; El-Awady, R2 = 0.961; Temkin, R2 = 0.952 and Freundlich, R2 = 0.942. The phytochemical analysis of Sida Acuta’s leaves disclosed the presence of alkanoid, tannin, saponin, phytate, flavonoid and phenol.
APPLICATION OF WASTE NATURAL MATERIAL FOR CORROSION INHIBITION OF LOW CARBON ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using waste natural materials as corrosion inhibitors for low carbon steel in NaCl solutions. Specifically, it investigates the inhibitory effects of onion peel extracts in 1.5M NaCl solution. Testing methods like weight loss measurements, polarization techniques and SEM imaging were used to analyze the protective film formed by onion peel compounds adsorbed on the steel surface. Results found the aqueous onion peel extract inhibited over 90% of corrosion. The researchers concluded onion peel is a promising green corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in NaCl environments. Future work could study individual bioactive compounds in onion peel and developing coating layers from extract-treated surfaces.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses preservation and prevention of corrosion. It provides information on different types of corrosion including uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and intergranular corrosion. It also discusses factors that affect the deterioration of pipe coatings during long-term storage and measures that can be taken to mitigate coating damage and end disbondment. These include selecting coatings that absorb less moisture and are more resistant to UV/heat, improving coating application processes, and developing effective temporary preservation methods for coated pipes in storage.
This document discusses biomaterials used in dental implants. It begins by introducing various biomaterial options for implants, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and natural materials. It then discusses the history of biomaterial development, starting with ancient attempts to replace teeth and progressing to modern materials like titanium. The document also covers important properties to consider when selecting and evaluating biomaterials, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and how materials can be modified.
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Effectiveness of organic compounds for preventing mild steel corrosion in an ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effectiveness of various organic compounds for preventing corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments. Several studies are described that used techniques like polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to analyze how compounds containing elements like sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen inhibited corrosion at different concentrations and temperatures. The studies found that inhibition efficiency generally increased with higher concentrations and lower temperatures, and was influenced by factors like adsorption behavior and formation of protective surface films. Organic compounds like benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, condensation products of amino benzoic acid and furfural, and various thiazole derivatives were shown to be effective corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in acidic solutions like hydrochloric acid
Study of Corrosion Due to Soil Non-Governance and Environmental Factors ...IRJET Journal
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Similar to In -Vitro: Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Brackets to Salad Dressing (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
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In -Vitro: Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Brackets to Salad Dressing
1. S.F.Hussain et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -4) November 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 19|P a g e
In -Vitro: Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Orthodontic Stainless
Steel Brackets to Salad Dressing
S.F.Hussain 1
*, K. G. Heah2
,G.R.A. Fromming3
, N.Ibrahim2
,N.Ab.Latif2
,S.A.Sukiman2
,S.Mohd.Nazri2
.
1
Centre of Comprehensive Care Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
2
Centre of Preclinical Science Studies Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory Sciences and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM) & Faculty of Medicine, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to investigate the corrosion behavior of conventional and self-ligating stainless steel
brackets and the surface structural changes in response to salad dressing. Damon, In-Ovation,Smart clip, Discovery, OMNI
and Masel brackets were all included in the study. For the control group, the brackets were placed in Petri dishes with
Potassium Ferrocyanide (Fe [CN]6K4) and distilled water. Whereasas for the experimental group, the brackets were
incorporated into the same reagent mixed with Oil-based - Kraft Classic French Oil and Water-based-Salad Magic, Herb
and Garlic Dressing. The released ferrous ion concentrations were measured by spectrophotometer after 24 and 48 hours.
Scanning electron microscope was used to analyze surface changes of the brackets. All types of brackets demonstrated
signs of corrosion. Generally, self-ligating brackets were more susceptible to corrosion than the conventional ones the most
extensive corrosion was seen in In-Ovation R™. Meanwhile, Masel was the most corroded brackets for conventional
brackets.
The oil-based salad dressing illustrated the most extensive corrosion in all brackets. Self-ligating brackets,
Inovation R™ showed pitting corrosion on the wings. Smart clip showed surfaces corrosion only. The commonly ingested
fluids aggravate the corrosive process, and this is related to sodium chloride content.
Keywords: corrosion; orthodontic; brackets; salad dressing
I. INTRODUCTION
The resistance to corrosion of orthodontic
brackets is of great importance to prevent release of ions
into the oral cavity, which have been associated with
allergic, toxic and carcinogenic effects during orthodontic
therapy [1,2].Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction
between a metallic material and its surrounding
environment that takes place by release of positive metal
ions such as iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) from
alloys to form more stable compounds such as sulfides,
oxides and chlorides [3]. Nowadays most of orthodontic
brackets used during orthodontic treatment are made of
different types of alloys and with different manufacturing
processes and microstructures that increases their corrosion
potential [4]. These brackets are manufactured by casting
and milling. A new method of bracket production is the
metal injection molding (MIM) technique, getting more
and more important in the last few years [5,6].Stainless
steels are protected from corrosion (i.e., passivated) by a
thin, hard, and non-reactive surface film of chromium
oxides. Because of their availability, strength, and
appearance, Stainless steels reign supreme in modern
orthodontics. Austenitic steels, lower in strength but
corrosion resistant, are being gradually replaced with the
mechanically stronger martensitic type. The latter’s
nonhomogeneous structure, which renders it more prone to
chemical attack, is evidenced by its ferromagnetism.
Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction of a metal or alloy
with different components of surrounding environment
(DIN, 2002). Brackets are subject to corrosion in the oral
cavity because they are immersed in the patient’s saliva,
acting as an additive of electrolyte in the oral cavity,
corrosion takes place by release of positive metal ions from
orthodontic alloys to form stable compound such as
chlorides, sulfides and oxides.Most species are of low
molecular weight, and their concentrations in the oral
cavity is difficult to assess and distinguished from that of
similar species derived from food, cooking utensils or the
respiratory environment [7]. Additional factors influencing
corrosion are varying oral temperatures; the presence of
plaque and the daily dietary intake.Oxygen required for
corrosion is present in abundance [8].
Two major aspects of corrosion are of
importance: First of all, corrosive processes result in the
destruction of the surface by a loss of metal ions. In
general, surface corrosion acting on the whole metal
surface is considered to be less destructive than local
corrosion effects, as for example pitting corrosion.
Localized corrosive attacks can weaken the structure and
result in fracture. Secondly, the problem of ion release into
the oral cavity is discussed because of its biological
effects. The recent literature shows the wide attention in
attributes of dental alloys such as cytotoxicity and
allergenicity [7-9]. In direct-bonding brackets, the most
common site of corrosion is the interface between the
bracket and the mesh pad. In self-ligating brackets, an
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. S.F.Hussain et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 11, ( Part -4) November 2016, pp.19-24
www.ijera.com 20|P a g e
additional source of corrosion is generated by contact of
the body of the bracket with the clip or spring designed to
maintain the arch wire at the slot’s bottom. While an attack
heavy enough to seriously damage the parts is unlikely, it
might, nevertheless, significantly interfere with the
attachment’s sliding mechanism. Among the most
aggressively corrosive agents ingested is salad dressing.
Using these and a coloring reagent responding to the
leached metal, it is possible to disclose attachments that are
prone to generate problems and allergies in the patient
[10]. It was stated that most of the blame for corrosion
process falls on beverages containing phosphoric acid
(e.g., Coca-Cola, Diet Coke); salad dressings may be even
more aggressive due to their content of table salt. Indeed,
Cl- ions are known to dissolve the chromium oxide layer
that protects stainless steel, rendering it as susceptible to
corrosion as iron or common steel [10]. Although several
researches have been conducted on corrosion behavior of
orthodontic brackets and the allergic and cytotoxic effects
of metal ion release, only few studied their correlation to
food and drinks [11, 12].Even though those previous
studies did not use sophisticated means such as
spectroscopy, but they evaluated the hydrogen volume
released by the metal’s attack or the aura made around the
attachment when using appropriate color changing
reagents [13].The purpose of this study was to investigate
the corrosion of conventional and self-ligating stainless
steel brackets of different manufacturers to salad dressings
and evaluate the surface structure changes of brackets by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the
experiment. Furthermore, is to investigate malfunctioning
of slot-closing mechanism of self-ligating stainless steel
brackets.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Six differentcommercially available orthodontic
bracketswere included in this study. The systems chosen
for metallic brackets of bicuspids of Roth prescription (slot
size: 0.022 inch) made by several manufacturers as listed
below:
1. Damon_ 4 Steel, MIM clip, self-ligating Ormco
2. Discovery_ MIM, conventional Dentaurum
3. In-Ovation_ Milled steel, self-ligating Dentsply GAC
4. OMNI conventional clip Dentsply GAC
5. Smart clipTM
Milled steel, NiTi clip, self-ligating 3M
Unitek
6. Masel, Masel (Conventional)
Two types of salad dressing were selected in the
study oil and water based of high sodium chloride contents
according to manufacturer label as follow:
1. Oil-based - Kraft Classic French Oil (Na content; 2037
mg/100 ml)
2. Water-based-Salad Magic, Herb and Garlic Dressing
(Na content; 1090 mg/100 ml)
2.1. Control group
One set composed of three of each type of
brackets were placed into Petri dishes that contain distilled
water mixed and stirred with 1:100 Potassium
Ferrocyanide (Fe [CN]6K4 )* by applicator at room
temperature 23°C .
2.2. Experimental group
Two sets of three of each six types of brackets
listed in (Table 1) placed into Petri dishes. These Petri
dishes contain the selected salad dressings individually
mixed with 1:100 Potassium Ferrocyanide (Fe [CN]
6K4)*. Each Petri dish will be was covered by paraffin
film to prevent evaporation at room temperature 23°C.
Samples of each resultant fluid in Petri dishes
were measured for concentration of Ferrous release at 24
and 48 hours respectively. Optical density (OD) of each
fluid measured by using Spectrophotometer (RS 232 PRIM
SECOMAM, Germany). (Fe [CN]6K4 is a reagent known
to turn dark blue in the presence of Fe2+ ions)
2.3. Scanning electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscope; FEI QUANTA
200, Institute Medical Molecular Biotechnology) were
used to analyze the bracket surfaces prior and after the test.
The brackets were examined as-received to the corrosion
state in order to analyze the changes caused by corrosion
and to see which structures were the results of the
production processes. The brackets were cleansed with
90% ethanol. Each bracket photographed as overview and
detailed micrograph from each side of standard
magnifications were set to 200·, 500· and 1,000X.
2.4. Statistical analysis:
The collected data analyzed by using student t-test
in the SPSS, version 20, with p values < 0.05 were
considered to be statistically significance.
III. RESULTS
The results of the present study illustrated in
Visual Observations, Spectrophotometer and Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
3.1. Visual Observations
Visual changes are of subjective description.
Nevertheless,they do give us the idea of the reactions
taking place.
3.1.1. After 24 hours
Visually it was clearly shown there were changes
in all of the brackets of all samples with different signs of
corrosion for the experimental group. The indicator had
changed colour to bluish greenish, and some even
exhibited brown bronze colour around the brackets. It can
be concluded that there was evidence of changes or in
other words, corrosion have taken place (Figure 1).
Figure 1. A: control group of self-ligating innovation R
with distilled water showed no color changes after 24
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hours. B: experimental group of conventional orthodontic
brackets Dentaurum with oil based salad dressing showed
colour changes as the colour indicator turned to bluish
green after 24 hours.
3.1.2. After 48 hours
A more obvious colour change could be seen,
more intense and more in quantity. Elements of rust
(brown colour) could be seen around several brackets.
Some brackets from each fluid were taken and let to dry on
tissue papers after 48 hours (Figure 2).
Figure 2. (A and B) Show the color changes after 24& 48
hours with innovation R self-ligating brackets respectively.
3.2.Spectrophotometer
a. Optical Density (OD) values
b. Difference (24 hrs - 48 hrs) of OD values
c. Ferrous ion concentration
The optical density (OD) of each sample after 24
and 48 hours was obtained by using a range of
wavelengths from 450 nm – 700 nm by the
spectrophotometer. The OD values were then used to
calculate the fluid concentration from the standard curve
graphs of each sample. Subsequently, the p value of fluid
concentrations from 24 hours and 48 hours of the
experimental group was determined.
The results showed that most of the OD values
increased after 24 hours. P value was further calculated to
prove the increment is statistically significant. The highest
values were most notably seen in In-Ovation R™ (self-
ligating bracket) and Masel (conventional bracket),
indicating more corrosion compared to other brackets that
relative to visual observations. The difference of ferrous
ion being released between 24 hours and 48 hours is
statistically significant with p value = 0.015. The means
were calculated from these concentrations and graphed
(Figure 3&4).
Figure 3. Mean of OD values after 24 & 48 hours of Test
and Control Groups
A
B
A
B
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Figure 4. Means of OD values of the two salad dressings
used in the study after 24 & 48 hours (salad 1:oil based
salad dressing, salad 2: water based salad dressing).
3.3.Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
3.3.1. Surface changes (pitting corrosion & surface
roughness)
The SEM result demonstrates the surface changes
taking place on the brackets. Therefore, the
photomicrographs seen verify the OD results with regard
to release of ferrous ions. From the photomicrographs,
surface roughness and pitting corrosion was seen. Pitting
corrosion indicates more ferrous ion release despite a more
generalized surface corrosion.
3.3.1.1. Time
The control group show almost no surface
changes after 24 hours in all brackets. However, the tested
groups of all samples showed different signs of corrosion
at various areas of the brackets. The degree of corrosion
seen corresponds with the OD result. The highest OD
result demonstrates the most destruction.
After 48 hours more surface changes were seen in
almost all samples. Therefore, the increase in ferrous ion
concentration is verified by SEM. The most corroded
brackets seen were in In-Ovation R™ and Masel.
3.3.1.2. Salad dressings
The results showed that all the brackets immersed
into both salad dressings surface changes in different
manners of 24 hours. However, more surface changes and
extensive corrosion were estimated after 48 hours.
The oil-based salad dressing illustrates the most
extensive corrosion in all brackets. Meanwhile, the water-
based salad dressing demonstrated more corrosion in
conventional brackets rather than self-ligating brackets.
3.3.1.3. Self-Ligating Brackets VS Conventional Brackets
Generally, self-ligating brackets were more
susceptible to corrosion than the conventional ones,
showing more extensive corrosion after 48 hours than 24
hours. For the self-ligating brackets, the most extensive
one was seen in In-Ovation R™. Meanwhile, Masel was
the most corroded brackets for conventional brackets.
In-Ovation R brackets showed both surface and
pitting corrosion at wings, interface of the body and base
of bracket, and some at the side of the slot. However, very
less corrosion was seen on the clip.
Figure 5. photomicrographs showing surface roughness
on body and pitting corrosion on wings of In-Ovation R™
of sample 2 (24 hours).
Masel showed more uniform corrosion of surface
roughness demonstrating pitting corrosion in some
samples. Pitting corrosion and crevices were discovered
on the surface (at areas like the hook, body and
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connections). Other areas include the base of bracket
which constitutes the mesh pad. Discovery®
showed the
same but being extensive only in oil-based salad dressing
(Figure 6).
Figure 6. photomicrographs showing Surface roughness
on body and pitting on hook of Masel sample 2 (24 hours)
at 60X and 1000 X magnifications
IV. DISCUSSION
The values of optical density (OD) obtained from
the spectrophotometer shows that almost all of the OD
values increased after 24 hours indicating increased in
ferrous ions release. Measuring the release of ferrous ions
should give some hints with regard to SEM results and
interestingly, the results showed that the OD obtained
corresponds with the SEM result. Thus, the increase in
ferrous ions was verified by SEM micrographs taken at 48
hours. Both SEM and OD values showed that In-Ovation
R™ and Masel brackets were most corroded.
From this study, all of the brackets showed more
extensive corrosion in salad dressings; this was compatible
with other studies but with a different methodology [10]. It
was believed that the most aggressive corrosive agent
ingested is salad dressing. The salad dressings may be even
more destructive due to their high sodium chloride content
i.e the oil-based salad dressing being the highest one.
Chloride ions from the table salt are responsible for
dissolving the chromium oxide layer, which acts as
passivation or protective layer for stainless steel against
rust. This layer is also dissolved in a condition of high
acidity as in drinks, which caused by the phosphoric acid
content though rather to demonstrate less ferrous ion
released [10].SEM analysis and OD values showed that the
self-ligating brackets were less corrosion resistant than
conventional ones. This result was expected because the
different brazing alloy in between clip, wings and its base
induced galvanic corrosion. It may lead to the progressive
dissolution of the metal and may detach the wing from the
bracket base during orthodontic therapy or at the
debonding stage. In addition, the clip or spring of both type
of self-ligating bracket showed less corrosion because it is
relatively made of nobler metal alloy than their body.
Moreover, further aggravates the attack are the non-
homogenous surfaces, the hidden areas of the bracket, the
soldered or connecting points. These areas tend to
accumulate debris from the salad dressings and buildup
oxides. However, the attack to the slot is the most
important part at clinical point of view. Metal oxides
buildup in this region may cause impairment in the
opening-closing mechanism of the slot and thus
interrupting the orthodontic therapy. Another study done
showed a different result with different methods i.e
Smartclip™ was more corrosion susceptible than In-
Ovation R™ but with lactic acid as the corrosive agent
[14].
Meanwhile, the conventional brackets showed
more of uniform corrosion and the most widespread one
was Masel brackets than Discovery®
; in all salad dressings.
The areas included the whole body and quite a destructive
one on its base. Destruction of the base causing deformity
of the mesh pad may possibly lead to lack of bonding to
the tooth surface.In another study, Discovery®
and In-
Ovation R™ also showed the highest amount of nickel
release rather than other conventional and self-ligating
brackets; however, the amount were far from the critical
concentration for nickel to induce allergic reaction. The
same study showed low nickel release for Smartclip[12,
15]. Therefore,the nickel release of those brackets
corresponds to the degree of corrosion occurring in this
study.
The SEM analysis also showed brackets
demonstrating different surface changes or behavior. A
localized corrosion or so-called pitting corrosion increases
the risk of the bracket to fracture due to localized
weakening of the affected area [16]. Pitting and crevices
also release more ferrous ions and may cause cytotoxic
effects. Pitting corrosion was mostly seen in In-Ovation
R™ and Masel. On the other hand, generalized surface
corrosion is considered less destructive than the previous
one and mostly seen in almost all the brackets.Overall,
enhancement of metallic properties can be done to ensure a
more effective orthodontic therapy in the future. The
passivatingfilms of the most deteriorated metal of certain
manufacturers can be upgraded and a new coating from
new materials shall be used.Despite material
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improvements, patients still play the most important role.
A good dietary intake (less sodium) ensures good material
care, as well as hindering from systemic disease as a
whole. More research need to be done to verify these
results obtained from this study.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In general, our study has proved that there is a
difference in corrosion resistance between self-ligating
brackets and conventional brackets. The self-ligating
brackets are more corrosion susceptible than the
conventional brackets. Also, salad dressings are corrosive
to the brackets due to high sodium chloride content. Thus
more studies needed to be conducted in future to confirm
these results especially with recent development of good
biomaterial of orthodontic bracket.
.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by Faculty of Dentistry,
Universiti Teknologi MARA. We are grateful to Mr. Mohd
Shahir Bin Abd Rahman, Faculty of Medicine, Mr. Hizwan
Nizam bin Abd Rahman and Mohd Azmi Bin Mohd
Mukhtatar, Faculty of Dentistry , UiTM for their help and
assistance.
Conflict of interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest
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