Diazomethane is a yellow, poisonous, potentially explosive compound with the chemical formula CH2N2. It is a valuable synthetic reagent that is used for methylation reactions and in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Diazomethane can be prepared through Pechmann's method involving the reaction of methylamine with ethyl chlorofomate or through hydrolysis of an ethereal solution of an N-methyl nitrosamide with aqueous base. It is chemically very reactive and transforms functional groups, making it useful for a variety of synthetic applications.
N-BROMOSUCCINAMIDE A REAGENT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS, IT IS ALSO A SYNTETIC REAGENT AND HERE IN THIS PRESENTATION THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ITS ALTERNATE NAME APLLICATION ARE DISCUSSED.
N-BROMOSUCCINAMIDE A REAGENT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS, IT IS ALSO A SYNTETIC REAGENT AND HERE IN THIS PRESENTATION THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ITS ALTERNATE NAME APLLICATION ARE DISCUSSED.
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
Contents includes at least three strategies of synthesis for each of three, four, five and six membered heterocylic ring with one or two heteroatoms. One mechanism described out of the three strategies. Few name reactions are described and the other are simple synthetic methods. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy. The content was taken from the various books, mentioned in slide with the title of references.
Mitsunubu reaction had been synthesised by Japanese scientist OYO Mitsunbu.
It involves the Conversion of primary, Secondary alcohol into the ester group.
It follows SN2 mechanism.
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
strong base-promoted condensation between a non-N-substituted amidine and a β-keto ester or β-diketone to form a type of nitrogenous heterocycle known as pyrimidine, thus it is referred to as the Pinner condensation or Pinner synthesis.
Penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, is derived from the penicillium mold. In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist alexander fleming in a contaminated green mold penicillium notatum. He isolated the mold, grew it in a fluid medium, and found that it produced a substance capable of killing many of the common bacteria that infect humans. Australian pathologist howard florey and British biochemist ernst Boris chain isolated and purified penicillin in the late 1930s, and by 1941 an injectable form of the drug was available for therapeutic use.
Penicillin's are beta lactam antibiotics and characterized by three fundamental structural requirements
The fused beta-lactam and thiazolidine ring structure.
free carboxylic acid group.
And one or more substituted acylamino side chain.
Penam nucleus: 7-oxo-l-thia-4-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane
Absolute configuration: 3-S, 5-R, 6-R.
Instrumental methods of characterization:
FTIR
MASS
C13-NMR
1H-NMR
FTIR: -
Penicillin G molecule and its IR spectra in D2 O and in DMSO. Spectra are characterized by the presence of three intense bands.
β- lactam CO stretching observe at 1761 cm-1 in D2O and 1762 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Amide group is observe at 1640 cm-1 in D2O and 1674 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Asymmetric stretching of carboxylate group is observe at 1601 cm-1 in D20 and 1615 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
A large red shift of amide , out of the frequency window, is observed upon proton exchange in DMSO.
Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) technique
MASS:-
A high-resolution, hybrid tandem mass spectrometer was used to obtain CID spectra. The CID spectra were acquired by:
Mass selecting the precursor ions using the first mass spectrometer.
Injecting the ions into the first quadrupole (collision cell) where they undergo CID.
Mass-analyzing the fragment ions produced using the second quadrupole.
Argon was used as the collision gas, and the pressure in the collision cell was adjusted to attenuate the precursor ion intensity to 20-50% of the original intensity. The collision energy of the ions ranged from 160 to 180 eV. The mass spectra shown abundant fragmentations at m/z 160 and m/z 176 that were reported to arise from cleavage of the β-lactam ring.
protonated benzyl penicillin exhibits abundant fragment ions at m/z 160, m/z 176, m/z 217, m/z 128, and m/z 289. The most abundant CID fragment at m/z 160 and the molecular ion peak was observed at m/z 334.
C13-NMR: -
The four sp3 ring carbons give rise to resonances in the decreasing chemical shift order C-3, C-5, C-2 and C-6.
Chemical shift for C-2 is 64.9 ppm and the substituents attached with it are α-methyl 27.0 ppm and β-methyl 31.4 ppm. Chemical shift for C-3 is 73.6 ppm and 174.5 ppm for carboxylate functions (reflecting the smaller de-shielding influence of COOH over that of COO-). The chemic shift for C-5 is 67.2 ppm. The chemic shift for C-6 is 58.4 ppm.
The lactam group shows its chemical shift at 175.0 ppm
Amino group
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
Presented by Shikha Popali and Harshpal singh Wahi students from Gurunanak college of pharmacy, Nagpur in Department of pharmaceutical Chemistry. The explained topic is seful for every chemistry student and for others too
Contents includes at least three strategies of synthesis for each of three, four, five and six membered heterocylic ring with one or two heteroatoms. One mechanism described out of the three strategies. Few name reactions are described and the other are simple synthetic methods. This presentation was prepared for the partial fulfillment of Master of Pharmacy. The content was taken from the various books, mentioned in slide with the title of references.
Mitsunubu reaction had been synthesised by Japanese scientist OYO Mitsunbu.
It involves the Conversion of primary, Secondary alcohol into the ester group.
It follows SN2 mechanism.
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
strong base-promoted condensation between a non-N-substituted amidine and a β-keto ester or β-diketone to form a type of nitrogenous heterocycle known as pyrimidine, thus it is referred to as the Pinner condensation or Pinner synthesis.
Penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, is derived from the penicillium mold. In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist alexander fleming in a contaminated green mold penicillium notatum. He isolated the mold, grew it in a fluid medium, and found that it produced a substance capable of killing many of the common bacteria that infect humans. Australian pathologist howard florey and British biochemist ernst Boris chain isolated and purified penicillin in the late 1930s, and by 1941 an injectable form of the drug was available for therapeutic use.
Penicillin's are beta lactam antibiotics and characterized by three fundamental structural requirements
The fused beta-lactam and thiazolidine ring structure.
free carboxylic acid group.
And one or more substituted acylamino side chain.
Penam nucleus: 7-oxo-l-thia-4-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane
Absolute configuration: 3-S, 5-R, 6-R.
Instrumental methods of characterization:
FTIR
MASS
C13-NMR
1H-NMR
FTIR: -
Penicillin G molecule and its IR spectra in D2 O and in DMSO. Spectra are characterized by the presence of three intense bands.
β- lactam CO stretching observe at 1761 cm-1 in D2O and 1762 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Amide group is observe at 1640 cm-1 in D2O and 1674 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Asymmetric stretching of carboxylate group is observe at 1601 cm-1 in D20 and 1615 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
A large red shift of amide , out of the frequency window, is observed upon proton exchange in DMSO.
Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) technique
MASS:-
A high-resolution, hybrid tandem mass spectrometer was used to obtain CID spectra. The CID spectra were acquired by:
Mass selecting the precursor ions using the first mass spectrometer.
Injecting the ions into the first quadrupole (collision cell) where they undergo CID.
Mass-analyzing the fragment ions produced using the second quadrupole.
Argon was used as the collision gas, and the pressure in the collision cell was adjusted to attenuate the precursor ion intensity to 20-50% of the original intensity. The collision energy of the ions ranged from 160 to 180 eV. The mass spectra shown abundant fragmentations at m/z 160 and m/z 176 that were reported to arise from cleavage of the β-lactam ring.
protonated benzyl penicillin exhibits abundant fragment ions at m/z 160, m/z 176, m/z 217, m/z 128, and m/z 289. The most abundant CID fragment at m/z 160 and the molecular ion peak was observed at m/z 334.
C13-NMR: -
The four sp3 ring carbons give rise to resonances in the decreasing chemical shift order C-3, C-5, C-2 and C-6.
Chemical shift for C-2 is 64.9 ppm and the substituents attached with it are α-methyl 27.0 ppm and β-methyl 31.4 ppm. Chemical shift for C-3 is 73.6 ppm and 174.5 ppm for carboxylate functions (reflecting the smaller de-shielding influence of COOH over that of COO-). The chemic shift for C-5 is 67.2 ppm. The chemic shift for C-6 is 58.4 ppm.
The lactam group shows its chemical shift at 175.0 ppm
Amino group
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of GemigliptinRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed
4-Dialkylaminopyridines were soon found to have general applicability for catalysis of a wide variety of reactions. 4-dimethylaminopyridine’s (DMAP) wide applicability has been frequently reviewed since the first review appeared in 1978. [3] The accelerating pace of reported applications for DMAP and the availability of DMAP in commercial quantities, at modest prices, have continued to stimulate great interest in its use as a catalyst in the fields of organic, polymer, analytical and biochemist
4-Dialkylaminopyridines were soon found to have general applicability for catalysis of a wide variety of reactions. 4-dimethylaminopyridine’s (DMAP) wide applicability has been frequently reviewed since the first review appeared in 1978. [3] The accelerating pace of reported applications for DMAP and the availability of DMAP in commercial quantities, at modest prices, have continued to stimulate great interest in its use as a catalyst in the fields of organic, polymer, analytical and biochemist
Various Computational Tools used in Drug DesignFirujAhmed2
Drug discovery is the process of identifying and developing new medications or drugs to treat diseases and improve human health. It involves a multidisciplinary approach that combines scientific research, experimentation, and testing to discover and create effective and safe pharmaceutical compounds.
Drug design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient.
Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of one or more molecules present in a sample. It can be used to identify unknown compounds via molecular weight determination, quantify known compounds, and determine the structure and chemical properties of molecules.2 Mass spectroscopy is also useful for studies on protein-protein interactions. The basic principle involves fragmentation of a compound or molecule into charged species, which are accelerated, deflected, and finally focused on a detector according to their mass and charge ratio.Mass spectroscopy is an instrumental method for identifying the chemical constitution of a substance by means of the separation of gaseous ions according to their differing mass and charge.
An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that mimics one or more functions of an enzyme.
Molecules are designed and modified to achieve some desirable features of enzymes.
Protein engineering has been developed to design and synthesize molecules with the attributes of enzymes for non-natural reactions.
They have a molecular weight of less than 2000 Dalton.
They have the ability to stabilize at a higher temperature.
They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
synthetic Reagents and its application Diazomethane
1. AMITY INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS
DIAZOMETHANE
Submitted To Presented by
Dr. Neerupma Dhiman Firuj Ahmed
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Master of Pharmacy
1st Year
3. Synthetic Reagents:
Synthetic reagents consist of a broad range of chemicals with many
used in chemical synthesis.
They are the key components used for transforming functional group.
Diazomethane:
Diazomethane is the chemical compound CH2N2 discovered by
German chemist Sir Hans Von pechmann in 1894
Diazomethane is a yellow, poisonous, potentially, explosive compound.
It is a gas at room temperature.
4. IUPAC Name: Diazomethane
Other Name: Azimethylene, Azomethelene, Diazirine
Chemical Formula: CH2N2
Molar Mass: 42.04 gm/mol
Appearance: Yellow Gas
Odour: Musty
Solubility: Soluble in water
It is chemically very reactive and is, therefore, of
great value as synthetic reagent.
5. PREPARATION:
1.Pechmann’s method: By this method diazomethane is prepared from
methylamine by treating it with ethyl chlorofomate to form N-methyl
urethane.
This when treated with nitrous acid in ethereal solution yields N-methyl
N-nitrosourethane.
This on warming with alcoholic potassium hydroxide decompose into
diazomethane which is collect on cool ether.
6. 2.Diazomethane is prepared by hydrolysis of an ethereal solution of an N
methyl nitrosamide with aqueous base:
N-methyl-N-nitroso—p-toulenesulfonamide
N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
8. 2. SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS:
Diazomethane condense with ethylenic and acetylenic bonds to give
heterocyclic compounds
Ethene Diazomethane Cyclopropane
9. REFERENCE:
1. Reaction and reagents by O.P.Agarwal, volume-1,USB
Publication,seventh edition (1995), page no.:840-844
2. Organic Chemistry by Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Neilson Boyd,
Saibal Kanthi Bhattacharjee, Seventh Edition(2013), Published by Borling
Kinders Ley Pvt Ltd , Page no.: 331-334.
3. Text book of Organic Chemistry by I.L.Finar Volume 1,sixth
edition(1974),page no.392.
4. Textbook of Organic Reactions Reagents and Rearrangements by Sanyal,
published by Bharati Bhawan(2003),fourth edition,page no.:206-206.
