Group 6 UTI.pptx
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This document summarizes plants used to treat urinary tract infections. It lists cranberry, parsley, and cinnamon as three plants used for this purpose. Cranberry contains flavonols, anthocyanins, and PAC and is indicated for acute cystitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis. Parsley contains carvon, limonene oxide, piperitone, and pulegone and is used as a diuretic, antiparasitic, and emollient. Cinnamon contains eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and camphor and is used for hay fever, yeast infections, worm infestations, and diarrhea. The document was prepared by students under the supervision of two professors
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MODULE 01.pdf
This chapter discusses various methods for classifying crude drugs, including alphabetical, taxonomic, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, chemotaxonomic, and serotaxonomic classification. The alphabetical classification method arranges crude drugs in alphabetical order by their Latin, English, or local names and is the simplest approach. However, it does not consider the biological relationships between drugs. The taxonomic classification method classifies drugs according to their taxonomic ranks, from kingdom to species, providing information on their biological relationships but it can be complex. Other classification methods organize drugs based on their morphology, pharmacological effects, chemical constituents, or time of collection. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses.
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MODULE 01.pdf
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preventative measures can control diseases without
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products
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2. Major mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, and patulin. Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus species and are carcinogenic, while ochratoxins and fumonisins can cause liver and kidney damage.
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A preliminary study on antibacterial efficacy of the methanolic
1) The study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana against selected clinical isolates through preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial susceptibility testing.
2) The extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, saponins which may be responsible for its antibacterial properties.
3) The extract inhibited the growth of all test organisms in a concentration-dependent manner, with zones of inhibition ranging from 4mm to 15mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 10-30mg/ml.
Antimalarial and antibacterial bioactivity of langsat
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antimalarial and antibacterial activity of extracts from the bark of the langsat tree (Lansium minahasae L.). Phytochemical analysis found various compounds in the dry bark extracts. In vitro testing showed the dry bark extract from Southeast Minahasa had the strongest antimalarial activity against P. falciparum, while the wet bark extract from the same region showed the weakest activity. All extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the Southeast Minahasa dry bark extract having the largest inhibition zone. The results indicate compounds in the langsat bark have potential for development as antimalarial or antibacterial drugs.
Introduction to microbiology
Definition of microbiology, Branches of microbiology, Scope and Application of Pharmaceutical microbiology
American Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
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This document contains summaries of multiple studies related to fungi and plant pathogens. The first study characterized 11 isolates of Trichoderma virens using morphological and molecular techniques, finding a good correlation between the identification methods. The second studied the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of Albiziaamara leaf extracts against bacteria and fungi. The chloroform extract showed the highest activity. A third study evaluated the compatibility of the fungus Nomuraea rileyi with various pesticides, finding several insecticides and fungicides that were most compatible.
Method for detecting macrophomina phaseolina
The invention relates to a molecular diagnostic method for detecting the presence of the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in infected soil, seed and plant samples.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
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Group 9 Anticancer.pdf
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Group 9 Anticancer.pdf
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