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Ground Penetration RRaaddaarr aass aa TTooooll 
ffoorr PPaavveemmeenntt CCoonnddiittiioonn DDiiaaggnnoossttiiccss 
DDeesshh RR.. SSoonnyyookk11,, SS..MM.. AASSCCEE 
JJiiee ZZhhaanngg22,, MM.. AASSCCEE,, PPhh..DD..,, PP..EE.. 
22000088 
11 GGrraadduuaattee SSttuuddeenntt,, CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy,, 
EEmmaaiill:: ddrrssoonnyyookk@@nnmmssuu..eedduu 
22 AAssssiisstt.. PPrrooffeessssoorr,, CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy,, 
EEmmaaiill:: jjzzhhaanngg@@nnmmssuu..eedduu
CCWWCCWWohhoohhoaaaannnttntt i ittististsesee e G GGnGnnnPPPPtttRRtsRRsss???? 
 BBaacckkggrroouunndd aanndd OObbjjeeccttiivveess 
 GGPPRR TTeecchhnnoollooggyy 
 GGPPRR WWaavvee aanndd MMaatteerriiaall PPrrooppeerrttiieess 
 AApppplliiccaattiioonnss 
 CCoonncclluussiioonnss 
 FFuuttuurree RReesseeaarrcchh
BBBBaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouWWuuWWunhnhnhnhaaadaddtdttt i i si saassaa G GnnGGnnPPPdPdddRRRR ? P?PPuuuurrrrppppoooosssseeee 
BBaacckkggrroouunndd 
 GGPPRR ccaann ddeetteerrmmiinnee tthhee llaayyeerr tthhiicckknneessss,, ddeetteecctt 
vvooiiddss,, aanndd eessttiimmaattee mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt 
 IItt ccaann ooppeerraattee iinn hhiigghhwwaayy ssppeeeedd 
 IItt pprroovviiddeess ccoonnttiinnuuoouuss ssuurrvveeyy ooff ppaavveemmeennttss 
OObbjjeeccttiivveess  
 TToo pprreesseenntt tthhee ssttaattee--ooff--tthhee--aarrtt GGPPRR aapppplliiccaattiioonnss 
iinn ppaavveemmeenntt ccoonnddiittiioonn aasssseessssmmeenntt aanndd iittss ffuuttuurree 
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
GGGGPPPPRRRR TTTTeeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy 
Electromagnetic frequency range: 10 MHz to a 
few GHz.
GGGGPPPPRRRR TTTTeeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy…………ccccoooonnnnttititnniinnuuuueeeedddd 
Types of GPR: 
 AAiirr--CCoouupplleedd ((HHoorrnn 
oorr LLaauunncchheedd)) 
AAnntteennnnaa ((AAll--QQuuaaddii 
eett aall..,, 22000066)) 
 GGrroouunndd--CCoouupplleedd 
AAnntteennnnaa ((AAll--QQuuaaddii 
eett aall..,, 22000066))
GGGGPPPPRRRR TTTTeeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy…………ccccoooonnnnttititnniinnuuuueeeedddd 
Types of GPR: 
Penetration 
Capabilities 
and 
Resolutions 
Impulse GPR Step Frequency GPR 
Depth of Investigation 
High f Medium f Low f 
High 
resolution 
Medium 
resolution 
Low 
resolution
GGGGPPPPRRRR WWWWaaaavvvveeee aaaannnndddd MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss 
Velocity 
Amplitude 
Frequency 
Dielectric constant 
Dispersion 
Depth 
Thickness 
Moisture 
content 
Density 
EM Wave 
Properties 
Estimated 
Parameters 
Material 
Properties
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss 
 PPaavveemmeenntt llaayyeerrss tthhiicckknneessss mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss 
 MMooiissttuurree ddeetteeccttiioonn aanndd ddeetteerriioorraattiioonn 
 SSuubbssuurrffaaccee ddeeffeeccttss ((ee..gg..,, ssttrriippppiinngg zzoonneess aanndd 
ttrraappppeedd mmooiissttuurree)) 
 IInnppuutt ddaattaa ttoo FFWWDD mmeeaassuurreemmeenntt 
 AAsspphhaalltt aaiirr vvooiidd ccoonntteenntt 
 SSuubbssuurrffaaccee aannoommaalliieess 
 MMaappppiinngg uunnddeerrggrroouunndd uuttiilliittiieess
GGGGPPPPRRRR LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 
TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss 
AAll--QQaaddii eett aall.. 22000066 [[11]]:: 
r i 
i 
d ct 
i 
, 2 e 
= 
( ) ( ) , 1 , , 1 , / i r i r i r i r i A e e e e + + = - + 
a 1.69 
s 
e 
r 
= 
Ao 
A0 
Surface 
Base 
Subgrade 
t1 
t2 
A2 
A3 
Time 
r,1 e 
r,2 e 
r,3 e 
t3 
d = depth; c = speed of light in free space (m/s) 
t = two-way travel time; ε= dielectric constant 
A = amplitude; i = number of layers; a = attenuation (db/m); 
σ = electrical conductivity in mS/m
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss 
(Source: http://www.cait.rutgers.edu)
GGGGPPPPRRRRLLLL AaAaAaAayypypyppeeeepppprrrrll l li i TiTicTcTcchhaahhaaiittiittcciicciioookokkknnnnnnnnsseessee::ss::ss LLssLLssa a CCCCyyyyaaeeaaeellrrllrcrcc c TTuuTTuuhhllhhllaaaaiiiictctctctiiikikookkoonnnnnnnneeeessssssss 
LLaayyeerr ttyyppee AAccccuurraaccyy 
New Asphalt ±3.0% 
Old Asphalt ± 5.8% 
Concrete (if dry) JPCP 
CRCP 
± 2.3% 
± 3.0% 
Granular base ± 12.0%
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss 
MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss 
 DDiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt:: 
AAiirr == 11..00;; AAggggrreeggaattee ≈≈ 66..00;; AAsspphhaalltt 55 –– 88 ((ddrryy)) aanndd 112 
((wweett));; WWaatteerr ≈≈ 8800 
 SSiiggnniiffiiccaanntt ddeeppaarrttuurree ooff ε ffrroomm tthhee mmeeaann vvaalluuee 
iinnddiiccaatteess eeiitthheerr hhiigghh oorr llooww mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt 
 IInn--ssiittuu mmaatteerriiaall pprrooppeerrttiieess (( mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt 
aanndd rreellaattiivvee ccoommppaaccttnneessss)) 
 CChhaannggeess iinn ddiieelleeccttrriicc pprrooppeerrttiieess rreefflleeccttss 
mmaatteerriiaall ddeetteerriioorraattiioonn
GGGGPPPPRRRR EEEEssssttttiiiimmmmaaaattttiiiinnnngggg AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll WWWWaaaatttteeeerrrr PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss 
CCCCoooonnnntttteeeennnntttt 
Volumetric Water Content (θv) 
Roth et al. (1990): 
1/2 1/2 1/2 
q = e - - n e - 
ne 
(1 ) solid air 
1/2 1/2 
v 
e - 
e 
water air 
ε = bulk dielectric 
constant of material 
εair, εwater, εsolid are 
dielectric constant of 
the air, water, and 
solid 
ε’ and ε” are real and 
imaginary parts 
n = porosity 
Topp et al. (1980): 
( 5.3 10 2 ) (2.92 10 2 ) (5.5 10 4 2 ) (4.3 10 6 3) v q = - ´ - + ´ - e - ´ - e + ´ - e 
Assumption: 
e =e ' +e '' where e '' = e '
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: DDDDeeeeffffeeeeccccttttssss 
Asphalt with 
stripping defects 
Asphalt layer 
Subgrade 
(Source: http://www.tpa-konferencia.hu) 
(Source: http://training.ce.washington.edu 
Voids are identified by large 
positive (high density or water) 
or negative reflection amplitude 
(low density or air)
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: DDDDeeeeffffeeeeccccttttssss 
Deflection (mm) 
Weak places bellow surface sing FWD analysis in places 
with strong reflection amplitude 
(Source: http://www.tpa-konferencia.hu)
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: CCCCoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnn AAAAsssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt 
CCCCoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnn AAAAsssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt 
EM Velocity/ 
Frequency/ 
Amplitude 
Dielectric 
constant 
/Dispersion 
Water 
content/Density 
/Thickness 
DDeetteerriioorraattiioonn
GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: iiiinnnn MMMM----MMMM----EEEE EEEE DDDDeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn 
DDDDeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn 
 PPaavveemmeenntt tthhiicckknneessss,, wwaatteerr ccoonntteenntt,, aanndd rreellaattiivvee 
ccoommppaaccttnneessss 
 IImmpprroovvee aaccccuurraaccyy ooff FFWWDD// RRWWDD mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss 
 RReedduuccee rreeqquuiirreedd nnuummbbeerr ooff ccoorriinngg 
 CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss pprrooffiillee ooff ppaavveemmeenntt llaayyeerrss 
 IIddeennttiiffyy aarreeaass ooff ppoooorr ppaavveemmeenntt ccoonnddiittiioonnss
LLLLiiiimmmmiiiittttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss 
 GGPPRR ssiiggnnaall aatttteennuuaattiioonn aanndd lliimmiittaattiioonn iinn ddeepptthh 
ooff ppeenneettrraattiioonn 
 RReeqquuiirreess ffaaiirrllyy uunniiffoorrmm ssooiill ffoorr mmooiissttuurree 
eessttiimmaattiioonn 
 CCoommpprroommiissee bbeettwweeeenn ppeenneettrraattiioonn ddeepptthhss aanndd 
ttaarrggeett rreessoolluuttiioonnss..
CCCCoooonnnncccclllluuuussssiiiioooonnnnssss 
 TThhiicckknneessss aaccccuurraaccyy ffrroomm ±±22..99%% ttoo ±±1122%% 
 RReedduucceess rreeqquuiirreedd nnuummbbeerr ooff ccoorriinngg 
 VVoolluummeettrriicc wwaatteerr ccoonntteenntt aanndd rreellaattiivvee ddeennssiittyy ooff 
tthhee iinn--ssiittuu mmaatteerriiaall 
 IIddeennttiiffyy aarreeaass ooff ppoooorr ppaavveemmeenntt ccoonnddiittiioonnss 
 TThhiicckknneessss iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ccaann bbee uusseedd ttooggeetthheerr 
wwiitthh FFWWDD mmeeaassuurreemmeenntt ttoo bbaacckk--ccaallccuullaattee tthhee 
ddeefflleeccttiioonn aanndd eellaassttiicc mmoodduullii
FFFFuuuuttttuuuurrrreeee RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh 
 SSttuuddyy oonn iinntteerraaccttiioonnss bbeettwweeeenn EEMM ssiiggnnaallss aanndd 
ppaavveemmeenntt mmaatteerriiaallss mmeecchhaanniiccaall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss:: 
- WWaavvee ffrreeqquueennccyy 
- IImmaaggiinnaarryy ppaarrtt ooff ddiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt ((ddiissppeerrssiioonn)) 
- MMooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt 
- PPaavveemmeenntt ddeetteerriioorraattiioonn
RRRReeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeeessss 
Al-Quadi, I.L., Kun, J., and S. Lahouar. Analysis Tool for Determining 
Flexible Pavement Layer Thickness at Highway Speed. In 85th Annual 
Meeting. CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board of the National 
Academics, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 1-13. 
Al-Qadi, I.L., Lahouar, S., Jiang, K., MeGhee, K.K., and Mokarem, D. 
Validation of Ground Penetration Radar Accuray for Estimating 
Pavement Layer Thicknesses. In 84th Annual Meeting. CD-ROM. 
Transportation Research Board of the National Academics, 
Washington, D.C., 2005, pp. 1-25. 
Liu, R., Li, J., Chen, X., Xing, H., Ekbote, A., and Y. Wang. Investigation 
of New Generation of FCC Compliant NDT Devices for Pavement 
Layer Information Collection. Publication FHWA/TX-05/0-4820. FHWA, 
U.S. Department of Transportation, 2006 
Topp, G.C., Davis J.L., and A.P. Ann. Electromagnetic Determination 
of Soil Water Content: Measurements in Coaxial Transmission Lines. 
Water Resources Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1980, p.p. 574-582.
AAAAcccckkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeeemmmmeeeennnntttt 
 FFuunnddiinngg SSoouurrcceess:: 
 EEiisseennhhoowweerr GGrraadduuaattee FFeelllloowwsshhiipp,, FFHHWWAA 
 AAssssoocciiaatteedd SSttuuddeennttss ooff NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ((AASSNNMMSSUU)) 
 CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy 
 GGrraadduuaattee SScchhooooll,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy 
 RReesseeaarrcchh TTeeaamm:: 
 DDrr.. JJiiee ZZhhaanngg,, PPrrooff..,, CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg 
 BBiinn ZZhhaanngg,, CCEE GGrraadduuaattee SSttuuddeenntt
TTHHAANNKK YYOOUU 
FFOORR 
YYOOUURR AATTTTEENNTTIIOONN
LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 
d = v´t / 2 
/ r v = c e 
a 1.69 
s 
e 
r 
= 
C=3×108 m/s, 
V = velocity in m/s, 
εr = dielectric constant (dimensionless), 
a = attenuation in decibels/m (db/m), 
σ = electrical conductivity in mS/m
LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 
2 
1 , 
1 
1 
ö 
÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ 
ø 
æ 
ç ç ç ç ç 
è 
+ 
- 
= 
A 
o 
p 
A 
A 
o 
p 
r 
A 
e 
2 
1 
å 
2 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 
2 
, , 1 
1 
1 
ö 
÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ 
ø 
æ 
ç ç ç ç ç ç 
è 
ö 
ö 
A 
i 
A 
g 
- + ÷ ÷ 
ø 
æ 
- 
æ 
- 
ç ç 
è 
+ + ÷ ÷ ø 
ç ç 
è 
= 
- 
- 
= 
- 
- 
= 
- 
å 
p 
A 
A 
n 
i 
p 
n 
i 
i 
A 
o 
A 
o 
p 
p 
n 
p 
n 
i 
i 
p 
r n r n 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
g 
e e 
+ 
e - 
e 
r i r i 
, , 1 
+ 
i e + 
e 
, , 1 
= 
r i r i 
g 
εr,1 = dielectric 
constant of the top 
layer 
Ao = amplitude of 
the surface 
reflection 
Ap = amplitude of 
the reflected signal 
collected over flat 
metal plate 
γi represents the reflection 
coefficients between the 
ith, and (i+1)th 
((22)) 
((33)) 
((44)) 
AAll--QQaaddii eett aall.. 22000066 [[11]]::
LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 
HMA dielectric constant could be estimated 
using: 
εa: HMA dielectric constant 
Ainc: Maximum amplitude of the incident wave. It is 
obtained by collecting data over a copper plate placed 
on the surface of the pavement 
Aa: Maximum amplitude reflected from the HMA surface
Gravimetric water content: mass of water per unit mass of dry soil 
g w s w =q = M / M 
Volumetric water content: volume of water per unit volume of soil. 
v w s q = V /V 
Relationship between gravimetric to volumetric water content: 
ö 
÷ ÷ø 
æ 
ç çè 
ö 
= ÷ ÷ø 
æ 
ç çè 
r 
/ 
w w 
w 
M 
V 
= = = 
r 
b 
w 
g 
r 
w b 
s w 
v M 
s b 
s 
M 
M 
V 
r 
q 
r 
r 
q 
/ 
b r b r 
where, is bulk density. Soil bulk density 
M 
t 
s 
r = Mass of dry soil (solid) = 
b Total volume 
V 
nS v q = 
is used for density soil (solid). 
The volumetric water content is also expressed in terms of the porosity, and the degree of 
saturation, S, (or saturation ratio), according to the following expression: 
Measurement Methodology: 
wet dry 
t w 
w 
V 
v V 
t 
W W 
V 
r 
q 
- 
= = 
SSSSooooiiiillll WWWWaaaatttteeeerrrr CCCCoooonnnntttteeeennnntttt
CCoonntt.. GGPPRR WWaavvee aanndd MMaatteerriiaall PPrrooppeerrttiieess……CCoonntt.. 
 Arrival ttiimmee //aammpplliittuuddee DDiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt 
 DDiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt 
//RReellaattiivvee ccoommppaaccttnneessss 
 EEMM ssiiggnnaall aammpplliittuuddee VVooiiddss//DDeellaammiinnaattiioonn

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Ground Penetration Radar as a Tool for Pavement Condition Diagnostics

  • 1. Ground Penetration RRaaddaarr aass aa TTooooll ffoorr PPaavveemmeenntt CCoonnddiittiioonn DDiiaaggnnoossttiiccss DDeesshh RR.. SSoonnyyookk11,, SS..MM.. AASSCCEE JJiiee ZZhhaanngg22,, MM.. AASSCCEE,, PPhh..DD..,, PP..EE.. 22000088 11 GGrraadduuaattee SSttuuddeenntt,, CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy,, EEmmaaiill:: ddrrssoonnyyookk@@nnmmssuu..eedduu 22 AAssssiisstt.. PPrrooffeessssoorr,, CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy,, EEmmaaiill:: jjzzhhaanngg@@nnmmssuu..eedduu
  • 2. CCWWCCWWohhoohhoaaaannnttntt i ittististsesee e G GGnGnnnPPPPtttRRtsRRsss????  BBaacckkggrroouunndd aanndd OObbjjeeccttiivveess  GGPPRR TTeecchhnnoollooggyy  GGPPRR WWaavvee aanndd MMaatteerriiaall PPrrooppeerrttiieess  AApppplliiccaattiioonnss  CCoonncclluussiioonnss  FFuuttuurree RReesseeaarrcchh
  • 3. BBBBaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouWWuuWWunhnhnhnhaaadaddtdttt i i si saassaa G GnnGGnnPPPdPdddRRRR ? P?PPuuuurrrrppppoooosssseeee BBaacckkggrroouunndd  GGPPRR ccaann ddeetteerrmmiinnee tthhee llaayyeerr tthhiicckknneessss,, ddeetteecctt vvooiiddss,, aanndd eessttiimmaattee mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt  IItt ccaann ooppeerraattee iinn hhiigghhwwaayy ssppeeeedd  IItt pprroovviiddeess ccoonnttiinnuuoouuss ssuurrvveeyy ooff ppaavveemmeennttss OObbjjeeccttiivveess   TToo pprreesseenntt tthhee ssttaattee--ooff--tthhee--aarrtt GGPPRR aapppplliiccaattiioonnss iinn ppaavveemmeenntt ccoonnddiittiioonn aasssseessssmmeenntt aanndd iittss ffuuttuurree ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
  • 5. GGGGPPPPRRRR TTTTeeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy…………ccccoooonnnnttititnniinnuuuueeeedddd Types of GPR:  AAiirr--CCoouupplleedd ((HHoorrnn oorr LLaauunncchheedd)) AAnntteennnnaa ((AAll--QQuuaaddii eett aall..,, 22000066))  GGrroouunndd--CCoouupplleedd AAnntteennnnaa ((AAll--QQuuaaddii eett aall..,, 22000066))
  • 6. GGGGPPPPRRRR TTTTeeeecccchhhhnnnnoooollllooooggggyyyy…………ccccoooonnnnttititnniinnuuuueeeedddd Types of GPR: Penetration Capabilities and Resolutions Impulse GPR Step Frequency GPR Depth of Investigation High f Medium f Low f High resolution Medium resolution Low resolution
  • 7. GGGGPPPPRRRR WWWWaaaavvvveeee aaaannnndddd MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss Velocity Amplitude Frequency Dielectric constant Dispersion Depth Thickness Moisture content Density EM Wave Properties Estimated Parameters Material Properties
  • 8. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss  PPaavveemmeenntt llaayyeerrss tthhiicckknneessss mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss  MMooiissttuurree ddeetteeccttiioonn aanndd ddeetteerriioorraattiioonn  SSuubbssuurrffaaccee ddeeffeeccttss ((ee..gg..,, ssttrriippppiinngg zzoonneess aanndd ttrraappppeedd mmooiissttuurree))  IInnppuutt ddaattaa ttoo FFWWDD mmeeaassuurreemmeenntt  AAsspphhaalltt aaiirr vvooiidd ccoonntteenntt  SSuubbssuurrffaaccee aannoommaalliieess  MMaappppiinngg uunnddeerrggrroouunndd uuttiilliittiieess
  • 9. GGGGPPPPRRRR LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss AAll--QQaaddii eett aall.. 22000066 [[11]]:: r i i d ct i , 2 e = ( ) ( ) , 1 , , 1 , / i r i r i r i r i A e e e e + + = - + a 1.69 s e r = Ao A0 Surface Base Subgrade t1 t2 A2 A3 Time r,1 e r,2 e r,3 e t3 d = depth; c = speed of light in free space (m/s) t = two-way travel time; ε= dielectric constant A = amplitude; i = number of layers; a = attenuation (db/m); σ = electrical conductivity in mS/m
  • 10. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss (Source: http://www.cait.rutgers.edu)
  • 11. GGGGPPPPRRRRLLLL AaAaAaAayypypyppeeeepppprrrrll l li i TiTicTcTcchhaahhaaiittiittcciicciioookokkknnnnnnnnsseessee::ss::ss LLssLLssa a CCCCyyyyaaeeaaeellrrllrcrcc c TTuuTTuuhhllhhllaaaaiiiictctctctiiikikookkoonnnnnnnneeeessssssss LLaayyeerr ttyyppee AAccccuurraaccyy New Asphalt ±3.0% Old Asphalt ± 5.8% Concrete (if dry) JPCP CRCP ± 2.3% ± 3.0% Granular base ± 12.0%
  • 12. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss  DDiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt:: AAiirr == 11..00;; AAggggrreeggaattee ≈≈ 66..00;; AAsspphhaalltt 55 –– 88 ((ddrryy)) aanndd 112 ((wweett));; WWaatteerr ≈≈ 8800  SSiiggnniiffiiccaanntt ddeeppaarrttuurree ooff ε ffrroomm tthhee mmeeaann vvaalluuee iinnddiiccaatteess eeiitthheerr hhiigghh oorr llooww mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt  IInn--ssiittuu mmaatteerriiaall pprrooppeerrttiieess (( mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt aanndd rreellaattiivvee ccoommppaaccttnneessss))  CChhaannggeess iinn ddiieelleeccttrriicc pprrooppeerrttiieess rreefflleeccttss mmaatteerriiaall ddeetteerriioorraattiioonn
  • 13. GGGGPPPPRRRR EEEEssssttttiiiimmmmaaaattttiiiinnnngggg AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: MMMMaaaatttteeeerrrriiiiaaaallll WWWWaaaatttteeeerrrr PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss CCCCoooonnnntttteeeennnntttt Volumetric Water Content (θv) Roth et al. (1990): 1/2 1/2 1/2 q = e - - n e - ne (1 ) solid air 1/2 1/2 v e - e water air ε = bulk dielectric constant of material εair, εwater, εsolid are dielectric constant of the air, water, and solid ε’ and ε” are real and imaginary parts n = porosity Topp et al. (1980): ( 5.3 10 2 ) (2.92 10 2 ) (5.5 10 4 2 ) (4.3 10 6 3) v q = - ´ - + ´ - e - ´ - e + ´ - e Assumption: e =e ' +e '' where e '' = e '
  • 14. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: DDDDeeeeffffeeeeccccttttssss Asphalt with stripping defects Asphalt layer Subgrade (Source: http://www.tpa-konferencia.hu) (Source: http://training.ce.washington.edu Voids are identified by large positive (high density or water) or negative reflection amplitude (low density or air)
  • 15. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: DDDDeeeeffffeeeeccccttttssss Deflection (mm) Weak places bellow surface sing FWD analysis in places with strong reflection amplitude (Source: http://www.tpa-konferencia.hu)
  • 16. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: CCCCoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnn AAAAsssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt CCCCoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnn AAAAsssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt EM Velocity/ Frequency/ Amplitude Dielectric constant /Dispersion Water content/Density /Thickness DDeetteerriioorraattiioonn
  • 17. GGGGPPPPRRRR AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss:::: iiiinnnn MMMM----MMMM----EEEE EEEE DDDDeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn DDDDeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn  PPaavveemmeenntt tthhiicckknneessss,, wwaatteerr ccoonntteenntt,, aanndd rreellaattiivvee ccoommppaaccttnneessss  IImmpprroovvee aaccccuurraaccyy ooff FFWWDD// RRWWDD mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss  RReedduuccee rreeqquuiirreedd nnuummbbeerr ooff ccoorriinngg  CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss pprrooffiillee ooff ppaavveemmeenntt llaayyeerrss  IIddeennttiiffyy aarreeaass ooff ppoooorr ppaavveemmeenntt ccoonnddiittiioonnss
  • 18. LLLLiiiimmmmiiiittttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss  GGPPRR ssiiggnnaall aatttteennuuaattiioonn aanndd lliimmiittaattiioonn iinn ddeepptthh ooff ppeenneettrraattiioonn  RReeqquuiirreess ffaaiirrllyy uunniiffoorrmm ssooiill ffoorr mmooiissttuurree eessttiimmaattiioonn  CCoommpprroommiissee bbeettwweeeenn ppeenneettrraattiioonn ddeepptthhss aanndd ttaarrggeett rreessoolluuttiioonnss..
  • 19. CCCCoooonnnncccclllluuuussssiiiioooonnnnssss  TThhiicckknneessss aaccccuurraaccyy ffrroomm ±±22..99%% ttoo ±±1122%%  RReedduucceess rreeqquuiirreedd nnuummbbeerr ooff ccoorriinngg  VVoolluummeettrriicc wwaatteerr ccoonntteenntt aanndd rreellaattiivvee ddeennssiittyy ooff tthhee iinn--ssiittuu mmaatteerriiaall  IIddeennttiiffyy aarreeaass ooff ppoooorr ppaavveemmeenntt ccoonnddiittiioonnss  TThhiicckknneessss iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ccaann bbee uusseedd ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh FFWWDD mmeeaassuurreemmeenntt ttoo bbaacckk--ccaallccuullaattee tthhee ddeefflleeccttiioonn aanndd eellaassttiicc mmoodduullii
  • 20. FFFFuuuuttttuuuurrrreeee RRRReeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh  SSttuuddyy oonn iinntteerraaccttiioonnss bbeettwweeeenn EEMM ssiiggnnaallss aanndd ppaavveemmeenntt mmaatteerriiaallss mmeecchhaanniiccaall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss:: - WWaavvee ffrreeqquueennccyy - IImmaaggiinnaarryy ppaarrtt ooff ddiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt ((ddiissppeerrssiioonn)) - MMooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt - PPaavveemmeenntt ddeetteerriioorraattiioonn
  • 21. RRRReeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeeessss Al-Quadi, I.L., Kun, J., and S. Lahouar. Analysis Tool for Determining Flexible Pavement Layer Thickness at Highway Speed. In 85th Annual Meeting. CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board of the National Academics, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 1-13. Al-Qadi, I.L., Lahouar, S., Jiang, K., MeGhee, K.K., and Mokarem, D. Validation of Ground Penetration Radar Accuray for Estimating Pavement Layer Thicknesses. In 84th Annual Meeting. CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board of the National Academics, Washington, D.C., 2005, pp. 1-25. Liu, R., Li, J., Chen, X., Xing, H., Ekbote, A., and Y. Wang. Investigation of New Generation of FCC Compliant NDT Devices for Pavement Layer Information Collection. Publication FHWA/TX-05/0-4820. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2006 Topp, G.C., Davis J.L., and A.P. Ann. Electromagnetic Determination of Soil Water Content: Measurements in Coaxial Transmission Lines. Water Resources Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1980, p.p. 574-582.
  • 22. AAAAcccckkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeeemmmmeeeennnntttt  FFuunnddiinngg SSoouurrcceess::  EEiisseennhhoowweerr GGrraadduuaattee FFeelllloowwsshhiipp,, FFHHWWAA  AAssssoocciiaatteedd SSttuuddeennttss ooff NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ((AASSNNMMSSUU))  CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy  GGrraadduuaattee SScchhooooll,, NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy  RReesseeaarrcchh TTeeaamm::  DDrr.. JJiiee ZZhhaanngg,, PPrrooff..,, CCiivviill EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg  BBiinn ZZhhaanngg,, CCEE GGrraadduuaattee SSttuuddeenntt
  • 23. TTHHAANNKK YYOOUU FFOORR YYOOUURR AATTTTEENNTTIIOONN
  • 24.
  • 25. LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn d = v´t / 2 / r v = c e a 1.69 s e r = C=3×108 m/s, V = velocity in m/s, εr = dielectric constant (dimensionless), a = attenuation in decibels/m (db/m), σ = electrical conductivity in mS/m
  • 26. LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn 2 1 , 1 1 ö ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ø æ ç ç ç ç ç è + - = A o p A A o p r A e 2 1 å 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 , , 1 1 1 ö ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ø æ ç ç ç ç ç ç è ö ö A i A g - + ÷ ÷ ø æ - æ - ç ç è + + ÷ ÷ ø ç ç è = - - = - - = - å p A A n i p n i i A o A o p p n p n i i p r n r n A A A A A A g e e + e - e r i r i , , 1 + i e + e , , 1 = r i r i g εr,1 = dielectric constant of the top layer Ao = amplitude of the surface reflection Ap = amplitude of the reflected signal collected over flat metal plate γi represents the reflection coefficients between the ith, and (i+1)th ((22)) ((33)) ((44)) AAll--QQaaddii eett aall.. 22000066 [[11]]::
  • 27. LLLLaaaayyyyeeeerrrr TTTThhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss CCCCaaaallllccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn HMA dielectric constant could be estimated using: εa: HMA dielectric constant Ainc: Maximum amplitude of the incident wave. It is obtained by collecting data over a copper plate placed on the surface of the pavement Aa: Maximum amplitude reflected from the HMA surface
  • 28. Gravimetric water content: mass of water per unit mass of dry soil g w s w =q = M / M Volumetric water content: volume of water per unit volume of soil. v w s q = V /V Relationship between gravimetric to volumetric water content: ö ÷ ÷ø æ ç çè ö = ÷ ÷ø æ ç çè r / w w w M V = = = r b w g r w b s w v M s b s M M V r q r r q / b r b r where, is bulk density. Soil bulk density M t s r = Mass of dry soil (solid) = b Total volume V nS v q = is used for density soil (solid). The volumetric water content is also expressed in terms of the porosity, and the degree of saturation, S, (or saturation ratio), according to the following expression: Measurement Methodology: wet dry t w w V v V t W W V r q - = = SSSSooooiiiillll WWWWaaaatttteeeerrrr CCCCoooonnnntttteeeennnntttt
  • 29. CCoonntt.. GGPPRR WWaavvee aanndd MMaatteerriiaall PPrrooppeerrttiieess……CCoonntt..  Arrival ttiimmee //aammpplliittuuddee DDiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt  DDiieelleeccttrriicc ccoonnssttaanntt mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt //RReellaattiivvee ccoommppaaccttnneessss  EEMM ssiiggnnaall aammpplliittuuddee VVooiiddss//DDeellaammiinnaattiioonn