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Guideline
PAD (LEAD,CLTI, ALI)
DVT, CVI
2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of
Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the
European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
• Peripheral arterial diseases encompasses all arterial diseases other
than coronary arteries and the aorta.
• This should be clearly distinguished from the term ‘peripheral artery
disease’, which is often used for lower extremity artery disease
(LEAD).
General Aspects
Diagnostic methods for PADs
• Ankle-brachial index (ABI)
• Duplex ultrasound (DUS)
• Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
• Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
• Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Treatment approach
Antithrombotic drugs in peripheral arterial diseases
Lower extremity artery disease
• Most patients are asymptomatic, detected either by a low ABI (<0.90) or pulse abolition.
• Masked LEAD = have severe disease without symptoms
• In symptomatic patients, the most typical presentation is intermittent claudication.
Screening tools: Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire
Diagnostics
Management
Chronic limb-threatening ischaemia
• CLTI is defined by the
presence of ischaemic rest
pain, with or without
tissue loss (ulcers,
gangrene) or infection.
• While CLTI is a clinical
diagnosis, it is often
associated with an ankle
pressure <50 mmHg or toe
pressure <30 mmHg
Management
Acute limb ischaemia
• Acute limb ischaemia is caused by an abrupt decrease in arterial
perfusion of the limb.
• Potential causes are artery disease progression, cardiac embolization,
aortic dissection or embolization, graft thrombosis, thrombosis of a
popliteal aneurysm or cyst, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome,
trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states
and iatrogenic complications related to vascular procedures.
DVT
Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a
joint consensus document from the European Society of
Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular
diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular
function
Venous thrombo embolism(VTE):
clinically presenting as DVT or PE,
is globally the third most frequent
acute cardiovascular syndrome
behind myocardial infarction and
stroke.
Deep vein thrombosis without
pulmonary embolism symptoms
• Highly variable and unspecific
• Symptoms include pain, swelling, increased skin veins visibility,
erythema, and cyanosis accompanied by unexplained fever.
Initial (first 5–21 days) and long-term (first 3–
6 months) phase management
Extended phase management (beyond first
3–6 months)
CVI
Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (AHA)
• Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) describes a condition that affects
the venous system of the lower extremities, with being persistent
ambulatory venous hypertension causing various pathologies,
including pain, edema, skin changes, and ulcerations.
Management
Conservative Management
• Compressive Leg Garments
• Wound and Skin Care
• Pharmacologic Therapy
• Exercise Therapy
Interventional Management
• Sclerotherapy
• Endovenous Ablative Therapy
• Endovenous Deep System
Therapy
• Surgical Management
•Terimakasih
Pertanyaan
• Pada pembahasan PAD tadi
disebutkan tatalaksana farmakologi
salah satunya statin. Bagaimana dosis
dan pemilihan jenis nya sesuai
guideline
• Jawaban: di guideline tidak ada
pembahasan rinci, yang pasti dari
evidence target LDL C dibawah 70
mg/dl
• Jika mengacu pada penyakit
kardiovaskular yang lain maka baiknya
high intensity statin baik atorvastatin
maupun rosuvastatin
• Pada pemeriksaan ABI tadi cutoff
pada gambar ada abnormal low yaitu
dibawah 0.9. tetapi ada abnormal high
juga. Apa makna abnormal high?
• Jawaban: abnormal high abi
disebabkan oleh medial artey
calcification. Berkorelasi dengan
mortalitas yang lebih tinggi, sehingga
pasien dengan kondisi ini masuk
subgrup populasi risiko tinggi untuk
cardiovaskular event
Pertanyaan
• Untuk terapi konservatif pada lead dan cvi
sama sama ada olehraga. Apakah sama atau
beda tipe olehraga nya
• Jawaban:
• Lead : Program excercise minimal 3 bulan,
dengan minimal 3 jam/minggu, dengan
berjalan kaki pada jarak maksimal atau
submaksimal (sampai tidak kuat).
• CVI : lower limb muscle training, Counselling
including life-style modifications (such as
frequent walks, using insoles, avoiding
prolonged standing, resting with the legs
slightly elevated, avoiding heat exposure)
kurangi berat badan
• Pada ALI terapi utama adalah heparinisasi
apakah pada CLTI juga sama?
• Jawaban:ALI menggunakan analgesik dan
heparin hanya sebagai pertolongan utama
sebelum dilakukan tindakan revaskularisasi
urgent. Sifatnya hanya mencegah oklusi
meluas
• CLTI karena sudah terjadi secara kronis tetap
saja tindakan endovaskular ataupun bypass
diperlukan untuk menyembuhkan
Pertanyaan
• Sebagai penyakit dalam yang
bekerja di klinik dan berhadapan
dengan penyakit kronis apa saja
yang perlu di terapkan ke pasien
• Jawaban:
• Slide no 7 treatment approach
guideline periperal arterial disease in adult
guideline periperal arterial disease in adult
guideline periperal arterial disease in adult

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guideline periperal arterial disease in adult

  • 2. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) • Peripheral arterial diseases encompasses all arterial diseases other than coronary arteries and the aorta. • This should be clearly distinguished from the term ‘peripheral artery disease’, which is often used for lower extremity artery disease (LEAD).
  • 4.
  • 5. Diagnostic methods for PADs • Ankle-brachial index (ABI) • Duplex ultrasound (DUS) • Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) • Computed tomography angiography (CTA) • Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
  • 6.
  • 8. Antithrombotic drugs in peripheral arterial diseases
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. Lower extremity artery disease • Most patients are asymptomatic, detected either by a low ABI (<0.90) or pulse abolition. • Masked LEAD = have severe disease without symptoms • In symptomatic patients, the most typical presentation is intermittent claudication. Screening tools: Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 18. Chronic limb-threatening ischaemia • CLTI is defined by the presence of ischaemic rest pain, with or without tissue loss (ulcers, gangrene) or infection. • While CLTI is a clinical diagnosis, it is often associated with an ankle pressure <50 mmHg or toe pressure <30 mmHg
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 22. Acute limb ischaemia • Acute limb ischaemia is caused by an abrupt decrease in arterial perfusion of the limb. • Potential causes are artery disease progression, cardiac embolization, aortic dissection or embolization, graft thrombosis, thrombosis of a popliteal aneurysm or cyst, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states and iatrogenic complications related to vascular procedures.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. DVT
  • 26. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function Venous thrombo embolism(VTE): clinically presenting as DVT or PE, is globally the third most frequent acute cardiovascular syndrome behind myocardial infarction and stroke.
  • 27. Deep vein thrombosis without pulmonary embolism symptoms • Highly variable and unspecific • Symptoms include pain, swelling, increased skin veins visibility, erythema, and cyanosis accompanied by unexplained fever.
  • 28.
  • 29. Initial (first 5–21 days) and long-term (first 3– 6 months) phase management
  • 30.
  • 31. Extended phase management (beyond first 3–6 months)
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. CVI
  • 35. Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine Chronic Venous Insufficiency (AHA) • Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) describes a condition that affects the venous system of the lower extremities, with being persistent ambulatory venous hypertension causing various pathologies, including pain, edema, skin changes, and ulcerations.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. Management Conservative Management • Compressive Leg Garments • Wound and Skin Care • Pharmacologic Therapy • Exercise Therapy Interventional Management • Sclerotherapy • Endovenous Ablative Therapy • Endovenous Deep System Therapy • Surgical Management
  • 42.
  • 43. Pertanyaan • Pada pembahasan PAD tadi disebutkan tatalaksana farmakologi salah satunya statin. Bagaimana dosis dan pemilihan jenis nya sesuai guideline • Jawaban: di guideline tidak ada pembahasan rinci, yang pasti dari evidence target LDL C dibawah 70 mg/dl • Jika mengacu pada penyakit kardiovaskular yang lain maka baiknya high intensity statin baik atorvastatin maupun rosuvastatin • Pada pemeriksaan ABI tadi cutoff pada gambar ada abnormal low yaitu dibawah 0.9. tetapi ada abnormal high juga. Apa makna abnormal high? • Jawaban: abnormal high abi disebabkan oleh medial artey calcification. Berkorelasi dengan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi, sehingga pasien dengan kondisi ini masuk subgrup populasi risiko tinggi untuk cardiovaskular event
  • 44. Pertanyaan • Untuk terapi konservatif pada lead dan cvi sama sama ada olehraga. Apakah sama atau beda tipe olehraga nya • Jawaban: • Lead : Program excercise minimal 3 bulan, dengan minimal 3 jam/minggu, dengan berjalan kaki pada jarak maksimal atau submaksimal (sampai tidak kuat). • CVI : lower limb muscle training, Counselling including life-style modifications (such as frequent walks, using insoles, avoiding prolonged standing, resting with the legs slightly elevated, avoiding heat exposure) kurangi berat badan • Pada ALI terapi utama adalah heparinisasi apakah pada CLTI juga sama? • Jawaban:ALI menggunakan analgesik dan heparin hanya sebagai pertolongan utama sebelum dilakukan tindakan revaskularisasi urgent. Sifatnya hanya mencegah oklusi meluas • CLTI karena sudah terjadi secara kronis tetap saja tindakan endovaskular ataupun bypass diperlukan untuk menyembuhkan
  • 45. Pertanyaan • Sebagai penyakit dalam yang bekerja di klinik dan berhadapan dengan penyakit kronis apa saja yang perlu di terapkan ke pasien • Jawaban: • Slide no 7 treatment approach

Editor's Notes

  1. Presentasi ini akan membahas Peripheral Arterial Diseases dari guideline ESC 2017 Peripheral arterial diseases adalah istilah luas dari gangguan semua arteri selain arteri koroner ( termasuk carotid and vertebral, upper extremities, mesenteric and renal arteries) “peripheral artery disease” istilah lama yang mengacu hanya pada lower extremity artery disease (LEAD).
  2. Secara umum PAD dapat di nilai dari anamnesis riwayat keluarga Personal history hipertensi, dm, dislipidemi dan lain lain seperti ada pada tabel Anamnesis sistem pembuluh darah harus dilakukan secara keseluruhan mulai dari kepala (neurological), claudicatio, lower limb pain, hingga disfungsi ereksi
  3. Pemeriksaan fisik saja memiliki sensitivitas dan reprodusibilitas yang relatif rendah tetapi wajib dilakukan Individu dengan bruit karotis memiliki risiko MI dan kematian akibat penyakit kardiovaskular (PKV) dua kali lipat Asimetri tekanan darah (TD) antara kedua lengan (> 15 mmHg) merupakan penanda risiko penyakit vaskular dan kematian. Penunjang lab bersifat komplementer untuk melihat interaksi dengan gangguan organ lain yang terkait seperti DM, dislipidemia, fungsi ginjal
  4. Masing masing modalitas imaging memiliki kelemahan dan kelebihan ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index) adalah alat non-invasif yang berguna untuk diagnosis dan pemantauan LEAD. Selain itu, ABI juga merupakan penanda kuat aterosklerosis umum dan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular (JKV) Ultrasonografi Duplex (DUS) sering menjadi langkah awal dalam pemeriksaan pembuluh darah, baik untuk skrining maupun diagnosis. DUS dapat melihat struktur dan aliran darah dengan metode doppler Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) dianggap sebagai standar tertinggi dalam pencitraan pembuluh darah. Namun, karena sifatnya yang invasif dan berisiko menyebabkan komplikasi, DSA sebagian besar telah digantikan oleh metode lain yang lebih minimal invasif. Keuntungan CTA mencakup cepat, ketersediaan luas, resolusi tinggi, CTA menampilkan “ROAD MAP” vaskularisasi, yang penting untuk menentukan strategi intervensi. Kelemahan CTA meliputi kurangnya data hemodinamik, paparan radiasi dan penggunaan zat kontras yang terbatas digunakan pada pasien CKD MRA dapat menggunakan kontras (yaitu gadolinium) dan non-kontras merupakan alternatif untuk digunakan pada pasien dengan CKD ringan hingga sedang. Dibandingkan dengan CTA, MRA tidak memerlukan kontras Iodium dan memiliki resolusi pencitraan soft tissue yang lebih tinggi
  5. Pemeriksaan ABI bisa dilakukan pada pasien dengan cepat dengan relatif lebih sedikit menggunakan sumber daya pemeriksaan ini masuk dalam kompetensi penyakit dalam Pemeriksaan menggunakan probe doppler khusus untuk ABI ( berbeda dengan doppler untuk denyut jantung bayi), pemeriksaan lebih mudah pada arteri dorsalis pedis. Rumus nya sistolik di angkle di bagi dengan sistolik tangan
  6. Baca semua
  7. Agen antiplatelet digunakan untuk pencegahan sekunder kejadian CV pada pasien dengan gejala PAD. Yang paling bermakna adalah pada carotid dan LEAD berikut adalah sebagian rekomendasinya (bacakan yang kelas 1 dan 2)
  8. Untuk CAS pemberian DAPT 1 bulan hanya pada kasus yang sudah dilakukan carotid artery stenting selain itu pemberian SAPT longterm (termasuk yang asimptomatik)
  9. Untuk pasien yang tidak menggunakan antikoagulan pasien asimptomatik : tanpa pemberian antiplatelet Simptomatik : SAPT long term revask : DAPT 1 bulan apabila dilakukan perkutaneous revask
  10. Pemberian antikoagulan direkomendasikan pada pasien yang sudah mengalami AF ataupun indikasi lain seperti katup prostetik Penjelasan lebih lanjut ada pada slide selanjutnya
  11. Pemberian dual antitrombotik (oral antikoagulan + antiplatelet) hanya diberikan pada pasien yang menjalani perkucatneous intervention dengan bleeding risk rendah
  12. Selanjutnya pembahasan mengenai LEAD yaitu PAD yang fokus pada ekstremitas bawah Kebanyakan pasien asimptomatik olehkarena itu skrining dengan ABI perlu dilakukan Contoh pasien Masked lead: pasien CHF yang memang ga bisa jalan jauh jadi tidak sadar kakinya pegal kalau jalan jauh Clinical stage dapat menggunakan kategori fontaine ataupun rutherford classification
  13. Berikut adalah rekomendasi dari tindakan diagnostik untuk LEAD Pada umumnya sama seperti yang sudah dijelaskan pada bab PAD secara general di atas Bacakan 1 1
  14. Manajemen intermiten claudication (IC) : 1. Statin. 2 exercise. 3 jika mengganggu revaskularisasi Program excercise minimal 3 bulan, dengan minimal 3 jam/minggu, dengan berjalan kaki pada jarak maksimal atau submaksimal (sampai tidak kuat). Pada aorto iliac: jika sumbatan kurang dari 5cm rekomendasinya endovaskular, jika fit dapat dilakukan bypass
  15. Bacakan 1 1 semua
  16. Rangkuman dari bagan rekomendasi ada di sini Tapi semuanya tetap menggunakan medical therapy ( statin, antitrombotik) serta excercise
  17. Perbedaan mendasar CLTI dan LEAD CLTI : pada saat diam sudah nyeri LEAD : saat berjalan baru ada intermitten claudication Kriteria yang digunakan : WIFI
  18. Estimasi amputasi dengan WIFI
  19. Rekomendasi manajemen CLTI : Early recgnition -> rujuk vaskular team Asess WIFI untuk kemungkinan amputasi Kontrol gula Sebisa mungkin revask : baik bypass dengan saphenous atau endovaskular
  20. Algoritma rekomendasi
  21. ALI : terjadi dengan tiba tiba disebabkan banyak hal phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) : penyakit acute massive VTE (DVT total pada semua sistem pembuluh darah vena dan juga kolateral nya) sehingga aliran arteri juga terhambat tiba tiba Ergotism: keracunan ergot alkaloid ( senyawa pada bijih kacang kacangan dan rumput liar) atau obat obatan obgyn seperti Metergin untuk kontraksi uterus mekanisme kerja: vasokonstriksi kuat hingga jadi ALI
  22. Diagnostik secara klinis dilihat dari sensory loss dan motor loss Rekomendasinya segera diberikan analgesik dan heparinisasi, lalu revaskularisasi dalam hitungan jam
  23. Bacakan algoritma
  24. VTE merupakan istilah luas yang mencakup DVT dan PE insidensinya meningkat pada setiap kelompok umur
  25. Diagnostik dimulai dari gejala seperti nyeri, bengkak, vena yang lebih terlihat Selanjutnya dapat menggunakan skoring wells dvt, dianjutkan dengan imaging usg ataupun ct scan D dimer digunakan untuk eksklusi karena sensitivitasnya tinggi
  26. Bacakan algoritma dan sedikit revidew wells score
  27. Inisial : terapi parenteral yang di alihkan ke vitamin K antagonist (VKA : warfarin) atau menggunakan direct oral anticoagulat (DOAC) Jangka panjang: (3–6 bulan berikutnya);VKA/ DOAC Extended: pertimbangan risk/ benefit
  28. Bacakan konsensus statement (tabel kiri) CTD: Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) lebih efektif dan less bleeding Vena cava filter digunakan apabila kontraindikasi antikoagulan (tabel kanan) Kondisi isolated distal DVT yang ada pada tabel algoritma memiliki kemaknaan apabila High Riks = terapi sebagai proximal DVT jika low risk maka antikoagulan dapat lebih singkat 4-6 miggu
  29. Berikut tabel mengenai berbagai faktor risiko dari rekurensi DVT dan juga clinical prediction rules untuk menilai rekuresi ada 3 sistem skoring yaitu vienna, dash, herdoo
  30. Bacakan konsensus statement Klasifikasi CEAP digunakan untuk menilai tingkat severitas venous disorder baik pada DVT ataupun CVI
  31. Bacakan consensus statement Upper extremities deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT)
  32. Bacakan patofisiologi secara ringkas
  33. Berikut adalah manifestasi klinis CVI: extensive varicose vein, hyperpigmentation, medial malleous venous ulcer Klasifikasi CEAP digunakan juga pada CVI
  34. Selain CEAP, klasifikasi venous clinical severity score juga digunakan untuk menilai severity dan juga follow up setelah terapi
  35. Berikut adalah algoritma diagnosis dan treatment CVI Utamanya dengan kompresive stocking dahulu, jika tidak membaik dilakukan diagnostik tambahan dengan usg duplex ataupun air pletysmograph (APG) APG mengukur perubahan volume kaki untuk menilai keadaan hemodinamik vena dengan menggunakan manset, jenis oklusi dapat ditentukan dengan perbedaan variasi tekanan yang diberikan Selanjutnya untuk tatalaksana disesuaikan dengan jenis lokasi reflux nya
  36. Compressive leg garment: 20-50 mmhg Skin care : moisturizer dengan lanolin untuk mencegah fissure dan dryness Farmakologi : 4 kelas obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan CVI: coumarins (α-benzopyrenes), flavonoids (γ-benzopyrenes), saponosides (horse chestnut extracts), and other plant extracts. (micronized purified flavonoid fraction contohnya ARDIUM). Obat obatan ini digunakan bersamaan dengan compressive leg garment ataupun operasi Exercise: calf muscle exercise regimen (6 bulan) Sclerotheraphy : indicated for :spider veins (<1 mm), venous lakes, varicose veins of 1- to 4-mm diameter, bleeding varicosities, and small cavernous hemangiomas (vascular malformation). Endovenous Ablative Therapy: menghilangkan reflux pada vena vena yang mengalami refux dengan ablasi menggunakan panas dari radiofrequency ataupun laser Endovenous Deep System Therapy : pemasangan stent pada iliac vein untuk membuka sumbatan Surgical: digunakan untuk kasus refakter termasuk rekonstruksi valve