This document discusses sustainable energy planning. It outlines the importance of energy for development goals and sustainability. Key aspects of sustainable energy planning include integrating environmental, economic and social dimensions; public-private participation; and flexibility for changes. Principles of sustainable energy policy include energy security, reasonable tariffs, access for all populations, and fostering national renewable energy sources and technology.

1. LECTURE:08 Energy Planning & Sustainability M. A. Kamal, Ph.D Director General National Academy for Planning and Development

3. Outline: Introduction Sustainable energy Energy Sources Pillars of sustainable energy Sustainable energy sources Consumable Energy Energy planning Energy Planning Framework Principles of sustainable development Sustainability dimensions in relationship with energy Sustainable energy planning Characteristics of sustainable energy planning Energy and the Millennium Development Goals Recommendations for LDC PRINCIPLES AND GOALS OF ENERGY POLICY Conclusion

4. 1.1 Energy is central to sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts. 1.2 It affects all aspects of development --social, economic, and environmental-- including livelihoods, access to water, agricultural productivity, health, population levels, education, and gender-related issues. 1.3 None of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be met without major improvement in the quality and quantity of energy services in developing countries. 1.4 Provision of energy services, from the supply side to transmission/distribution and use, must include management, and good management requires tools. Energy planning is a tool for managing the community energy system through assessing and balancing supply and demand. 1. Introduction

5. 1.5 Energy has strong relationships with all the three main dimensions of sustainable development. 1.6 Human well-being and improvement of social welfare greatly depend upon affordable access to energy services. 1.7 Almost all the goods and services that are necessary for communities’ development are linked to the provision of sufficient energy supply. 1.8 Energy is also among the important driving forces that can affect the environment both by extraction of energy from natural resources and by energy use.

6. 2. Sustainable Energy 2.1 Right from the beginning in the 1980s, when the term ‘sustainable development’ came into global consideration, energy was seen as an important aspect. 2.2 The key role of energy in future development is emphasized in the book ‘Our Common Future’ (1987), reflecting its relationship with environmental, economic, social and institutional aspects, as well as the dilemmas associated with its contribution to a sustainable future. 2.3 Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs .

7. 3.1 The primary energy sources that are used for providing these services are mainly non-renewable (oil, natural gas, coal, peat). Utilization of renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal, hydro power, wood, tidal, etc.) has also been developed over the last decades; however, their share in total primary energy supply is still low. 3. ENERGY SOURCES

8. Hydropower Uranium Coal Natural Gas Oil Biomass Wind Source: MME / BEN, 2007 3.2 ENERGY RESOURCES

9. Natural Gas 20,9% *Other 0,7% Combustable Renewables & waste 9,8% Hydro 2,2% Nuclear 5,9% Coal/ peat 26,5% Coal/peat 26,5% 3.3 According to the International Energy Agency, the total share of renewable energy sources was about 12.7% in 2007.

10. 4. Pillars of sustainable energy 4.1 The twin pillars of sustainable energy are: Energy efficiency : "Any energy generation, efficiency & conservation source where: Resources are available to enable massive scaling to become a significant portion of energy generation, long term, preferably 100 years.." – Invest, a green technology non-profit organization. Energy Intensity is the amount of energy consumed per unit of service or activity. Embodied energy may be reduced by designing durable, adaptable products and buildings which are made from local, renewable materials. Renewable energy: naturally replenished

11. 5.1 Sustainable energy sources are most often regarded as all renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bio-energy, and tidal power. 5.2 It usually also includes technologies that improve energy efficiency. 5. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCES

12. 6.1 Fossil Fuel 6. Consumable Energy

13. 6.2World Oil Production Deffeyes Prediction (2001) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Production (billion bbl/yr) 80 1900 20 40 60 80 2000 20 40 60 Year Source: Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

14. 6.3 Consumable Energy (Nuclear) i) Fission power plants exist, fusion plants not yet. ii) Brings 10 billion people up to top 20% lifestyle Need 8,000 additional uranium plants Exhaust all uranium fuel in 10 years iii) If we use breeder reactors Uranium then adds plutonium and thorium to fuel cycle Uranium will last 700 years (2x life of coal)

15. i) Solar power density = 1.36 kW/m 2 Exo-atmospheric incident power density ii) Solar Electric costs 10X fossil electric Price competition due to tax credits today Large Solar Plant reduces Biomass Large Solar Plant does not harvest Carbon iii) Water power is developed in US Produces 1 to 6% of energy in US 6.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY

16. iv) Wind power is developing Capable of ~ 1 to 12% of US base load Hawaii now has wind capacity = 20% of base load Peak capacity unusable due to inability to control v) Off Peak Storage remains a challenge 6.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY

17. 7. Energy planning 7.1 Energy planning is known as a means to manage community energy systems. It has been(and still is)applied in many countries as a tool for setting up future energy policies ranging from national to local levels. 7.2 Energy planning and sustainability aspects has two theoretical pillars: Planning Theory Principles of Sustainable Development

18. 8. Energy Planning Framework Planning Theory Energy Planning Sustainable Development Planning Discipline Environmental Planning Science Social Planning System Economic Planning Process Institutional

19. 9. Principles of sustainable development

20. 10. Sustainability dimensions in relationship with energy 10.1 Energy and the environmental dimension 10.2 Energy and economic dimension 10.3 Energy and the social dimension 10.4 Energy and the institutional dimension

21. 11. Sustainable energy planning 11.1 The energy crisis of the 1970s has increased the need for application of energy planning as a tool for better management of community energy systems. 11.2 Adding the term ‘sustainable development’ into the political agenda in 1980s has increasingly engaged environmental, economic and social issues in decision-making and has also influenced planning processes. 11.3 These changes, together with technological developments, have added to the complexity of community energy systems. 11.4 New approaches to existing energy planning methods have been taken to be able to deal with the new circumstances (or in order to adapt them for the new sustainability paradigm) by, e.g., increasing the share of renewable energy resources in energy supply systems, focusing on more efficient energy production i.e. co-generation and CHP utilization, etc.

22. 12.Characteristics of sustainable energy planning 12.1 Integration of the sustainability dimensions in energy planning 12.2 Institutional guidelines 12.3 Sufficient public private participation 12.4 Long-term planning perspectives 12.5 Flexibility against unexpected changes

23. 13. Energy and the Millennium Development Goals 13.1 Many of the LDCs are off-track in meeting the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). The crisis is most severe in sub-Saharan Africa where there is continuing food insecurity, disturbingly high child and maternal mortality, growing numbers of people living in slums and an overall rise in extreme poverty. In South Asia there has been little progress in meeting the MDGs and a majority of the population is living below the poverty line.

24. 13.2 The energy challenges that underlie MDG achievement are best illustrated by the number of people who do not have access to modern energy services. It is estimated that worldwide there are 2.5 billion people who rely on traditional fuels such as wood, charcoal, and dung as their principal source of energy for cooking and heating. 13.3 Almost 1.6 billion people have no access to electricity. In light of these daunting figures, energy’s important role in underpinning MDG achievement is now being recognized by the international development community. This is due to the fact that energy is a prerequisite for meeting all of the MDGs because of its inherent linkage with poverty alleviation, education, gender equity, health, and the protection of the environment

25. 14. Recommendations for LDC Recommendations for LDC to Overcome the energy crises are: Integrate energy considerations into MDG-based national development strategies Mobilization of investments Develop institutional capacity

26. 15.1 Energy Security 15.2 Reasonable Tariff Policy 15.3 Attendance Services for Entire Population 15.4 Minimum Cost Expansion considering Social-environmental Constraints 15.5 Strengthening of Planning 15.6 Matrix Diversification 15.7 National Integration 15.8 National Energy Sources Fostering, Renewable and Competitive 15.9 National Technology Development 15. PRINCIPLES AND GOALS OF ENERGY POLICY

27. 16.1 The world is changing. There is no denying this reality because we come face to face with it every day—every time we swipe our debit cards at the grocery store or at the gasoline pump and especially as we sit back in the comfort and confines of our homes and watch the evening news in a state of constant apprehension. 16.2 As the world transforms before our eyes, global trepidation over climate change and our energy use grows. 16.3 Energy consumption is of particular concern because energy supports our economies and lifestyles; we need energy to enjoy all the benefits and conveniences of modern life especially in developed nations. 16.4 Everything we consume and produce requires energy. It is inevitable to search for Sustainable Energy to continue the rhythm of life in the world. 16. Conclusion

28. Thank you