PAD can be diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals by a combination of physical examination and simple, noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography to measure the ankle–brachial index
PAD can be diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals by a combination of physical examination and simple, noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography to measure the ankle–brachial index
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN COMMON VASCULAR CONDITIONS.pptxKunjalPardeshi1
Vascular disease includes any condition that affects your circulatory system, or system of blood vessels. This ranges from diseases of your arteries, veins and lymph vessels to blood disorders that affect circulation.
Blood vessels are elastic-like tubes that carry blood to every part of your body. Blood vessels include:
Arteries that carry blood away from your heart.
Veins that return blood back to your heart.
Capillaries, your tiniest blood vessels, which link your small veins and arteries, deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and take away their waste.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN COMMON VASCULAR CONDITIONS.pptxKunjalPardeshi1
Vascular disease includes any condition that affects your circulatory system, or system of blood vessels. This ranges from diseases of your arteries, veins and lymph vessels to blood disorders that affect circulation.
Blood vessels are elastic-like tubes that carry blood to every part of your body. Blood vessels include:
Arteries that carry blood away from your heart.
Veins that return blood back to your heart.
Capillaries, your tiniest blood vessels, which link your small veins and arteries, deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and take away their waste.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Editio...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK For Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition Schlenker & Gilbert, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition Schlenker & Gilbert, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version.pdf
US E-cigarette Summit: Taming the nicotine industrial complexClive Bates
I look back to 1997 and simpler time in tobacco control, then look at changes in trade, communications, technology and conclude the market is becoming ungovernable
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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2. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of
Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the
European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
• Peripheral arterial diseases encompasses all arterial diseases other
than coronary arteries and the aorta.
• This should be clearly distinguished from the term ‘peripheral artery
disease’, which is often used for lower extremity artery disease
(LEAD).
13. Lower extremity artery disease
• Most patients are asymptomatic, detected either by a low ABI (<0.90) or pulse abolition.
• Masked LEAD = have severe disease without symptoms
• In symptomatic patients, the most typical presentation is intermittent claudication.
Screening tools: Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire
18. Chronic limb-threatening ischaemia
• CLTI is defined by the
presence of ischaemic rest
pain, with or without
tissue loss (ulcers,
gangrene) or infection.
• While CLTI is a clinical
diagnosis, it is often
associated with an ankle
pressure <50 mmHg or toe
pressure <30 mmHg
22. Acute limb ischaemia
• Acute limb ischaemia is caused by an abrupt decrease in arterial
perfusion of the limb.
• Potential causes are artery disease progression, cardiac embolization,
aortic dissection or embolization, graft thrombosis, thrombosis of a
popliteal aneurysm or cyst, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome,
trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states
and iatrogenic complications related to vascular procedures.
26. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a
joint consensus document from the European Society of
Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular
diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular
function
Venous thrombo embolism(VTE):
clinically presenting as DVT or PE,
is globally the third most frequent
acute cardiovascular syndrome
behind myocardial infarction and
stroke.
27. Deep vein thrombosis without
pulmonary embolism symptoms
• Highly variable and unspecific
• Symptoms include pain, swelling, increased skin veins visibility,
erythema, and cyanosis accompanied by unexplained fever.
35. Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (AHA)
• Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) describes a condition that affects
the venous system of the lower extremities, with being persistent
ambulatory venous hypertension causing various pathologies,
including pain, edema, skin changes, and ulcerations.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Management
Conservative Management
• Compressive Leg Garments
• Wound and Skin Care
• Pharmacologic Therapy
• Exercise Therapy
Interventional Management
• Sclerotherapy
• Endovenous Ablative Therapy
• Endovenous Deep System
Therapy
• Surgical Management
43. Pertanyaan
• Pada pembahasan PAD tadi
disebutkan tatalaksana farmakologi
salah satunya statin. Bagaimana dosis
dan pemilihan jenis nya sesuai
guideline
• Jawaban: di guideline tidak ada
pembahasan rinci, yang pasti dari
evidence target LDL C dibawah 70
mg/dl
• Jika mengacu pada penyakit
kardiovaskular yang lain maka baiknya
high intensity statin baik atorvastatin
maupun rosuvastatin
• Pada pemeriksaan ABI tadi cutoff
pada gambar ada abnormal low yaitu
dibawah 0.9. tetapi ada abnormal high
juga. Apa makna abnormal high?
• Jawaban: abnormal high abi
disebabkan oleh medial artey
calcification. Berkorelasi dengan
mortalitas yang lebih tinggi, sehingga
pasien dengan kondisi ini masuk
subgrup populasi risiko tinggi untuk
cardiovaskular event
44. Pertanyaan
• Untuk terapi konservatif pada lead dan cvi
sama sama ada olehraga. Apakah sama atau
beda tipe olehraga nya
• Jawaban:
• Lead : Program excercise minimal 3 bulan,
dengan minimal 3 jam/minggu, dengan
berjalan kaki pada jarak maksimal atau
submaksimal (sampai tidak kuat).
• CVI : lower limb muscle training, Counselling
including life-style modifications (such as
frequent walks, using insoles, avoiding
prolonged standing, resting with the legs
slightly elevated, avoiding heat exposure)
kurangi berat badan
• Pada ALI terapi utama adalah heparinisasi
apakah pada CLTI juga sama?
• Jawaban:ALI menggunakan analgesik dan
heparin hanya sebagai pertolongan utama
sebelum dilakukan tindakan revaskularisasi
urgent. Sifatnya hanya mencegah oklusi
meluas
• CLTI karena sudah terjadi secara kronis tetap
saja tindakan endovaskular ataupun bypass
diperlukan untuk menyembuhkan
45. Pertanyaan
• Sebagai penyakit dalam yang
bekerja di klinik dan berhadapan
dengan penyakit kronis apa saja
yang perlu di terapkan ke pasien
• Jawaban:
• Slide no 7 treatment approach
Editor's Notes
Presentasi ini akan membahas Peripheral Arterial Diseases dari guideline ESC 2017
Peripheral arterial diseases adalah istilah luas dari gangguan semua arteri selain arteri koroner ( termasuk carotid and vertebral, upper extremities, mesenteric and renal arteries)
“peripheral artery disease” istilah lama yang mengacu hanya pada lower extremity artery disease (LEAD).
Secara umum PAD dapat di nilai dari anamnesis
riwayat keluarga
Personal history hipertensi, dm, dislipidemi dan lain lain seperti ada pada tabel
Anamnesis sistem pembuluh darah harus dilakukan secara keseluruhan mulai dari kepala (neurological), claudicatio, lower limb pain, hingga disfungsi ereksi
Pemeriksaan fisik saja memiliki sensitivitas dan reprodusibilitas yang relatif rendah tetapi wajib dilakukan
Individu dengan bruit karotis memiliki risiko MI dan kematian akibat penyakit kardiovaskular (PKV) dua kali lipat
Asimetri tekanan darah (TD) antara kedua lengan (> 15 mmHg) merupakan penanda risiko penyakit vaskular dan kematian.
Penunjang lab bersifat komplementer untuk melihat interaksi dengan gangguan organ lain yang terkait seperti DM, dislipidemia, fungsi ginjal
Masing masing modalitas imaging memiliki kelemahan dan kelebihan
ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index) adalah alat non-invasif yang berguna untuk diagnosis dan pemantauan LEAD. Selain itu, ABI juga merupakan penanda kuat aterosklerosis umum dan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular (JKV)
Ultrasonografi Duplex (DUS) sering menjadi langkah awal dalam pemeriksaan pembuluh darah, baik untuk skrining maupun diagnosis. DUS dapat melihat struktur dan aliran darah dengan metode doppler
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) dianggap sebagai standar tertinggi dalam pencitraan pembuluh darah. Namun, karena sifatnya yang invasif dan berisiko menyebabkan komplikasi, DSA sebagian besar telah digantikan oleh metode lain yang lebih minimal invasif.
Keuntungan CTA mencakup cepat, ketersediaan luas, resolusi tinggi, CTA menampilkan “ROAD MAP” vaskularisasi, yang penting untuk menentukan strategi intervensi. Kelemahan CTA meliputi kurangnya data hemodinamik, paparan radiasi dan penggunaan zat kontras yang terbatas digunakan pada pasien CKD
MRA dapat menggunakan kontras (yaitu gadolinium) dan non-kontras merupakan alternatif untuk digunakan pada pasien dengan CKD ringan hingga sedang. Dibandingkan dengan CTA, MRA tidak memerlukan kontras Iodium dan memiliki resolusi pencitraan soft tissue yang lebih tinggi
Pemeriksaan ABI bisa dilakukan pada pasien dengan cepat dengan relatif lebih sedikit menggunakan sumber dayapemeriksaan ini masuk dalam kompetensi penyakit dalam
Pemeriksaan menggunakan probe doppler khusus untuk ABI ( berbeda dengan doppler untuk denyut jantung bayi), pemeriksaan lebih mudah pada arteri dorsalis pedis. Rumus nya sistolik di angkle di bagi dengan sistolik tangan
Baca semua
Agen antiplatelet digunakan untuk pencegahan sekunder kejadian CV pada pasien dengan gejala PAD. Yang paling bermakna adalah pada carotid dan LEADberikut adalah sebagian rekomendasinya (bacakan yang kelas 1 dan 2)
Untuk CAS pemberian DAPT 1 bulan hanya pada kasus yang sudah dilakukan carotid artery stenting selain itu pemberian SAPT longterm (termasuk yang asimptomatik)
Untuk pasien yang tidak menggunakan antikoagulanpasien asimptomatik : tanpa pemberian antiplatelet
Simptomatik : SAPT long termrevask : DAPT 1 bulan apabila dilakukan perkutaneous revask
Pemberian antikoagulan direkomendasikan pada pasien yang sudah mengalami AF ataupun indikasi lain seperti katup prostetik
Penjelasan lebih lanjut ada pada slide selanjutnya
Pemberian dual antitrombotik (oral antikoagulan + antiplatelet) hanya diberikan pada pasien yang menjalani perkucatneous intervention dengan bleeding risk rendah
Selanjutnya pembahasan mengenai LEAD yaitu PAD yang fokus pada ekstremitas bawah
Kebanyakan pasien asimptomatik olehkarena itu skrining dengan ABI perlu dilakukan
Contoh pasien Masked lead: pasien CHF yang memang ga bisa jalan jauh jadi tidak sadar kakinya pegal kalau jalan jauh
Clinical stage dapat menggunakan kategori fontaine ataupun rutherford classification
Berikut adalah rekomendasi dari tindakan diagnostik untuk LEAD
Pada umumnya sama seperti yang sudah dijelaskan pada bab PAD secara general di atas
Bacakan 1 1
Manajemen intermiten claudication (IC) : 1. Statin. 2 exercise. 3 jika mengganggu revaskularisasi
Program excercise minimal 3 bulan, dengan minimal 3 jam/minggu, dengan berjalan kaki pada jarak maksimal atau submaksimal (sampai tidak kuat).
Pada aorto iliac: jika sumbatan kurang dari 5cm rekomendasinya endovaskular, jika fit dapat dilakukan bypass
Bacakan 1 1 semua
Rangkuman dari bagan rekomendasi ada di sini
Tapi semuanya tetap menggunakan medical therapy ( statin, antitrombotik) serta excercise
Perbedaan mendasar CLTI dan LEADCLTI : pada saat diam sudah nyeriLEAD : saat berjalan baru ada intermitten claudication
Kriteria yang digunakan : WIFI
Estimasi amputasi dengan WIFI
Rekomendasi manajemen CLTI :
Early recgnition -> rujuk vaskular team
Asess WIFI untuk kemungkinan amputasi
Kontrol gula
Sebisa mungkin revask : baik bypass dengan saphenous atau endovaskular
Algoritma rekomendasi
ALI : terjadi dengan tiba tiba disebabkan banyak hal
phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) : penyakit acute massive VTE (DVT total pada semua sistem pembuluh darah vena dan juga kolateral nya) sehingga aliran arteri juga terhambat tiba tiba
Ergotism: keracunan ergot alkaloid ( senyawa pada bijih kacang kacangan dan rumput liar) atau obat obatan obgyn seperti Metergin untuk kontraksi uterusmekanisme kerja: vasokonstriksi kuat hingga jadi ALI
Diagnostik secara klinis dilihat dari sensory loss dan motor loss
Rekomendasinya segera diberikan analgesik dan heparinisasi, lalu revaskularisasi dalam hitungan jam
Bacakan algoritma
VTE merupakan istilah luas yang mencakup DVT dan PEinsidensinya meningkat pada setiap kelompok umur
Diagnostik dimulai dari gejala seperti nyeri, bengkak, vena yang lebih terlihat
Selanjutnya dapat menggunakan skoring wells dvt, dianjutkan dengan imaging usg ataupun ct scan
D dimer digunakan untuk eksklusi karena sensitivitasnya tinggi
Bacakan algoritma dan sedikit revidew wells score
Inisial : terapi parenteral yang di alihkan ke vitamin K antagonist (VKA : warfarin) atau menggunakan direct oral anticoagulat (DOAC)
Jangka panjang: (3–6 bulan berikutnya);VKA/ DOAC
Extended: pertimbangan risk/ benefit
Bacakan konsensus statement (tabel kiri)
CTD: Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) lebih efektif dan less bleeding
Vena cava filter digunakan apabila kontraindikasi antikoagulan
(tabel kanan) Kondisi isolated distal DVT yang ada pada tabel algoritma memiliki kemaknaan apabila High Riks = terapi sebagai proximal DVTjika low risk maka antikoagulan dapat lebih singkat 4-6 miggu
Berikut tabel mengenai berbagai faktor risiko dari rekurensi DVT dan juga clinical prediction rules untuk menilai rekuresiada 3 sistem skoring yaitu vienna, dash, herdoo
Bacakan konsensus statement
Klasifikasi CEAP digunakan untuk menilai tingkat severitas venous disorder baik pada DVT ataupun CVI
Berikut adalah manifestasi klinis CVI: extensive varicose vein, hyperpigmentation, medial malleous venous ulcer
Klasifikasi CEAP digunakan juga pada CVI
Selain CEAP, klasifikasi venous clinical severity score juga digunakan untuk menilai severity dan juga follow up setelah terapi
Berikut adalah algoritma diagnosis dan treatment CVI
Utamanya dengan kompresive stocking dahulu, jika tidak membaik dilakukan diagnostik tambahan dengan usg duplex ataupun air pletysmograph (APG)
APG mengukur perubahan volume kaki untuk menilai keadaan hemodinamik vena dengan menggunakan manset, jenis oklusi dapat ditentukan dengan perbedaan variasi tekanan yang diberikan
Selanjutnya untuk tatalaksana disesuaikan dengan jenis lokasi reflux nya
Compressive leg garment: 20-50 mmhg
Skin care : moisturizer dengan lanolin untuk mencegah fissure dan dryness
Farmakologi : 4 kelas obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan CVI: coumarins (α-benzopyrenes), flavonoids (γ-benzopyrenes), saponosides (horse chestnut extracts), and other plant extracts. (micronized purified flavonoid fraction contohnya ARDIUM). Obat obatan ini digunakan bersamaan dengan compressive leg garment ataupun operasi
Exercise: calf muscle exercise regimen (6 bulan)
Sclerotheraphy : indicated for :spider veins (<1 mm), venous lakes, varicose veins of 1- to 4-mm diameter, bleeding varicosities, and small cavernous hemangiomas (vascular malformation).
Endovenous Ablative Therapy: menghilangkan reflux pada vena vena yang mengalami refux dengan ablasi menggunakan panas dari radiofrequency ataupun laser
Endovenous Deep System Therapy : pemasangan stent pada iliac vein untuk membuka sumbatan
Surgical: digunakan untuk kasus refakter termasuk rekonstruksi valve