Grice Maxims

Grice Maxims
Grice's maxims
We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn and produc.in other
words we need language to cooperate.
.In linguistics the cooperative principles design to cooperate to work together in order to
communicate efficiently between two people or groups of people.
Grice's maxims was written in 1975 and created by Paul Grice about how follow the conversation
maxims. The linguist Paul Grice presented these maxims in depth and give us four maxims.
The cooperative principle is generally about cooperative with one another, when two people want to
speak or to exchange it.
The cooperative principle in two sides: speakers who observe the cooperative principle, and listeners
where assume that speakers are observing it. This allows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Speakers may violate or break one of the maxims . Grice's belief was about hearers who are assume
that speakers are conforming to the CP, and interpret utterances under this assumption. The
difference between what the words in an utterance mean and what the speaker's intention meaning
was, Grice implicature. It is clear in which the message that people intend to convey is not wholly
contained within the words they use, but depends on hearers interpreting the message taking into
account context and implicated meaning.
There is a continuity between everyday creativity and literature that the creativity has many
properties in relation to poetic features. There is a link between such everyday conversation and
literature itself .
Literary language is seen as a highly valued in which words and phrases are carefully chosen for
their artistic effect in the same time the listeners and readers are responded to these aesthetic. In
literature that certain forms of language are highly creative .creativity is not restricted to literary text
but how we can interact with
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Interpersonal Communication In The Movie : The Breakfast Club
The Breakfast Club is a movie that was directed by John Hughes, and was released in the spring of
1985. It is about five teenagers from different worlds, who all come together on a Saturday for
detention. The movie is filled with a multitude of scenes that may apply to many of the course
concepts found in Interpersonal Communication. The film almost immediately displays a source of
power through one of the main characters. Within the first twenty minutes all five teens and the
principal had been introduced. The principal, Richard Vernon holds legitimate power over any
teenager who attends his school, including the five in detention. This means that because of his role
as principal, he is given authority to have potential influence over any of his students. He tries to use
this power to uphold the rules of detention. He informs the five that they were not to move from
their seats for the duration of the time they will be there. One of the teens by the name of John
Bender disobeys this order by breaking a rule. When the principal comes back, he is prepared to
snuff out the guilty party. John starts to mouth off to him as he's about to leave. During the
conversation that has erupted both parties share eye contact, which is a form of body language.
Principal Vernon had sustained eye contact for the duration of the conversation while John had only
sustained it when he was the one talking to show he did not care. Small talk was a communication
style used at a

My Position From A Kantian Perspective Essay
The Categorical Debate George told Martha where a large sum of money he had accumulated was
stored. He asked her to see that the money was given to the Society for Protection against Alien
Control of the Earth (SPACE). Now that he has died, she is considering using the money to support
the activities of the local Hunger Task Force, an organization that provides donated food to those
who need it. What should Martha do? My position from a Kantian perspective is that Martha should
give the money to the Society for Protection against Alien Control of the Earth (SPACE) because of
the agreement Martha made with George before he died. I shall present arguments to support my
position from a Kantian perspective by setting the precedence demonstrated by Kant as is evidence
in duty and moral obligation. I will also present arguments to refute the utilitarian position that
Martha should use the money to support the activities of the local Hunger Task Force, an
organization that provides donated food to those who need it. As well as the arguments present by
Kants catergorical imperative. Kant ascribes Duty means that we should never act in any way that
we wouldn't want the principle we act on to be a universal law. Which in effect is something that is
done as part of a job or because the law requires it. Here, Martha agreed to ensure that the money
left by George be given to (SPACE) therefore Martha should abide by Georges' wishes since her job
required

An Analysis of the Characters' Relationship Development in...
An Analysis of the Characters' Relationship Development in Roman Holiday from the Perspective
of Politeness Principle 1. Introduction Roman Holiday is a classical romance–comedy film in which
a reporter falls in love with a runaway European princess. As a very influential film, Roman Holiday
makes a deep impression on the audience with its funny plots and expressive dialogues. However,
most of the critics attribute its success to the plot arrangement and actors' performance. As far as the
author concern, the film dialogues also plays an important role. Moreover, many scholars, who are
engaged in linguistic studies, begin to apply linguistic approach to analyze film dialogues, the
results are interesting and inspiring. Some critics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since there are many polite and courteous dialogues in Roman Holiday, which, to some extent,
correspond to the above maxims. Therefore, the followings are the practical analysis of the
dialogues in Roman Holiday on the basis of the six maxims of Leech's Politeness Principle.
3.Analysis of the dialogues in Roman Holiday 3.1 Manifestation of Tact Maxim in Roman Holiday
Tact Maxim is oriented towards other's interests, wants and needs. It is often used in directive
situations, such as requests, which are often indirect, tentative, giving an opportunity to refuse, and
also minimizing speaker's imposition on hearer. It has positive and negative sub–maxims: Minimize
the cost to other. Maximize the benefit to other. In the film, there are many conversations observing
this maxim. When poor Joe wants to borrow some money from the landlord Giovanni so as to take
the princess out down the town and make an exclusive interview on her. Joe asked in an indirect
way: Joe: Swell! Thanks a lot. Oh er, Giovanni, er... How would you like to make some money?
Giovanni: Money? Joe: Yeah. That's the stuff. Now look, I've got a sure thing: double your money
back in two days. Giovanni: Double my money? Joe: Yeah well, I need a little investment capital to
swing the deal. Now, if you'll just lend me a little cash, I... In fact,

Clyne's Revision of Grice's Maxims Essay
Grice's Maxims have been criticised for being too Anglo–centric. Michael Clyne proposes revisions
to the four maxims in his 1994 book Intercultural Communication at Work. Do Clyne's revisions of
this model go far enough in universally accounting for intercultural conversation? Why or why not?
Grice's General Cooperative Principle has been under continuous debate for the past three decades.
It is mainly through the maxims that Grice's paradigm has been challenged as highly ethnocentric,
however such readings may tend to take the maxims too literally rather than as "reference points for
language interchange" (Allan as cited in Clyne, 1994, p. 11). There is some agreement in this, but as
suggested by Mey (1994, p. 74), the principle and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such cases, there is a clash between Grice's maxims and the pragmatic rules of conversation,
which are culturally sensitive. For example, when being offered a drink, a typical Chinese person
would automatically say no the first time, while expecting the offer to be made at least two or three
times more. This resembles a kind of phatic language communication; saying no, but not really
meaning no. In this sort of situation, if someone doesn't adhere to the cultural norm – choosing to
follow Grice's maxims instead, then they would sound odd and out of place. The above example
demonstrates that Grice's maxims aren't relevant in all contexts as they clash with certain cultural
values systems. Many linguists (Clyne, 1994; Hymes, 1986; Loveday, 1983; Walsh, 2009) have
picked up on this discrepancy between theory and data, claiming that the maxims are only relevant
to the English speaking Western world. In particular, Clyne (1994) has pointed out that they have
limited relevance to cultures where content and knowledge are core values. For example, speakers
of Malagasy, "whose form of co–operation seems to consist in making their contributions as opaque,
convoluted and non–perspicuous as possible" (Keenan as cited in Mey, 1994, p. 74) could be seen as
flouting the Maxim of Quantity. This is because information, especially 'new' information gives the
holder a certain amount of prestige, thus Malagasy people tend to

Violation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle
Chapter –I
For the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in English (Ph. D.)
Research Topic
Violation of the Maxims of Cooperative Principle in
Samuel Beckett's Selected Plays.
Research Student
Mr. Mundhe Ganesh Balavantrao
Research Guide
Dr. B. A. Jarange
Place of Research
Institute of Advanced Studies in English, Pune
CONTENTS
1) Introduction
2) Rationale of the Study
3) Hypothesis
4) Review of the Research Work
5) Aims and Objectives of the Research Project
6) Data, Methodology and Techniques
7) Plan of Thesis
I) Chapter – I (Introduction)
II) Chapter – II (Theoretical Framework)
III) Chapter – III (Analysis of the play Endgame)
IV) Chapter – IV (Analysis of the play Waiting for Godot)
V) Chapter – V (Analysis of the plays Happy Days )
VI) Chapter –VI (Conclusion and pedagogical implications)

8) Scope And Limitations of the Study
9) Significance of the Study
10) Conclusion
CHAPTER – I
Introduction:
The main aim of the present research is to study how Pragmatics works as a torch in the appreciation
of literature. Pragmatics is associated with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and
interpreted by a listener. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people
mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration
of how the speakers organize what they want to say and under what circumstances. It also focuses
on the social, political and ethical aspects of

Examples Of Co-Operative Principle
2.2 Co–operative Principle In 1967, H. Paul Grice, in his William James Lectures at Harvard
University, theorized a set of rules that communicators should follow while communicating. Grice
labels these set of rules as Co–operative Principle. He formulates theory of co–operation in the
following way. For Grice, talk exchanges are continuous and the participants, to some extent, make
co–operative efforts so that the purpose of exchange is achieved. The purpose of exchange can be
formulated before it takes place or it may change during conversation. For conversation to be
successful participants are expected to follow the general principle of conversation i.e. co–operative
principle. Grice further categorizes co–operative principle into its maxims ... Show more content on
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His response gives right amount of information following maxim of quantity, the response for which
B has necessary evidence following maxim of quality, B's response directly correspond to A's
question following maxim of relation, and the response is also given in such a way that it is
understood effectively and efficiently following maxim of manner. 2.2.2 Observance and Violation
of the Co–operative Principle Generally interlocutors try to be co–operative while communicating.
The kind of expression expressed by speaker should be replied verbally or non–verbally. The neutral
verbal or non–verbal behaviour i.e. no reply is considered as non– co–operative behaviour. An offer
should be accepted or diplomatically rejected; a question should be answered. Grice calls violation
of these maxims of co–operative principles as 'flouting' of maxims. Observance and violation of
maxims of co–operative principles can be studied with following examples. In the above example
maxim of quantity has been observed because it follows all the sub–maxims of quantity. Speaker B's
reply to A's question is as informative as is required. It doesn't contribute more information than
necessary. The same question with a different reply is an example of violation of maxim of

Porcelain And Pink Character Analysis
In the extract of the play Porcelain and Pink by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters Lois and Julie's
individual personalities can be uncovered. One can do this through analysation of conversation
through turn–taking, cooperative principles, implicature and politeness strategies. We shall discuss
these four aspects in detail.
The individual personalities of the characters can be explored by investigating the turn–taking in this
dialogue. To begin with, we will look at Lois. From line one to three, this character shows that she is
to–the–point and very direct. One can see this through the conversation analysed during turn–taking,
Lois plainly states she has a date, and then tells Julie that is none of her business (lines 1 and 3). She
does ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We are first introduced to implicature in the first line of the extract from Lois, who is trying to
implicitly get Julie out of the bathroom. To argue this claim we will look at lines one to four where
Lois expresses that she has a date with Julie, but is implying that she would like Julie to hurry up
because of this reason. Julie, wanting to know more about this date and ignoring the fact that she
knows she needs to hurry up, explicitly asks about it. This exposes the girls' unlike makeup, Lois is
trying to suggest a reason to Julie to get out of the bathroom, which is a nicer way of getting the
message across instead of plainly asking her, which could be seen as rude. Julie, however, is not
moved by her inferred meaning, this shows her mischievous and meddlesome side. (Levey et al.
2015. P

What Do You Feel Was The Root Cause Of The Problem / Issue...
1. What do you feel was the root cause of the problem/issue discussed above? Why?
The two problems this hospital is currently facing are dealing with financial issues and their mission
statement. As finance can never be the underlying cause of an issue, only the result of an issue, this
problem is cut out of the picture for now. The issue starts with employees misinterpretation of the
mission statement, due to it being unclear. The mission statement was created by top management;
therefore, I believe the root of the problem for Faith's Community Hospital started with top
management.
If employees were misinterpreting the mission statement and had to use their own code of ethics and
personal beliefs, then the top management did not do their job of making all employees believe in
the same idea. This can be a cultural problem, a miscommunication or not enough training, but
regardless this all comes down to top management. If top management were able to train the
employees to ensure each employee represented the same code of ethics and beliefs, then there
would be no problem with the mission statement, which could lead to no financial issues. 2. Was the
investigation of the problem the most appropriate way to do this? Is there some other things that
they should have done? If so, how would you do it differently?
Once the hospital noticed they were having problems the CEO, Executive Assistant, Financial
Analyst and Operations Director stepped in to do some investigation.

Analysis Of Anton Chekhov 's ' The Lottery Ticket '
In Anton Chekhov 's "The Lottery Ticket", we are presented with a couple who, half–believing they
have won the lottery, give themselves over to daydreaming what the future may hold with their
winnings. The point of view is that of the husband though it is clear, throughout, that his thoughts
find their echo in his wife 's. At first his thoughts are pleasant but then, knowing the winnings would
be his wife 's and not his own, he sees trouble ahead, and becomes resentful of her. Only when he
checks the final number to find that they have not won that the reality of their relatively
impoverished situation takes hold and life, once again, appears gloomy and mundane. In Tillie Olsen
's "I Stand Here Ironing", a hopeless mother meditates upon the history of her troubled teenage
daughter whom she feels she can do little to help now as she has been able to do little for her in the
past. With a troubled childhood consisting of abandonment by her father, competition from other
siblings, and growing up in an impoverished environment, there is little wonder as we read Olsen 's
description that the daughter should have turned into a troubled young woman. She ends her
meditation by focusing upon the iron, wanting to explain that life is like that, but that we should rise
above it and not permit ourselves to be the garments that are beset by life 's iron, pressing down
upon us. In considering these two pieces, they will be compared and contrasted with specific
reference to figurative

Why Research Is Important Essay
Asking me why research is important is like asking me why breathing is important or why is
walking important. For me, it is a fundamental way of life. Okay, maybe not as fundamental as
oxygen, but it is way up there. Research is important because it can satisfies our thirst in discovery
and make deeper understanding about particular material. A research could give us a confidence
booster when complete it. Research is effected our life. Try to think what research have done so far.
We know lot of things because of research. People do research because they want to know
something new and solve a problem. Research which is the foundation for knowledge that makes
possible so much of the innovation and application that provides wider benefit. In research, ... Show
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Language used in communication among the speaker with the hearer. Trough language an idea,
opinion, feeling, critics and some supports can be expressed. Oka (in Suyono, 1990:45) state that to
express the feeling, idea, opinion, critics, and suggestion is a basic means of language. With
language the people can express their idea, opinion and also doing a good communication. When the
people want to share their idea, feeling, opinion or doing some speech they should use language
correctly. In doing a good conversation we should intend the utterance clearly to the hearer and also
the hearer should listen what the speaker saying carefully, it is what the expert call with cooperative
principle in pragmatics field. Pragmatics is a study about the meaning in use or speaker meaning.
One of the most basic assumptions we must make for successful communication to take place in that
both people in a conversation are cooperating, it is conveyed by the philosopher, Paul Grace. Not all
of the people willing to doing cooperative conversation because of some factor, one of them wants
to be polite or even unwillingness in doing a good conversation. Furthermore we often listen the
utterance have a different meaning with the intention of the

Helped by Her Son During Abusive Relationship in The...
In Mother the audience is lead on a journey of strengthening and renewed youthfulness as the
mother becomes increasingly active in her son's movement. For twenty years the mother was held
captive to an abusive, maddened husband whom constantly hurt the mother. During this time the
mother became accustomed to her situation and only her son's movement change this outlook on
life. Gorky uses dark imagery and diction to portray the evolution of the mother from a fearful,
weak person to a strong, youthful participant in her son's movement. Pavel's recurring kindness and
openness to the mother allowed the mother to move forward but with the removal of Pavel her
crutch is snatched from her and she falls. When the gendarmes arrived it is made ... Show more
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Despite her injured state this realization only strengthens her understanding of her son's movement
and forces her to stop using Pavel as a crutch. So strong is her resentment and new understanding
that the mother embraces the movement to the point of wanting to be arrested as well. There is a
moment when she, in her mournful, but enlightened state, seems to hallucinate about the gendarmes.
"It seemed to her that she almost heard the jingling of their spurs" (pg. 75). The mother has despite
the circumstances come to understand herself as an individual in her son's movement, not just his
mother and supporter. The gendarmes she now imagines as coming not only for her son but also for
her. In the end the mother has completely moved on from her previous life. Now she understands
and as a result wishes that "they had taken [her], too!" (pg. 75) as she is also in the movement that
they so desperately want to end. The mother begins as a hopeless, accepting, slave to society's way
of life, but over time comes to understand that there is something more. Her husband was and the
other men are trapped in a way of life that promotes cruelty; a dark and hopeless life. Contradictory
to this Pavel becomes the light out and shows the mother that society does not have to be trapped in
cruelty. There is a way to life that is good, where people help each other and this is what the mother
comes to except in this

Humor In Stand Up Comedy
A Discourse Analysis of Maz Jobrani's Stand–up Comedy
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
This is a study of humor in stand–up comedy, focusing on analyzing a script using the Cooperative
Principle and Flouting the Maxims by Grice (1975). Humor is used in our daily life to address
social, cultural or political issues in an entertaining manner. Repeatedly, people express their opinion
and ideas with short, funny, exaggerating, dramatic and sarcastic ways to achieve certain effects,
thereby they could feel humorous. Also, humor is practical because without even realizing it, the
audience will change their view on matters they were once deeply convinced with. In this article, I
will shed light on the different functions of humor. I will study and analyze the ... Show more
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It generally involves two main aspects: definition and pragmatics. In this article, I will only deal
with pragmatics. Hancher (1980) explains that humor comes out by violating speech act in
appropriate condition or associated conversational theory of implicature. Raskin (1985)
differentiates humor dialogs from daily normal conversation and proposes the theory of humor's
cooperative principle in which listeners do not take the speaker's words at face value. The speaker is
not expected to tell the truth or to give related information. Attardo (1993) explains the substance of
humor and shows the results behind violating Grice's cooperative principle. Many studies and
researches attempt to illustrate the analysis of humor form the pragmatics point of view. However,
only few works explore humor with discourse analysis. In this article I will apply the pragmatic
theory using the cooperative principle by Grice (1975) and emphasizing on the four maxims merged
with discourse analysis to reveal the result of humor in English in the light of flouting or non–
observance of Grice's cooperative

Essay On Iceberg Theory
One way of looking at Hemingway's (1932) "Iceberg Theory" is through Conversational Implicature
Theory. This approach is part of the pragmatics approach applying to literature.
The application of pragmatics in literary analysis dates back to the 1970s. Although previous
researchers like Morris (1938) had already proposed the connection between pragmatics and
rhetoric, it was not until 1971 that Ohmann first touched the field by defining literature as a type of
discourse. Later in 1976, Van Dijk first used the name "Literary Pragmatics". In Pratt's (1977)
Toward a Speech Acts Theory of Literary Discourse, the author claimed that language in literary
works is also analyzable by linguistics like other forms of language, and this theory was later ...
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By saying the hills look like white elephants, the girl tries to draw out another topic. "White
elephant" in English is something expensive but useless or troublesome. At this moment, readers
cannot know her intention, but considering their later conversations, the girl is implicating the baby:
By intentionally take the "elephant" as the animal, the man violates the Maxim of Relation. By
saying words contradictory to each other, he also violates the Maxim of Quality. He stops the girl
from talking about the baby, which receives a reply sounds irony to him. That is why his tone turns
harsh.
The man's provocative attitude forces the girl to change the topic. Before she tries a second time,
they talk about a kind of Spanish alcohol, during which we can see that the girl does not know
Spanish, and it can be further speculated that she relies on the man on this trip. Then their topic
changes to licorice. Readers can say it for sure that the girl is talking with implicature:
The man's answer violates the Maxim of Quality, since it is impossible that everything tastes like
licorice. The girl also violates the Maxim of Quality. She knows the man's words are not true, but
still echoes with him. She emphasizes that all the things people have waited so long for taste like
licorice, especially absinthe, but in fact absinthe tastes bitter with slightly

Research Paper On Arshile Gorky
Arshile Gorky, one of the legacies in American art, created beautiful yet tragic paintings during his
lifetime. It is disappointing to imagine that his name is not well known among the abstract
expressionists, as he had so much influence and deserves to be more well–recognized. In fact, I had
chosen Gorky without knowing who he was at all or what kind of artist he was. The reason I chose
Gorky for this research paper was actually because of his name since it sounded interesting. Based
on his name, I imagined Gorki would be 'crazy' or 'out there', mainly because Gorky sounds like the
slang word, "corky". So from that, I imagined I would find some art pieces that were really eye–
popping, and not traditional. Basically, my expectations were right ... Show more content on
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Even other top artists had complimented him and his work, like his good friend Willem De Kooning
who excitingly told, "I met a lot of artists – but then I met Gorky... He had an extraordinary gift for
hitting the nail on the head; remarkable." and Andre Breton who exclaimed that Corky's piece, The
Liver is the Cock's Comb, was "one of the most important paintings in America". The reason the
public adored Gorky as well as other fellow artists was because he brought emotions to the table,
and pathos strike the public. Not only that, Gorky also brought his own style and message to the
table –– something similar to surrealists, but distinguished enough that he became a prominent link
between surrealists and abstract expressionists. He is a bridge of two artist generations, and that is
why he is so favorable. In my opinion, some of his artwork I can not make sense of at all. However,
he does have some great pieces, like Study for Nighttime, Enigma and Nostalgia (1932), The Artist's
Mother (1926 or 1936), and The Leaf of the Artichoke (1944). These pieces are extremely abstract,
but now that I know the history and meaning behind his work makes it so the artwork connects with
me more and that I can understand what he is trying to say and all of the emotions he is bleeding out
onto the canvas. Therefore, I believe he deserves the respect of being one of the greatest American
artists that have existed, as his accomplishments have gone

Mens Health Case Study Essay
The case study I have chosen to analyse is the Men's Health Case Study. The dilemma being faced
by Mr Kerton and the Men's Health production team is one of ensuring the success of the magazine
in a relatively young, dynamic and exciting environment in which there are no barriers to entry and
new competitors are able to enter. In this particular instance Mr. Kerton is somewhat concerned
about the entry of Maxim magazine and the possible entry of Esquire magazine into the men's
lifestyle magazine market.
Situational analysis
Men's health is international magazine started in America in 1988. Riding on the success of the
magazine in America the magazine moved into the British, Australian, Latin American, German and
Russian magazine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This left the scene ripe for a male magazine that was not controversial, and full of nudity, sex and or
violence and that catered to men on a basis not entirely comprised of nudity and sex.
In addition to this and resulting from the opening up of the country to international trends and
markets was the emergence of a more lifestyle oriented health conscious type of man. The type of
man its was hoped by the Men's Health team that would appreciate and buy into the Men's Health
concept.
The decline of the girlie magazine market also resulted in advertising funding with no advertising
space, providing yet another positive aspect for the Men's Health promoters to focus on.
Consequently, the mid 1990s reflected a point when the men's health and lifestyle market was
untapped and also underdeveloped. However, the Men's Health publishers were not sure of the way
forward and the best method to use that would ensure the sustainable capture of the market. In
addition, the size, spending power and demographics of the men's, health and lifestyle magazine
market were a virtual unknown, making the launch particularly sensitive and critical. In light of this
and in order to test the market the first four issues of Men's Health were published on a bi–monthly
basis. The launch of the publication exceeded all expectations on the part of the publishers and sold
approximately 350 000

Social Communication And Human Characteristics Of Social...
It is extremely important to understand the traits of social media and the human factors impacting
technology because if we did not, there would be a lot more miscommunications and
misunderstandings between people. For example, social media users need to understand that social
media communication is limited compared to face to face communication. Factors such as Temporal
Structure, which is the time it takes to send and receive a message, affect how effective social media
communication is. Also, Asynchronous communication, which is communication that occurs when
participants are not co–present, could cause communication problems because the people who are
communicating might not be as involved in a conversation. Tone and other signs that people give off
to relay emotions and messages are not present in many social communication forms as well.
There are three key steps in the Perception Process. The first is to Observe someone's behavior and
determine what the behavior means. The second is to describe the behavior to the person objectively.
It is important to not show any approval or disapproval to their actions in this step. Next, you
explain your personal perception of the behavior. This step is very important because you let the
person know how YOU feel, and this will allow them to respond to your feelings accordingly. It is
also important to be ready to change or alter your perception based on the person's reaction to your
perception checking process.
Automatic social cognition or perception means that someone is arriving to conclusions about
situations, people, or themselves, without much conscious awareness or intention on what the future
effects might be. On the other hand, conscious or controlled cognition means that someone is
stopping to think about something intentionally, because they realise that their thoughts can affect
what happens in a situation. This means that automatic social cognition is always happening and can
lead to someone making decisions and judgements that are not very thought out or reasonable. One
time I made the automatic and unconscious assumption that someone was weird just because they
watched Japanese cartoons, I told my friend and this ended up spreading to the person I was

What Is Kant's Categorical Imperative
In order to evaluate whether one's actions are moral, we use many moral dilemmas. One of them is
Kant's categorical imperative. This essay presents Kant's project of categorical imperative. Then, I
will explain that rulers should appeal to Kant's categorical imperative when making foreign policy
decision. In order to support my point of view, I will give importance to the reasons of why rulers
appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy, so I have two reasons for this. One of
them is that states depend on each other in economically and politically. Thus, in order to provide
this stability which means that continue to stay among other states, states should act through the
principles of categorical imperative which are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to explain the first reason of why rulers should appeal to categorical imperative when
making foreign policy decisions, we can think about the growing trade between the states. States
become more interdependent when trades among various states expand. Interdependence is not only
important economically but also politically because all economic or business activity depends on
political positions of the states. When states trade between each other, they become mutually
dependent on each other's political advantages. Also, world markets are influenced by politics and
state's power in the world markets depends on its foreign policy. So, states should establish good
relations with other states. For this reason, when making foreign policy decisions, ruler should
appeal to categorical imperative. Firstly, rulers' actions must be universally valid. If state's foreign
decisions are internally valid, then state cannot benefit from this politically and economically. For
example, if the state decide to change the price of its export goods up without approval of other
states, then states could not sell its goods whose price increase, because other states want to buy the
same goods from another country whose price is cheaper. Second point is that if state's intention is
bad and this kind of intention is understood by other states, this state is reproached by other states,
which have a relation with this state. As a result of

Euphemism And Two Pragmatic Theory
3.Euphemism and two pragmatic theories
Euphemism is widely used in the business activities. By introducing the two pragmatic theories that
people unconsciously follow when they are doing business activities, we can learn more about why
businessman choose euphemisms rather than express directly in business letters.
3.1 Euphemism and the Politeness Principle ( the PP ) t[]he Politeness Principle, proposed by Leech,
G. in his book Principle of Pragmatics (1983), is considered as an important principle in
communication. There are some maxims under the PP, and for each maxim, there are two sub–
maxims, as following:
"Tact maxim: minimize cost to other; [maximize benefit to other]
Generosity maxim: minimize benefit to self; [maximize cost to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They viewed the politeness phenomena in communication as a common expression and they thought
the reason behind the polite behaviors is actually "face and rationality" (1978: 63). To illustrate the
point, they developed the conception of Model Person (MP) . By "rationality" , it means "the
availability to our MP of a precisely definable mode of reasoning from ends to the means that will
achieve those ends" (ibid) . And by "face" ,it means that the MP " is endowed with two particular
wants –– the want to be unimpeded and the want to be approved of in certain respects" (ibid).
According to them, there are two types connected with the FST. One is termed as the "negative
face"–– "the want to be unimpeded". The other is the "positive face"–– "the want to be approved of
in certain respects". Everyone wants to be a gentleman and everyone has his understanding about
the self–esteem, so sometimes she/he have to do a face–saving compromise. For the two wants
above, people take action to interact with the others and try their best to avoid making the hearer get
into trouble. Similarly business English letters often start with "Dear Sirs", or "Dear Sir" and end
with "Yours faithfully" or "Sincerely yours", and the inside address containing the name of
addressee with "Messrs",

Donzoko High Socioeconomic Perspective
Oppression is a prologue of unjust and cruel control. It is closely associated with low socioeconomic
statuses making the desire to escape it very scarce. In Donzoko, by Akira Kurosawa and The Lower
Depths, by Maxim Gorky, characters are presented with low socioeconomic statuses. The absurdity
and cruelness of having a low socioeconomic status is displayed as well as the characters' persistent
fight to escape it. The Lower Depths, by Maxim Gorky and the cinematic adaptation, Donzoko, by
Akira Kurosawa portray the inescapable oppressed socioeconomic status of characters, however, the
mean ways in which this is displayed vary as Gorky relies on dramatic conventions and Kurosawa
relies on cinematic conventions. In Donzoko, Akira Kurosawa utilizes the cinematic convention of
varying camera angles as it exemplifies the inescapable oppression and socioeconomic statuses by
expressing a multitude of perspectives. Throughout the movie, a reoccurring angle was shot from
below. The low angles intend for the audience to feel a sense of entrapment since only little sky and
high walls are seen in the background. In one scene Sutekichi– whom is given a low socioeconomic
status– walks outside. As a result of the low angle, the character is viewed from below and the
audience perceive a sense of entrapment. This sensation is justified by the seldom appearances of
sky and frequency of walls which expresses the impossibility of escaping this status. Additionally,
the low angle provides the

Contemporary Rhetorical Analysis Of ' The Telos '
Contemporary Rhetorical Theory– Fall 2015 Rui Zhang Submission Date: 2015/12/02 *All the
works below for the exam are done independently. No cooperation or discussion with anybody else.
1. Williamson is an example of genus deliberativum. Deliberative genre is used in forum or speech
to persuade the audience to do something or believe in something in future. Williamson's speech is a
typical deliberative genre. He makes the speech on a public forum to persuade voters to agree the
marriage bill amendment, and his telos is to take advantage of this–to persuade more people support
his policy. The content is an uncertain decision about future. He provides several reasons to support
his idea so his activity is basically exhortation and persuasion. 2. The telos in Williamson is the
advantages that he gets more voters supporting his policy after his speech. The telos in SAIH is
about the honorable. SAIH clip is a genus demonstrativum. It makes a sarcastic retort to reflect the
present situation that some western people who called themselves "volunteer" are not really helping
Africa. Thus the clip is to blame this situation. 3. He violates Commandment 4 the relevance rule
that standpoints may not be defended by non–argumentation or argumentation that is not relevant to
the standpoint. In his speech, he argues the fire burning eternity sentence on a letter he received.
However, this is not relevant to the marriage bill. There no relevance to his argumentation that
support the marriage

A Doll's House By Henrik Ibsen
Realism is a theatrical movement during the 19th century, illustrating a story without "artificial" and
supernatural elements, in other words, a realism play would show things that happen in our
everyday life, much like naturalism. We can distinguish realism from other theatrical movements by
the facts that its characters are believable to be the everyday type, the costumes are authentic to the
time period being illustrated, the setting is based in only one location that is as close to our everyday
life as possible, and because the story happens within 24 hours and only has one story line.
There are many similarities between realism and naturalism. Some of those similarities are that both
genres illustrate events that could happen in real ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it was not until the mid 1900 that modern realism really emerged. By the 1950s, the "box
set" with three walls was introduced and popularized. The box set is a way to stage something so
that it creates the illusion of an interior room on the stage.
An important name during the modern realism movement is Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen is now considered
the founder of modern realism. Ibsen owes his title to his most famous play "A Doll's House"
featuring the "the taboo and deep seeded unrest in women of the time" (1). In other words, Ibsen
illustrated the everyday lives of his middle–class audience.
In doing so, Ibsen was soon followed by the Russians Chekhov and Gorky. Both writers were
founders of the socialist realism, which is a style with the purpose of spreading the goals of
socialism and communism. Chekhov and Gorky wrote about the boredom of the uneventful lives of
the middle–class, and later on they would portray the poorest classes as a suffering and working
class. Gorky wrote "The Lower Depths", which illustrated the working class and their living
conditions. On the other hand, Chekhov wrote "Three Sisters" or even "The Lady With the Dog",
which portrayed the life of the middle–class. All of those plays are now considered masterpieces of
the socialist realism

Mill and Kant: Utilitarian Morality
1. In his discussion of the first formulation of the categorical imperative (Act only according to that
maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law) Kant draws a
distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. Introduce this formulation of the categorical
imperative and discuss how we should make the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
This formulation introduces the concept of doing something for the right reason not for an ulterior
motive. The character of the motive is what dictates the adherence to the imperative. This is possible
with autonomy, the decision to act according to moral duty without outside influence.
"If the action would be good solely as a means to something else it is hypothetical. If the action is
represented as good in itself and therefore as necessary for a will which of itself accords with
reason, then the imperative is categorical". Kant
To distinguish between perfect an imperfect duties. Try to universalize the maxim that is about to be
acted. Would you want this maxim to be acted upon your person? By universalizing, you can test
whether, your needs are being privileged over the needs of others.
2. At the start of section two of the Grounding, Kant addresses a potential criticism from a group he
calls 'self–love moralists.' Present this criticism in your own words. How does Kant respond to this
criticism?
The self–love argument is that all actions are for self. That no act is performed

Tony Stark's Ethical Decisions In The Film Ironman
Film Analysis Tony Stark makes many ethical decisions in the film Ironman. One of the first
important decisions Stark makes in the movie is choosing to miss his own award ceremony and
instead go to a casino and gamble. His decision not to attend and not to inform anyone that he was
not going to attend is significant because it demonstrates Stark's self–centered mindset and that he
places little importance on the impact his decisions have on others. Later, when Stark has been
captured by terrorists who demand that he build a missile for them Stark's immediate response is to
refuse, even though they may kill him for refusing. This is important because it shows that despite
Stark's constant disrespectful behavior towards others he does believe that the lives of innocent
people are inherently of value. Stark's decision to fight his way out of the terrorist camp is another
significant decision Stark makes. It shows that he is willing to kill people when it is not the only
way to preserve his own life. Once he gets out of the cave he could have used the suit's rockets to fly
away, but he instead smashes his way through the entire terrorist camp. When Stark returns to the
United States he immediately holds a press conference and announces that, because he learned that
terrorists were using his weapons against US troops his company will no longer be making weapons.
The moral implications of this decision are huge. His reason is to prevent terrorists from killing
people, but his

Essay on The Concept of Deictic Centre
1.1 The concept of deictic centre
Deixis deals with the words and expressions whose reference relies entirely on the circumstances of
the utterance. For that reason these special expressions and their meaning in discourse can only be
understood in light of these circumstances. The term deictic centre underlines that the deictic term
has to relate to the situation exactly at the point where the utterance is made or the text is written.
One could even say that the deictic centre is the unmarked "anchorage point" from which the
utterance is made. To decode the meaning of a sentence we use a "navigation system".
In our day–to–day conversational exchanges, the speaker does not consciously use deictic ... Show
Central time (coding time): Adverbs of time, now and then
3. Central place (the location of the speaker): Adverbs of space, here and there
4. Discourse centre (the point of the speaker´s discourse): Adverbs of time and place, conjunctions
5. Social centre (the speaker´s social status relative to the Adressee´s)
Next we can distinguish between proximal terms (like here, now, this – near to the speaker) and
distal terms (like there, then, that – away from the speaker). It is important to note that in context of
deixis and grammar, when direct speech is shifted into indirect speech, the proximal forms also shift
into the corresponding distal forms. Compare the two following sentences:
"You were here this morning?"
I asked him whether he had been there that morning.
In contrast to the effect of "immediateness" proximal deictic forms create, the reported
speech utterance normally makes the original speech event seem more remote.
In the following section, I shall discuss some forms of deixis in detail.
Person deixis
These seemingly simple forms are sometimes quite tricky in their use. Children often have problems
using personal pronouns. The three pronouns from first to third person I, you and he, she, it are in
many languages elaborated with markers of relative social status (social deixis). Expressions
indicating a higher social status are called honorifics. In German or French, there is a special

Disadvantages Of Complementary Interpretation
3 Complementary Interpretation among RT and CP
3.1 Basis of Complementary Interpretation
From what has been discussed above, it can be concluded that because of the differences of subject
in diverse verbal communication, the complication of discourse comprehension, and the variability
of context, any single theory is insufficient to explain the whole picture of utterance. CP and RT
respectively own their distinctive advantages and disadvantages, so as to induction of their
differences in various aspects is necessary to examine whether the two theories can be reciprocally
complemented..
1） The perspective of utterance interpretation
Mainly from the social and interpersonal perspective to explain the conversational implicature, CP is
meant to lead the two parties of verbal communication to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Aside from both being important theories of pragmatics field, there's another significant similarity
between the two, from the author's perspective. Generally speaking, the core of Cooperative
Principle is that communicators in a conversation will work together towards the final purpose of
utterance –– in other words, they share a common purpose or at least a common direction of
acceptance. At every stage of the conversation, in accordance with the needs of meeting
communication purpose or with the direction of acceptance, people are willing to make their due
contributions. Relevance Theory states that by the act of making an utterance the speaker is
conveying that what they have said is worth listening to, and it will provide "cognitive effects"
worthy of the processing effort required to find the meaning. It can be translated as the speaker only
has to convey as much information as needed in any given context, so that the audience can recover
his/her intended meaning from what was said as well as from the context and implications. It
coincides with the quantity and quality maxim of Cooperative

H. Paul Grice: A Cooperative Principle
According to British/ American philosopher H. Paul Grice (1975), for the conversation to be
efficient, people need to cooperate with their conversational partners and conversation only makes
sense in a mutually accepted context. Thus, he proposed a Cooperative Principle which consists of
four maxims of conversation. "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the
stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged" Grice (1975:45) The Maxims: Quantity 1.Make your contribution as informative as is
required; 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality 1. Do not say
what you believe to be false; 2. Do not say that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were stopped at the door and the guard asked his wife for an ID. The conversation followed:
Mey (2012:78) The doorman is blatantly flouting the maxim of quality giving false information
concerning his own age. This way he is conveying the message that he does not believe Mey's wife
and suggesting that she looks very young. What is more, Inger took it as a compliment! May states
that the flout had ,in fact, the pragmatic effect of a compliment. 2. Violation of quantity maxim.
Allan and Jaszczolt (2012:58) claim that "with quantity implicatures a speaker means not just what
she says but also that she does not mean something stronger" and present a few examples: 1. Barry
tried hard to lift the 300 lb barbell. In this utterance we are likely to infere that Barry failed to lift
300 lb barbell. Otherwise, the speaker would have said that he succeeded. 2. He thought he was
strong enough to lift it. In this case the hearer might infer that he was not sure that he could lift it. 3.
He had lifted the 250 lb barbell three times. With this sentence the speaker probably implicates that
he did not lift the barbell more than three

Kant 's Notion Of Good
Kant's notion of good;
For Kant, he starts out by saying, "Nothing in the world–or out of it!–can possibly be conceived that
could be called 'good' without qualification except a GOOD WILL" (Kant, 2008). Kant further
explains this statement through the first and second chapter. He initially says that many things can
be considered good such as; judgments, resoluteness, and perseverance can be undoubtedly good but
can become bad if the person's character isn't good or if their will in using them isn't good. He
further says that a will is not good because of what it leads to but because it's good in itself.
Kant introduces the word duty where he says one can only perform an action from duty if that action
is what he directly wanted to do. He leads to the conclusion of the definition of duty after describing
two cases where one might perform an action that could be mistaken as out of duty and they include
actions done with some kind of benefit to the doer or where one does an action that in is in accord
with duty but he doesn't want to perform that action but another which requires him to perform that
action.
One formulation can come out of the two types of love Kant talks about, the pathological love that
lies in the direction of the person's feelings and practical love that lies in the will and principles of
action. He makes a second proposition, "an action doesn't get its moral value from the purpose
through it but from the maxim that it involves". Take an example of a

Examples Of Implicature Analysis
Implicature Analysis Before telling the theory, Ryan asks what everybody wants in life. Hari
answers something about his girlfriend and Surdy wants to know who Hari's girlfriend is. Actually
the question is intended for Hari but Ryan takes the charge and says it is not his business which
appears to be violation of maxim of relation. He should have told Surdy Hari's girlfriend's name but
he and Hari do not want everybody to know it. In order to hide the information from others, Ryan
violates maxim of relation. It also violates tact maxim as Ryan impolitely suggests Surdy that you
don't have anything to do with that. To be polite, his reply should have been 'we do not want you to
know Hari's girlfriend's name.' On the contrary, Ryan suggests Surdy not to ask Hari's girlfriend's
name. But as stated earlier this conversation has taken place between friends so; friends do say
something impolitely as it is an informal conversation. Close friends do not mind if anyone of them
uses impolite language with them. Concluding Remarks Impolite conversation is a very common
thing between friends, especially when they are away from home and having a party. They violate
maxims every time to convey something else to their friends. People, in general, violate maxims of
co–operative principle and politeness principle with a motive. Here Ryan's motive is to ... Show
This means that they have to repeat the courses they have missed during suspension period. They are
also unable to appear the campus interviews. During suspension period they have worked on Ryan's
lube project in professor Veera's lab. Somehow professor Cherian shows some pity and allows them
credits for their lube project on which they have been working during suspended semester. They are
happy and start preparing for campus interviews. Hari argues with Ryan over Ryan's indifference
with his

The Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On Imperialism
As Europeans colonized much of the world, their empires became more and more fueled by the
Industrial Revolution. The developments of the Industrial Revolution that most impacted
Imperialism were the Maxim Gun, Modern Manufacturing, and Child Labour. The industrial
revolution began in the textile industry and during the course of history people have changed the
manufacturing process dramatically. Instead of items being produced by hand, the owners of the
facilities created ways to have machines produce the items ("thomasnet." ). Manufacturing change in
production.
By the 19th century, Europeans gun technology had improved dramatically, especially with the
introduction of the maxim gun. Hiram Stevens invented the maxim gun when he was in ... Show
Many of these impacts consisted of both positive and negative aspects that influences great Britain,
its economy, and it's people. During the industrial revolution time period it was very positive in
Britain history. Britain was the wealthiest nation, and began producing more efficiently. For Britain
to achieve this, Britain built factories. More people were employed, and that led to child labour,
because children got hired to work in factories to help and support their families. "life of little ones
are destroyed, when child labour is employed"(The french quotes). Till now we still have child
labour, we still have children who work in a really young age for a long time, instead of learning and
studying, till this moment children are still tortured, because they have to work in a bad factories

Jess Gough Case Summary
No. It was unethical for Jess Gough to set up and monitor Coates based on rumors and suspicious
behaviors and no tangible evidence. In choosing his course of action, Gough violated at least two of
the tenets of the Principle for Persons: he did not give each person sympathetic consideration,
regarded another person as a mere possession and treated them as expendables. Gough was more
concerned with proving Coates took part in committing industrial espionage instead of considering
the possible repercussions it could have on the employees he pressured to get involved. Gough also
did not consider that his actions might upset someone and treated them as an intangible item in
which could be used until his satisfaction was met and evidence against ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gough willingly decided to monitor Coates activities at work and had other employees engineer a
faulty routine for the new security software in order to set up Coates. Under no point was Coates
notified that he was being investigated for suspicious wrongdoings throughout these activities.
Further, Gough appears to have violated the ideal of prudence; he seemed to decide quickly in his
action by choosing to just react and monitor Coates work, without thoroughly thinking through
about what response would be most appropriate to the suspected allegations. Gough also appeared to
violated the ideal of fairness, as Gough did not follow, nor was he in accordance with the rules or
standards set in place for when allegations of suspicious wrongdoings occur. Gough also unfairly
put pressure upon his subordinates to monitor and set up another coworker, which is not within their
job description. Gough appeared to also violate the ideal of temperance. Gough did not exercise
control and succumbed to his desire to convict Coates of industrial espionage as continued to set up
Coates, after Gough's trusted aid was unable to prove Coates was doing anything untoward. Lastly,
Gough appeared to have violated the ideal of justice. Gough did not evaluate the situation according
to their merits and did not give Coates his due, as he chose to monitor Coates work based off of
rumors and suspicious

Sitcom Humor Analysis
3.3. Manner The maxim of manner is flouted when the speaker uses ambiguous language or does
not talk properly and understandably (Hu 2012: 1188). Sitcom humour makes use of lexical and
referential ambiguity to flout this maxim for humour (Wu n.d.: 66/67). In the episode, the characters
flout this maxim by using words that others do not know or by using words and phrases which are
lexically ambiguous. When characters use words that others do not know, it either ridicules the
speaker (because they are unable to communicate with others) or the listener (because they have a
lack of knowledge). The humour in lexically ambiguous phrases derives from the phrase's
interpretation either by the characters or the audience. The most obvious way the maxim of manner
is flouted is when a character does not understand a word another ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Penny: Yeah, I don't know what that means. Here it is not ambiguity that creates confusion but the
fact that Beverly uses scientific vocabulary that Penny cannot understand. Beverly expects other
people to understand scientific terms. She makes assumptions about her listeners based on her own
knowledge. This maxim is also flouted a couple of times through lexical ambiguity. As seen when
Beverly remarks on the two meanings of little: Penny: What was Leonard like when he was little?
Beverly: I think you mean young. He's always been little. This may also be observed when she and
Sheldon talk to each other and the audience does not know what their conversation is about:
Sheldon: So, what do you think? Beverly: I'm very tempted. I'm just not sure it's appropriate with
my son's roommate. Sheldon: Normally, I'd feel the same way. But based on everything I've
observed about us, I can't help but speculate we'd be very good together. Beverly: True. I've had a
similar observation. It's certainly something I could never do with my

Comparing The Poor Relations Story by Charles Dickens,...
Comparing The Poor Relations Story by Charles Dickens, Twenty Six Men and a Girl by Maxim
Gorky and The Unexpected by Kate Chopin The three stories that I will study are; The poor
relations story by Charles Dickens, Twenty six men and a girl by Maxim Gorky and The unexpected
by Kate Chopin. The three things do seem to have a thing in present. All the main characters seem to
be pressured or are being victimised by their traditional values, and struggle to break free. In the
poor relations story, the main character (Michael) is being pressured to live up to his uncle, and
families' ideas. In twenty six men and a girl the twenty six men are being kept, almost hostage is
their pretzel factory. In the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People seem to take advantage of him, and he is too weak to become a strong business man. He
himself says, "I failed in my expectations from my uncle Chill, on account of not being as sharp as
he could have wished in worldly matters'', Although Michael puts up a front saying he wants to be
solitary, he is ecstatic when he finds his wife, and says family occasions are a party for him! It
appears that at the start we are informed of his sad life, but in the middle he starts telling us of how
his life suddenly turns exceedingly good! Everything appears to go up and he gets married, has kids,
grandkids and appears to be happier then everâ€¦. And when the readers are deeply into the story,
comes the twist and we find out it is all a dream t. In twenty six men and a girl, the prison like
environment, and the constant abide of living underground pays its toll. They don't ever go out, and
unlike Michael, they admit their wretched environment. They say that they live a miserable
existence Like Michael however, they need to escape from the hell, but in a mental way. They
decide to idolise the pretty 17 year old girl who comes to collect the pretzels everyday. They say,
''Like all human beings, we were unable to live without worshipping at least something. Until comes
a soldier, Who dared to take her from them" It came clear to the men their idol

Scorpion Speech Behavior
Scorpion is a Television series first aired in 2014. Not only scorpion is the title of the series but also
the group name of four geniuses working together. The head of this group is Walter O'Bryan with an
IQ of 197. Due to his IQ, he has a very low EQ and is sometimes very impolite. This essay will have
a closer look at the speech behavior of three main characters and analyze to which extent they act
polite or impolite. This paper will argue that the receiving of politeness and impoliteness changes
due to power. In the first Season Walter O'Bryan is introduced with a scene where he breaks up with
his girlfriend. She is upset not only by the words Walter says but also that he scheduled their
breakup on his job making it more " efficient". ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Walter is rescuing some lives out of the cafe they are at Page comes over and brings him a cold
drink. Walter does say Thank you but he more or less stumbles it to himself whereas his following
words come out very clearly. "You have anemia. It turns you fingernails pitted. That's why your
polish looks streaky. You need more iron." After that Page is still very polite as she just chuckles a
bit and says okay. But Walter goes on pretending to know everything about her just by observation
of some details: "You have no–name sneakers, he has orthotics, whatever you have it is for Ralph.
The inflammation under your eyes from lack of sunlight come s from working two jobs. As for the
boy's father, I'd make calculated assumptions in the realm of interpersonal communication issues."
After this is said page can't stay calm any longer and replies also in an impolite way Oh so we split
because I have issues communicating. I thought it was the blonde in Tahoe. Who the hell are you to
tell me that my polish looks cheap? That hurts my feelings. Do you understand? And my polish
streaks because Ralph does it. He loves to paint and don't tell me that he needs help, either. He's
challenged. Have some empathy" To make clear that Mr. Genius cannot know everything she breaks
out of the rules society taught her and is

Analysis Of Anton Chekhov 's ' The Lottery Ticket '
"I Stand Here Ironing" vs. "The Lottery Ticket" In Anton Chekhov 's "The Lottery Ticket", we are
presented with a couple who, half–believing they have won the lottery, give themselves over to
daydreaming what the future may hold with their winnings. The point of view is that of the husband
though it is clear, throughout, that his thoughts find their echo in his wife 's. At first his thoughts are
pleasant but then, as he takes into account the differences, (some of them supposed), between
himself and his wife, knowing the winnings would be his wife 's and not his own, he sees trouble
ahead, and becomes resentful of her. Only then does he check the final number to find that they have
not won after all, at which point the reality of their relatively impoverished situation takes hold and
life, once again, appears gloomy and mundane. In Tillie Olsen 's "I Stand Here Ironing", a mother
meditates upon the history of her now–troubled teenage daughter, a daughter she feels she can do
little to help. Her daughter 's temperament clearly arises from a troubled childhood. Abandoned by
her father, with competition from other siblings, raised in an impoverished environment, there is
little wonder as we read Olsen 's description that the daughter should have turned into a troubled
young woman. Her mother in her meditations, however, has clearly felt hopeless throughout. She
feels she can do nothing for her daughter now as she has been able to do little for her in the past. She
ends her

Essay On Pretty Little Liars
In the tv show Pretty Little Liars, based on four inseparable best friends, until one summer one of
them,went mysteriously missing. This show set in the fictional town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania,
the series follows the lives of four girls, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields, and Spencer
Hastings, whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their leader, Alison DiLaurentis. One
year later, the estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious
figure named "A", who threatens to expose their deepest secrets, including ones they thought only
Alison knew. At first, they think it's Alison herself, but after her body is found, the girls realize that
someone else is planning on ruining their perfect lives. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And its what you do with your friends, when you can actually be seen in public, with the person that
you are going out with.
Aria:( looking back, and see the Principal) Oh, My God. I am so busted. Hackett just saw me staring
at Erza. Now he's walking over here. I think that what Mr. Fitz meant was Steinbeck used the farmer
as a metaphor for his frustration. Is he gone?
Emily: No, and he's totally watching you.
In this scene the implicature is how Aria, changed drastically the conversation she was having with
Emily about Ezra, who is her boyfriend and her teacher. They had tried to keep their relationship in
secret as a result that they both know that being romantically involved with a student is a felony. But
a few times before Aria had been caught staring or exchanging smiles between both of them, so Mr.
Hackett began to get suspicious. So as soon as Aria noticed that he were looking at her, she
immediately changed the conversion and made a reference about some reading Another time on this
show that we also see the relevance, when the girls are at Spencer Kitchen studying for a examen,
they are converting about Aria's relationship with Ezra the Teacher, and how they almost got caught;
Season 1 Ep 13 (36:06–37:09)

Life Of The American Born British Inventor Hiram S. Maxim
The Life of Sir Hiram S. Maxim
John Hernandez
Southeastern Oklahoma State University Abstract
The objective of this research paper is to document the life of American–born British inventor
Hiram S. Maxim. The topics include an introduction into his early life, his many job experiences, his
inventions and the ensuing success. His success then allowed him to follow his interests in aviation.
The method of research is primarily from biographies, encyclopedias, published articles, and various
internet resources. Much of the history documented about him deals with the invention of the
Maxim machine gun. Although this invention was undoubtedly his biggest success, it is only a
fraction of how he became an import figure in the field of science ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His employer Daniel Sweat owned a mill that had become infested with mice. This inspired him to
begin working on an automatic mousetrap. He perfected the invention and in doing so got rid of the
rodent problem that was plaguing his employer's mill. Many consider this to be his first notable
invention, although he did seek out a patent for it.
His other professions included an instrument maker and a mechanical draftsman. He worked for his
uncle, Levi Stephens, at an engineering firm in Massachusetts. While in Boston he worked at a
scientific instrument shop and later went on the work at a shipbuilding firm in New York. These
various experiences gave him the skill to create more inventions.
In 1866, at the age of 26, he received his first official patent for a curling iron. He also invented a
coating for blackboards that was so successful that large numbers of his specially coated
blackboards were sold throughout North American (Dartford Technology). These inventions were
followed by a machine that would produce illumination gas and a locomotive head lamp.
These inventions combine with wealth of experience at a seemingly early age got the attention of
Spencer D. Schuyler, founder of the United States Electrical Lighting Company. In 1878 he was
appointed chief engineer of the first electric lighting company in the U.S. It was there he began
working on various electrical devices and solidified his importance in the field of science and
technology.
In

Paul Grice's Cooperative Method
Grice's maxims
We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn.in other words we
need language to cooperate.
In linguistics the cooperative principles design to cooperate to work together in order to
communicate efficiently between two people or groups of people.
Grice's maxims was written in 1975 and created by Paul Grice about how follow the conversation
maxims. The linguist Paul Grice presented these maxims in depth and give us four maxims.
The cooperative principle is generally about cooperative with one another when two people want to
speak or to exchange the conversation.
The cooperative principle in two sides: speakers who observe the cooperative principle, and listeners
where assume that speakers are observing it. This allows for the possibility of implicatures, which
are meanings that are not explicitly conveyed in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we violate the maxim of quality, we lie. If we violate the maxim of quantity by not giving enough
information. According to Grice, a maxim has been flouted and implicature .There is an important
relation between conventional and an implicit meaning. Speakers can interact in many utterances,
but the hearer gather the utters. Cooperative principle attempts to make the utterances more difficult
rather easier and can delete information.
The CP is concerned with being helpful, avoiding miscommunication particularly in speaking. Many
problems in interpretation between Grice's use of the term 'cooperation' with a technical meaning,
and meaning of the word ,because dialogue may be right or wrong termed as being cooperative .
The literature(literary text ) is different from non–literary text that the literary text defined as poetic
function, and self–referential so it refers to its own world created by authors. The writer created the
imaginary world and the text refers to its own imagination. In contrary non–literary text includes
advertisement,medicine,science,and all life

Grice's Cooperative Principle And Kinds Of Pragmatics...
This chapter explains an overview of related theories, which are the pragmatics theory by George
Yule including the Grice's cooperative principle and kinds of maxim according to Grice.
2.1 Pragmatics
According to Yule (1996), pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a
speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). "Pragmatics focuses more on how we
achieve meaning in a particular context, by considering such factors as how, where and when
something is said, who says it, what is the relationship between the speaker and the listener, and
how we understand the use of ambiguous language" (Baker and Ellece, 2011, p.100). In other
words, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. Therefore, from the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
67). In other words, flouting the maxim of quality occurs when a speaker says something which
needs to be considered as blatantly untrue. For example: Mark : 'Great, that's really great! That's
made my Christmas!'
Mark is a speaker who says something which is considered as blatantly untrue, because at that time,
he got accident on the day, and he wishes it will be happiness day. He became upset that made him
say something which is blatantly untrue. So, the speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim in order
to lead the hearer to look for implied meaning or in this situation the hearer already knows that Mark
says the opposite.
2.1.2.3 Flouting Maxim of Relation
Thomas (1996) said that "the maxim of relation is exploited by making a response or observation
which is very obviously irrelevant to the topic in hand" (p.70). So, the speaker flouts the maxim of
relation if his/her contribution is not relevant. For

Grice Maxims

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