Are Mobile Communications safe?
“Insufficiently protective of public health” Inter Ministerial Committee of India (Dec 2010)
“Harmful to human health and environment” Council of Europe (May 2011)
“Possibly carcinogenic” WHO (May 2011)
“Carbon emission of 12 million tons” Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Feb 2011)
Green Mobile Communications is a solution to the above concerns with a proof-of-concept pilot at Auroville.
Comparison Static ICIC and Adaptive ICIC on TD-LTERay KHASTUR
The subscriber on the cell edge will have bad experience due to impact of this co-channel interference. There is function of SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) in LTE-TDD that is manipulated BW into several cell edge style. On Genex U-Net we can use this feature to minimize of inter cell interference, we can chose static ICIC or adaptive ICIC based on field condition.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN INDIAN RAILWAYS, OFCformohitchauhan
An Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber used in Indian Railways
Methods of Jointing a Fiber Optic Cable
Mechanical Splicing
Fusion Splicing
Measurement And Testing Of Signals in an OFC
Indian Railway Telephone Exchange
Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies
PDH
SDH
Data transmission through visible light communication (li fi)Omkar Omkar
To transfer data from one device to another using the visual medium as the route of transmission. Our project involves transferring data through Visible light communication (VLC). We designed and implemented VLC transceiver circuit and verified the transmission
of data using DSO in Prototype I. We implemented the Audio transmission of data through VLC in Prototype II. We studied the characteristics of LED, its limitations and studied the different modulation techniques, discussed the issues and challenges faced in implementing the hardware design. We have defined the problem of nonlinearity of LED’s and have studied to mitigate this problem. Based on the change in the signal characteristics due to several phenomena from LED to photo receiver, introduced the channel modeling techniques.
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...Bhomik Shah
India has emerged as the world’s fastest growing telecom market in recent years. Increasing subscribers’ base and penetration in remote areas require expansion of infrastructure. More than 100, 000 base stations have been erected on Indian soil in last 15 months which have made total number to cross 300,000. A large number of these base stations are run on diesel generators. These diesel generators consume more than 2.12 billion litres of diesel and emit 5.61 million tons of carbon annually. There is a huge scope to earn carbon credits from these base stations as many operators are switching to renewable energy resources like solar, wind or hybrid. If all the players in the telecom market come together and form an alliance to go for CDM Programme of Activities (PoA), it can bring in billions of dollar in the Indian economy from the sale of CERs. At the same time it will help in reducing the carbon footprint of the sector. This CDM PoA can also be replicated in other developing countries like China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh where telecom sector is growing rapidly.
Comparison Static ICIC and Adaptive ICIC on TD-LTERay KHASTUR
The subscriber on the cell edge will have bad experience due to impact of this co-channel interference. There is function of SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) in LTE-TDD that is manipulated BW into several cell edge style. On Genex U-Net we can use this feature to minimize of inter cell interference, we can chose static ICIC or adaptive ICIC based on field condition.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN INDIAN RAILWAYS, OFCformohitchauhan
An Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber used in Indian Railways
Methods of Jointing a Fiber Optic Cable
Mechanical Splicing
Fusion Splicing
Measurement And Testing Of Signals in an OFC
Indian Railway Telephone Exchange
Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies
PDH
SDH
Data transmission through visible light communication (li fi)Omkar Omkar
To transfer data from one device to another using the visual medium as the route of transmission. Our project involves transferring data through Visible light communication (VLC). We designed and implemented VLC transceiver circuit and verified the transmission
of data using DSO in Prototype I. We implemented the Audio transmission of data through VLC in Prototype II. We studied the characteristics of LED, its limitations and studied the different modulation techniques, discussed the issues and challenges faced in implementing the hardware design. We have defined the problem of nonlinearity of LED’s and have studied to mitigate this problem. Based on the change in the signal characteristics due to several phenomena from LED to photo receiver, introduced the channel modeling techniques.
Cellular Base Stations: Infrastructure Sharing, Carbon Emissions and CDM Oppo...Bhomik Shah
India has emerged as the world’s fastest growing telecom market in recent years. Increasing subscribers’ base and penetration in remote areas require expansion of infrastructure. More than 100, 000 base stations have been erected on Indian soil in last 15 months which have made total number to cross 300,000. A large number of these base stations are run on diesel generators. These diesel generators consume more than 2.12 billion litres of diesel and emit 5.61 million tons of carbon annually. There is a huge scope to earn carbon credits from these base stations as many operators are switching to renewable energy resources like solar, wind or hybrid. If all the players in the telecom market come together and form an alliance to go for CDM Programme of Activities (PoA), it can bring in billions of dollar in the Indian economy from the sale of CERs. At the same time it will help in reducing the carbon footprint of the sector. This CDM PoA can also be replicated in other developing countries like China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh where telecom sector is growing rapidly.
http://www.ericsson.com
Each decade since mobile communication was introduced in the 1980s, has brought with it a new generation of systems and technologies. The next evolution, 5G radio access, is set for commercialization around 2020, and will deliver 5G services in an environment that is shaping up to be a significant challenge.
Universities as “Smart Cities” in a Globally Connected World - How Will They ...Larry Smarr
09.08.20
Invited Talk
Monash University ITS Strategic Planning Session
RE-INVENT to RE-POSITION – TRANSFORMED BY ICT
Title: Universities as “Smart Cities” in a Globally Connected World - How Will They be Transformed?
Melbourne, Australia
Experimental Analysis of Cable Distance Effect on Signal Attenuation in Singl...IJECEIAES
Losses during transmission and high demand of high data rate by the end users have become the biggest challenges facing the telecommunication industries worldwide with Nigeria inclusive. Fiber optic cable as a channel of communication has been adapted worldwide in solving these problems but there is a little limitation in the place of multimode fiber in long distance communication. This paper focuses on the effect of changes in distance on transmitted bandwidth on single mode and multimode fiber. Two cases were considered during this research; (a) with optical amplifier placed in between multimode fiber and (b) without optical amplifier in between multimode fiber. Readings were taken at various distances when specific bandwidth ranging from 50Mbps to 500Mbps was transmitted from the base station to the various distances and it was observed that there was no significant changes in bandwidth received at specified distances (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 etc) m when using single mode fiber, there was a drastic reduction in bandwidth when it get to a distance of 300m when using multimode. When optical amplifier was placed in between the multimode fiber at some selected distances after 400m from the transmitting BTS, it was noticed that the drastic reduction in transmitted bandwidth was almost eliminated, thereby proven that multimode fiber can be use in long distance communication provided optical amplifiers are incorporated in between the distance to bust the signal strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
Green Mobile Communications
1. GMC
Green Mobile Communications
A joint project between
Auroville & IIIT, Bangalore
In partnership with
Telecom Centers of Excellence
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research
TCOE, JIPMER and Pondicherry Engineering College
2. Agenda
• Introduction
• Concerns about EMR
• Motivation for GMC
• GMC Zone at Auroville
• Coverage and deployment
• Specifications and goals
• Stake holders
• Concluding remarks
26 July 2011 2
4. Electromagnetic Radiation
• Cell Towers
– Safe limit for radiation
– Cell size
• Cell phones
– Radiated power ( proportional to R2)
– Proximity
• Electromagnetic pollution
– Depends on the total energy from BTS and cell
phones: function of safe limit/cell size, BTS, active
cell phones, range and call duration
26 July 2011 4
5. Safe exposure limits of EMR
μW/m2 Source
O 4,700,000 ICNIRP 1998
U 1,000 Austria
T
1,000 BioInitiative Working Group (2007)
D
O 170 Seletun Consensus Statement (2010)
O 10 Health Department , Salzburg (2002)
R
I 100 BioInitiative Working Group (2007)
N 1 Health Department , Salzburg (2002)
< 0.1 Building Biology /’No concern’
Sleeping areas (2008)
26 July 2011 5
6. Increasing concerns about EMR
• 1998, ICNIRP - No long term effects
•2010, Inter Ministerial Committee - Current
limits not sufficiently protective of public health
• May 2011, Council of Europe - Reconsider the
scientific basis and apply precautionary
principle, Protect children, Potentially harmful
to environment
• May 2011, WHO- Possibly carcinogenic to
humans (Group 2B)
26 July 2011 6
7. Carbon foot print
• As per TRAI Consultation paper 3 Feb 2011,
the carbon foot print due to the electrical
power and diesel generators used for cell
towers used is estimated to be 13 million
tons.
• The cost is ~ Rs15,000 crores
• Mobile towers are expected to double in the
coming 5-7 years
26 July 2011 7
8. Why GMC?
• Beyond carbon footprint
• Apply ‘Precautionary Principle’ to EMR in
experimenting with ‘safe limits’
• Minimize electromagnetic pollution
• Practical research in electromagnetic pollution
26 July 2011 8
9. Goals of GMC
• Provide basic mobile communication services
while addressing all factors contributing to
electromagnetic pollution.
• Reduce cell size down to 0.5 – 1 Km (20 to
30dB)
• Reduce over-the-public-air radiated energy
– Public /private air spaces (10 to30 dB)
– Strategies to reduce call density and energy
26 July 2011 9
10. Approach
• Lower limits of EMR, in a phased manner, and
eventually operate at levels considered to be
‘completely safe’ for humans, flora and fauna.
• Use Solar/Fuel Cell Power to minimize carbon foot
print
• Practical research
– Modeling, reducing and minimizing EM pollution
– Quantify health of the population, flora and fauna in GMC
zone as a control group
– Transparently record, monitor, analyze and publish results
objectively and credibly.
26 July 2011 10
11. GMC Target Specifications
Phase Radiation limits in micro Watts/ m2
Outdoor Indoor
1 100 10
2* 10 1
3* 1 0.1
* Review specs for phase 2 and 3 after phase 1
26 July 2011 11
12. µW/m2
Link Budget
µW/m2
• Free space model
• Pt=50mW
• 1 Km Max Range
• -102dBm Rx sensitivity
• 20 dB losses
• 10 dB link margin
Received signal is 13dB
above the receiver
sensitivity at 1Km
Meters
26 July 2011 12
13. GMC Architecture
SIP Server
IP Phones
PSTN Service Provider CAN POTS Exchange Phones
Low Power
BTS
Mobile Switch Femto/pico Mobile
PLMN cells Phones
& BSC
26 July 2011 13
14. Auroville
Founded by The Mother in 1968
International city of human unity
• Goals
Human Unity
Education, Spiritual & Material
Research
Integral Development
• UNESCO endorsed the goals and
directions on many occasions
• Current population 2,250 from 46
countries; projected to grow to
50,000 by 2025
26 July 2011 14
19. Initiatives to reduce EMR
• Highly EMR conscious society as part of the
commitment to sustainable development
• Green Waves (Radiation Awareness Group)
• Prevented installation of antennas in the
township area till November 2010
• ICITI (Integrated Communications and IT
Infrastructure) – convergence, eco-
friendliness, ICT4D to reverse urban migration
• Annular shape caters to ‘buffer zone’
26 July 2011 19
20. ICITI Architecture
INTERNET Mobile Switch
Servers DSLAM
PSTN BSNL
PLMN Exchange
Core 10G
Router
SIP Server
Distribution 1G
Access 100M
Bioregion
26 July 2011 20
23. Partnerships
• International Institute of Information
Technology, Bangalore
• Pondicherry Engineering College
• Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate
Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry
• Pondicherry University
• Low Power GSM Equipment vendor (VNL)
• Centre for Scientific Research
• Telecom Centers of Excellence
26 July 2011 23
24. Challenges in wider deployment
• Increase in number of BTS
– Equipment cost, Cell sites, Aesthetics
• Wired backhaul
• Mini cell handover and QoS
• New sites may be easier
• Timeline issues (?) as public health issues are
involved
26 July 2011 24
25. Grey areas
• Shared infrastructure to reduce capital cost as
well as EM pollution
• Roaming
• Workable and cost effective convergence
solution
26 July 2011 25
26. What GMC Needs
• Recognize and endorse the goals & objectives
• A cooperative model with all stake holders
leading to formulation of Auroville as a pilot
GMC Zone with phase 1 specs
• Partnership with a service provider
• ICITI as a platform for convergence
• Funding
26 July 2011 26
27. Conclusion
• A unique, timely, ‘True Green’ Mobile
Communications Zone to address health and
environmental concerns & demonstrate that
mobile communications can be provided with
low electromagnetic & carbon footprints
• Experimental research in the field of EM
pollution and share the knowledge/wisdom
• First phase cost ~ Rs 1.25 crores
26 July 2011 27