ISD, Sub division of ISD and Flixborough Accident.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances.
The concept of Inherent Safer Design (ISD) states that hazardous should be avoided instead of controlling them.
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
Alkenes by absorption of light activated to higher energy singlet & triplet state and undergoes chemical reaction. These reactions are mainly:- 1. Cis - trans isomerization
2. Dimerization
3. Cycloaddition
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
the photo chemistry of ligand field is very important to have an idea for the intrinsic properties of different coordination compound, and the electronic properties such as, LMCT,LLCT, MLCH etc..........
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example.
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
Alkenes by absorption of light activated to higher energy singlet & triplet state and undergoes chemical reaction. These reactions are mainly:- 1. Cis - trans isomerization
2. Dimerization
3. Cycloaddition
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
the photo chemistry of ligand field is very important to have an idea for the intrinsic properties of different coordination compound, and the electronic properties such as, LMCT,LLCT, MLCH etc..........
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example.
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
Green chemistry is chemistry for the environment, including the production and use of less hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a creating new methods of thinking and creating, environmentally.
Green chemistry.
Introduction of green chemistry.
Definition of green chemistry.
History and development of green chemistry.
12 principles of green chemistry.
Example of green chemistry.
Disinfection of water.
Production of allyl alcohol.
synthesis of ibuprofen.
Microwave assisted reaction.
Ultrasound assisted reaction.
This presentation is prepared for First Year Engineering Students at Savitribai Phule Pune University.
It is introduction of green chemistry to understand the problems caused by using hazardous chemicals and its solution.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Name: Yogendra Singh
Year: 3rd Year
Roll No.: 1910043
Subject: DSE-5 Green Chemistry
Submitted To: Dr. Vijay Kumar
2. INDEX
Principle 12
Flixborough Accident
Background Process
The Accident
Scale Of Accident
Safer route to Cyclohexanol
Inherent Safer Design(ISD)
Subdivision Of ISD
Minimization
Substitute
Moderate
Simplification
3. Principle 12: Safer Chemistry
for accident Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in a
chemical process should be chosen to minimize
the potential for chemical accidents, including
releases, explosions, and fires. Working with
chemicals always carries a degree of risk.
However, if hazards are managed well, the risk
can be minimised. This principle clearly links with
a number of the other principles that discuss
hazardous products or reagents. Where possible,
exposure to hazards should be eliminated from
processes, and should be designed to minimise
the risks where elimination is not possible.
4. FLIXBOROUGH ACCIDENT
Flixborough disaster was an explosion at
a chemical plant owned by Nypro (UK)
Ltd.
Occurred in Flixborough, England on
Saturday, 1st June 1974 at about 4.53pm.
The plant has been in operation since
1967.
A temporary pipe containing cyclohexane
caught on fire and burst.
The blast was equivalent to 15 tons of
TNT.
5. BACKGROUND OF PROCESS
The plant was built for the production of caprolactam, which is a basic raw material
for the production of Nylon 6. In this process, hot cyclohexane produced by selective
reduction of benzene was partially oxidized by compressed air. In this process,
benzene on hydrogenation gave cyclohexane which on aerial oxidation with
homogeneous cobalt catalyst resulted in 50% cyclohexanone and 50% cyclohexanol.
Since the conversion of cyclohexane to the product was low, so it was necessary co
circulate cyclohexane through six reactors arranged in series. This was done by
injecting O2 into cyclohexane at a working pressure of 9 bar and temperature of
155°C.
7. The Accident
Two months prior to the explosion,
cyclohexane was discovered to be leaking
from Reactor No. 5. It was decided that
Reactor No 5 to be removed for inspection
and a temporary bypass assembly to be
constructed to connect Reactor No.4 to No.6,
while repairs were made. At 4:53pm on 1st
June 1974, the temporary bypass pipe
ruptured. Within a minute, about 40 tons of
the cyclohexane leaked from the pipe and
formed a vapour cloud, that when coming in
contact with an ignition source, exploded and
completely destroying the plant.
8. Scale Of Accident
Casualties: 28 people were killed and
36 peoples were seriously injured.
All the records and charts for the start
up were destroyed.
The fire were remained burning in the
area for over 10 days.
The blast can be heard 30 miles away.
Property damage extended over wide
area. More than 1,800 buildings within
three miles radius of the site were
damaged.
9. Safe Route to cyclohexanol(ISD)
The safer ISD process used by Asahi does not produce flammable
cyclohexane and is more energy efficient. Atom economy is 100% as only
the required product cyclohexanol is obtained. It uses water and high-silica
pentasil zeolite as catalyst. This is ISD, as cyclohexane is not formed, which
was responsible for the accident. Cyclohexanol is an important
intermediate in the synthesis of nylon-6,6 via adipic acid and nylon 6 via
caprolactam. The methods of preparation are displayed in given diagram.
10. Inherent Safer Design (ISD)
This principle is also inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention.
Inherent safer design is defined as the design of chemical processes and
produces with specific attention to eliminate hazards from the
manufacturing process rather than relying on the control of their hazard.
Hazard and operability studies are done before designing a chemical
plant. This relies on mechanical safety devices and well-known procedures
to prevent hazardous occurrences. It has been observed that about 60%
of accidents occur due to mechanical failure or due to personal
operational errors. The concept of inherently safer design (ISD) redesigns
the process of manufacturing so that the hazardous product, which is
prone to accident, is not produced. The principle is 'what you don’t have,
can't harm you'.
12. I) Minimization
Use small quantities of hazardous materials or reduce the size of equipment
operating under hazardous condition (e.g., high temperature,pressure). Change
from large batch reactors to a smaller continuous reactor for safety purposes should
be done. It is necessary not to store hazardous materials to avoid accidents. Use of
smaller quantities of hazardous materials, wherever possible, through just in time
production, is advised. For example:
Nitro glycerine can be made in a continuous pipe reactor with a few kilograms of
inventory instead of a large batch reactor with several thousand kilograms of
inventory.
Loop reactors have been used to reduce the size of chemical reactors in many
applications, including polymerization, ethoxylation and chlorination.
13. II) Substitute/Substitution
Along with minimization, substitution should also be considered as
an alternative. A hazardous material should be replaced with a less
hazardous or more benign chemical. Less toxic solvents should be
used. Water for heat transfer instead of hot oil should be used.
Coolant used should be non-reactive instead of water. For example:
An alternate synthesis chemistry for acrylic acid manufacture by
propylene oxidation eliminates the use of carbon monoxide, nickel
carbonyl, anhydrous hydrogen chloride and acetylene used in an
earlier process.
Water-based latex paints eliminate fire, toxicity and environmental
hazards associated with solvent-based paints.
14. III) Moderate
If it is not possible to substitute a hazardous material then one should focus on modifying the
properties of the hazard. Reduce hazards by dilution, refrigeration or process alternatives that
operate at less hazardous conditions. For example:
Combustible solid was handled as a pellet instead of a fine powder, reducing the dust
explosion hazard.
Off-site risks were reduced by replacing anhydrous ammonia with aqueous ammonia for a
neutralization application.
IV) Simplification
Eliminate unnecessary complexity and design user friendly plants. For example:
Old piping was removed from a plant because of process modifications, making it impossible
to accidently transfer material into a reactor through that piping because of either operating
error or leaking valves.
Confusing control system layouts, equipment on/off switches and equipment labelling in the
plant were simplified to reduce the potential for error.