This document provides information about ceramics vases, including their history, materials, manufacturing process, and a local manufacturer in Malaysia called CLAYTAN. It discusses that vases are typically made from ceramic materials through a process involving clay preparation, shaping, drying, bisque firing, glaze application, glaze firing, and possible decoration. CLAYTAN is highlighted as a pioneer ceramic company in Malaysia that produces a variety of ceramic products including sanitaryware, tableware, and artware.

1. CERAMICS VASES
KKKM4672 PROCESSING
OF CERAMICS
GROUP 3
Team members:
1. Muhamad Fareez Laili (A160163)
2. Nasrul Farhan Rizal (A159651)
3. Sofia Najihah Mohd Khairuddin (A161463)
Lecturer:
1. Prof. Dr. Andanastuti Muchtar
2. Dr. Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan

2. VASES
 A flower vase is an open decorative container commonly made of ceramic materials
such as clay or glass for ornamentation purposes.
 The purpose of flower vase is still as important as it used to be in the ancient time.
 A vase is more useful than just serving as a water source for cut flowers.
 The right vase will help a flower arrangement keep its form for the most attractive
display and it will support flower blooms in the best position.
 Can be easily found anywhere: e.g – house, school, office, library

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What is Vase?
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Vase is an open container for holding cut flowers or
decorations. It can be manufacture from a number of
materials, such as ceramics, glass, non-rusting metals.
Vases generally have a similar shape. The foot or the base
may be bulbous, flat, or another shape. The body forms the
main portion of the piece. Some vases have a shoulder,
where the body curves inward, a neck, which gives height,
and a lip, where the vase flares back out at the top. Some
vases are also given handles.

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CERAMICS VASE COMPOSITION
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EARTHENWARE /
TERRACOTA
STONEWARE PORCELAINWARE
-Made from surface shales
and clay (Common Clay)
-25% Ball clay, 28% Kaolin,
32% Quartz and 15%
Feldspar
-Finer clay than
earthenware clay
-Formulations vary to a mix
of 0%-100% Plastic Fire
Clays, 0%-25% Ball Clays,
0%-18% Feldspar
-Highly impured with iron,
calcium and feldspar due to
which require a higher
hardening temperature.
-Mostly used is Kaolin with
a little Feldspar
-It is soft and white

5. HISTORY
 Vases are not at all decorative, but used for storage.
 Bronze Age, have evidence of the use of vases to contains a lot of grain and oil.
 Vases produced on a revolving pottery wheel,
 In Mesopotamia, the first known rotating wheels used for vase-making were found and
date back to 3000 BC.
 The Ancient Egyptians is the earliest civilization to used vases for decorative purposes.
 First evidence of vases being used to store flowers. These vases were however, quite
basic in shape and design.
 The Greeks had a number of different uses for their vases, but their discovery of new
ways of decorating these vases meant that they acquired new, symbolic meanings.
 Ancient Greek vases went by a number of different names, based on their uses.
 Amphorae were used for storing food, oil and wine
 Hydria were for storing water,
 Alabastra were small containers used for storing oil and perfume,
 Large kraters were used for mixing wine with water.
 Each type of vase in ancient Greece had a specific shape, corresponding to a specific
purpose. Greek vases, though, are most famous for their red and black decorations,
which allowed for ornament and narrative. Vases were often decorated with images of
scenes from everyday life.
 A brilliant example of an ancient Greek vase is the Euphronios Krater, crafted in about
500 BC.

6. TYPES OF POTTERY
EARTHENWARE • Clay fired at relatively low temperatures of between 1000 to 1150˚C
• Hardened but brittle material that is slightly porous
• cannot be used to contain water.
STONEWARE • Made from a particular clay which is fired at a higher temperature of 1200°C
• More durable material with a denser, stone-like quality
• Finished product is waterproof
PORCELAIN • Comes from a refined clay which is fired at very high temperatures of approximately
1200 - 1450°C.
• An extremely hard, shiny material often white and translucent in appearance.

7. RAW MATERIALS - CLAY
 Clay is a natural product dug from the earth. It has been decomposed from rock
within the earth's crust for millions of years. Decomposition occurs when water
erodes the rock, breaks it down, and deposits them.
 Clay composition
 40% aluminum oxide
 46% silicon oxide
 14% water
 Types of clay
 Primary clay - heavy, dense, and pure.
 Secondary/sedimentary clay - a mixture of sediment, finer and lighter than primary
clay.

8. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Fine and coarse
 Fine particles, the volume increases because of
less void space hence, density will be high, then it
can withstand the heat capacity too.
 Coarse particles conduct heat easily because
coarse particles have fewer grain boundaries
compared to fine particles.
 Porosity is less in fine particles compared to
coarse particles.
 The density of the ceramics is intermediate
(between polymers and metals)
 Crystalline materials have high density than non-
crystalline materials.
 Reflection is also better in fine particles.
 They are hard and brittle
 Strong in compression
 Weak in shearing and tension
 Withstand chemical erosion due to acidic or
caustic environments
 Chemically stable
 Withstands high temperatures
 Wear – resistant
 Refractory
 Thermal insulators
 Electrical insulators
 Non – magnetic
 Prone to thermal shock
 Refractory
Physical properties (its crystal structure
and its chemical composition)
Mechanical properties (the strength of the
materials)

9. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Clay Preparation DryingShaping / Forming
DecorationGlaze FiringGlaze
Bisque Firing

10. 1. CLAY PREPARATION
 Clay is first made into a soft
state by working it with water.
 Wedging is a technique of
mixing and kneading clay to
make the texture homogenize
and free from air bubble.
 Air bubbles can effect the
subsequent process and cause
failure if they remain in the
body.

11. 2. SHAPING / FORMING
1. HANDMADE : POTTER’S WHEEL
 A pile of clay is placed on a revolving circular
plate called potter’s wheel and is shaped by the
wet hands of the potter.
 The water keeps the potter’s hands from sticking
to the clay and keeps the clay moist and
workable.
2. MOULDING : CASTING
 A mixture of clay and water called
slip is poured into a plaster-of-
Paris mould.
 The plaster absorbs the water
which cause a thin coat of clay to
be deposited all around the inside
of the mould.
 The excess is poured out and
leave the wet piece of ware on
the inside of the form.
 As the clay dries, it shrinks and
can be removed from the mould.

12. 3. DRYING
 Vases must be dried evenly after forming.
 Drying is a process of evaporating water content from the
clay. During this process, particles of clay are drawn closer
together resulting in shrinkage of the body.
 Drying clay properly is especially critical. If a clay piece
undergoes uneven drying, it can cause defects such as
crack, warp or even explode during firing process.

13. 4. BISQUE
FIRING
 This is the first stage of firing. The firing
purpose is to harden the vase to a durable,
semi-vitrified porous stage where it can be
safely handled during the glazing and
decorating process.
 This initial firing is to turn the vase into
ceramic material.
 The temperature of a bisque firing
typically ranges between 1700 to 1900˚F.
 This process create piece called
Bisqueware.

14. 5. GLAZE
 Ceramic glaze is an impervious layer or
coating applied to bisque ware to color,
decorate, or waterproof an item.
 Glaze is applied to the bisqueware by
dipping, spraying, brushing, sponging or
some combination of these techniques.
 It serves both functional and decorative
purposes.
 Glazes get their colors from a wide
variety of mineral oxides.

15. 6. GLAZE FIRING
 Glaze firing is a process is to harden
the vases.
 They should be carefully loaded into
the kiln for the glaze firing. The kiln is
heated slowly to the proper temperature
to bring the clay and glazes to maturity,
then it is slowly cooled again.
 This second kiln firing completes the
transformation of vase from a soft,
fragile clay to one that is rock-hard and
impervious to water and time.

16. 7. DECORATION
There are many ways of decorating the clay
body. Some are used before firing, others
afterwards. They include the following:
• Carving
• Slip Decorating
• Polishing
• Painting
• Printing
• Gliding
• Stamping

17. CLAYTAN GROUP
 Founded by the late Mr. Tan Soon Heng, a native Teochew from the southern
province of Guangdong, China in 1920.
 Started a cottage workshop in Segambut, Kuala Lumpur and moved to Ayer
Hitam, Johor in 1935.
 CLAYTAN Group is the only surviving pioneer in the ceramic industry in
Malaysia and the most diversified manufacturer of ceramic products.
 Products by CLAYTAN:
 Sanitaryware
 Tableware and Artware
 Clay pipe
LOCAL
MANUFACTURER -
CLAYTAN

18. LOCAL MANUFACTURER - CLAYTAN

19. ALTERNATIVE METHODS
JIGGERING METHOD
 Jiggering is a method to form the outside of a
vase and jollying is for forming the inside. It is
similar with the process occur on a potter’s
wheel but turned into an industrial process. The
potter’s hands are replaced by a profiled cutter,
which will scrape the clay as it rotates on the
wheel. The mould determines the internal form
of the shape while the cutter forms the outer
shape.

20. REFERENCE
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLLFHKPMutc
 Chapter 84 - Glass, Pottery and Related Materials. (n.d.). http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt84e.htm Glazing and
Firing Pottery |
 HowStuffWorks. (n.d.). https://home.howstuffworks.com/green-living/pottery5.
 How is Pottery Made. (n.d.). https://www.polytroponart.gr/how-is-pottery-made
 The Firing Process for Making Ceramics. (n.d.). https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/an-overview-of-the-firing-process-
2746250
 CLAYTAN Group website: http://www.claytangroup.com/
 Campbell, James E. The Art and Architecture Information Guide Series, vol. 7: Pottery and Ceramics, A Guide to
Infonnation Sources. Gale Research, 1978.
 Camusso, Lorenzo, ed. Ceramics of the World: From Four Thousand B.C. to the Present. Harry N. Abrams, 1992.
 Charles, Bernard H. Pottery and Porcelain. Hippocrene Books, 1974.
 Jones, J. T. and M. F. Bernard. Ceramics, Industrial Processing and Testing. Iowa State University Press, 1972

21. TASK DESCRIPTION
Person in Charge Task
Nasrul Farhan • Introduction – What is vase?
• Composition of Materials
• Conclusion
• Video editing
Muhamad Fareez • Introduction – History
• Properties of Materials
• Slides editing
Sofia Najihah • Introduction – Vases, Types of Pottery
• Raw Materials
• Manufacturing Process
• Local Manufacturer
• Alternative Method