Grazing Management Potential On Soil Carbon Storage Essay

Grazing Management Potential On Soil Carbon Storage Essay
Grazing management potential on soil carbon storage:
There is potential to build soil carbon in grazing systems by improving pasture production and
managing grazing pressure to increase inputs of plant biomass into the soil. Strategies to build soil
carbon in grazing systems could include pasture improvement through fertilisation, irrigation or
species selection and managing the timing, intensity and frequency of grazing. For the purposes of
this positive list proposal permanent destocking is not considered to be a form of managing grazing
systems.
A review of soil carbon sequestration potential for Australian agriculture by Sanderman et al. (2010)
concluded that: In general, grazing at appropriate stocking levels will maintain or enhance soil C
[carbon] stocks (Conant et al. 2001) due to positive effects on vegetative growth (LeCain et al.
2000; McNaughton et al. 1996; Sims et al. 1978) and turnover of both above–ground shoots and
below–ground roots (Nyborg et al. 1999; Schuman et al. 1999; Sims et al. 1978). However, many of
the details are not well understood (Ingram et al. 2008; Parton et al. 2001) and mixed results are
common (Derner et al. 2006; Pineiro et al. 2009).
The same review found that pasture improvements, such as fertilising with phosphate and lime,
irrigation and increasing the proportion of perennial grasses, could also result in increases in soil
carbon stocks. The review concluded that the potential for increasing soil carbon was likely to vary
across
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Rotational Graz Research Paper
Understand the Importance and Benefits of Rotational Grazing Rotational grazing is a topic
frequently discussed among producers. When done well, it is a system that can improve the
functionality, sustainability and profitability of any farm or ranch. Geoffrey Morell, a well–known
energy healer and nutritionist with over 20 years of experience in the field, is the co–founder of P.A.
Bowen Farmstead, where he supports and promotes the idea of rotation crazing as a means to boost
grass–fed, natural–raised cattle farming. Rotational grazing includes moving livestock through a
series of compounds so that when they have completed grazing the last compound in the series, the
forage in the first compound has fully recuperated. Rotations are often

Livestock Grazing Can Affect The Watershed Properties By...
Livestock grazing can affect the watershed properties by altering plant cover and by compaction of
the livestock's hooves. Reductions in the vegetation cover may: increase the impact of raindrops,
decrease soil organic matter and soil aggregates, increase surface soil crusts, and decrease water
infiltration rates [2]. These effects can cause an increase in runoff, a reduction in soil water content,
and increased erosion. The impacts of grazing can vary naturally, but it mainly depends on the area
and time, due to climate, vegetation, intensity and duration of livestock. There are few studies that
have attempted to justify the natural variations. Documentation of the power and duration of grazing
has been poorly or completely disregarded [2].
Water is one of the most important products derived from rangelands and forests. The forests and
watersheds should be viewed as watersheds and secondarily for their food, forage, wood, wildlife,
and social. Watersheds are very diverse in their natural erosion, high flooding rate behavior, and
high amounts of sediments. In some areas, plant cover and soil layers have not developed
appropriately to make an influence on how water is generated from the land. For more extensive
areas, plant cover and soil mantle have developed to exert a high degree of control on the reception
and disposition of precipitation. Low rates of erosion, normally moderate peak stream discharges,
normally small sediment loads, and optimum infiltration are the

Advantages of Grazing Cattle on Public Lands
Grazing cattle on public lands can have many advantages. Monetary gain is a large reason why lands
are utilized (Council for Agricultural Science, Livestock Grazing on Federal Land). However
grazing may be used as a tool for managing rangelands. Grazing could have possibly been the first
form of rangeland management other than fire (Frost, Prescription Grazing). With this method,
weeds and other undesirable vegetation were targeted to reduce numbers. However, if prescribed
incorrectly it could lead to poor conditions for other organisms living in that environment (Frost,
Prescription Grazing). Recently there has been a push toward research for the protection of the sage
grouse. In this paper we will explore the effects of rangeland grazing and rangeland treatments on
the sage grouse and its habitat.
The sage grouse, as the name may imply, has a large reliance on the sagebrush. Sage grouse need
large areas of sagebrush for cover, feed, and nesting (Patterson, Sage in Wyoming). A study in 1998
on sage grouse nests found higher concentrations of successful sage grouse nests that were located
in undisturbed sagebrush sample areas that had thick brush cover and taller canopies (Sveum,
Nesting Habitat Selection). In the summer, sage grouse require a variety of components to survive.
The bird uses the sagebrush for cover though they also need open area with grasses and forbs for
insect feed for their offspring and for mating (Dunn, Adult Female and Juvenile).
Over the years,

Taylor Grazing Act: A Case Study
The Taylor Grazing Act was passed in 1934, signed by President Roosevelt, it was created to stop
overuse of certain public lands from grazing livestock (BLM, 2011). These lands were obtained by
the US from other nations and Indian tribes (Sneed, 2014). The Taylor Grazing Act was combined
with the General land office under the new heading of the Bureau of Land Management or BLM, in
1946. The Taylor Grazing Act was pre–empted by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act or
FLPM, in 1976. 155 million acres are available for livestock grazing in the West, including
California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming, which
includes the area claimed by the Bundy's (Sneed). The FLPMA was put in place to manage the BLM
administered lands. With the implementation came changes regarding how leases/permits were
managed. The FLPMA implemented a selective management policy and thhe BLM's objective is to
ensure the health and productivity of the public lands. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fish and Wildlife Service listed the desert tortoise as an endangered species within a year they
upgraded the classification to threated. This caused the BLM to designate/confiscate hundreds of
thousands of acres of land in Nevada for strict conservation efforts, which meant eliminating
livestock grazing of the area. This was the kindling that fueled the flames resulting in the ranchers
uprising, headed by Cliven Bundy. Bundy reported that his family had homesteaded the property
since 1877, his ranch is adjacent to the public grazing lands, since there had not been a problem with
the lease up to that point, he felt that the government was doing a land grab. He started his protest of
the changes in the standards used to determine lease/permit rules in 1993, then the State of Nevada
revoked his license. He did not pursue obtaining a new

Rocky Mountain Flor Case Study
Ronnie Estes
Rocky Mountain Flora
April 17, 2015
Timothy
Family/Description
Timothy, Phleum pratense, is in the family Poaceae, the grass family. This grass is a cool–season
perennial plant that grows in bunches or clumps. It has a shallow and fibrous root system. Leaves
vary in length from a few inches to a foot and are about 1/4 inch wide and narrowing toward the tip.
Heads are a dense cylindrical spike–like panicle. Seeds are very small, numerous and usually
enclosed in glumes. Timothy is different from most other grasses in that 1 or occasionally 2 of the
basal internodes of the stem swell into a bulb–like growth and serve as a storage stem. This
characteristic is used for identification of the plant during its early growth stages. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is used in cool humid, temperate, high rainfall regions for grazing, primarily by cattle. Timothy is
often seeded in mixtures with legumes such as alfalfa or clover for better performance, as it is the
grass least competitive with legumes, but it is also grown alone to make premium hay, particularly
for horses. Timothy is used for pasture, silage, but mostly for hay and is highly responsive to
fertilizers.
Erosion control: Timothy can be used with legumes and/or other grasses in a mix for cover
purposes, filter strips, waterways, and other critical area applications. Timothy helps stabilize the
soil and has been used for erosion control. It is well adapted to intense disturbances and is widely
used for rehabilitation of highly disturbed sites: cutover, burned–over, and overgrazed mountain
rangelands, sites disturbed by construction of railroads, canals, trails or highways, logging sites and
strip mines as well as sites altered for recreational purpose.

Grazing Versus Ecosystem Conservation: Managed Grazing...
Grazing Versus Ecosystem Conservation: Managed Grazing Techniques Must be Implemented
One of the major issues confronting western America is that of environmental conservation and
protection versus agricultural essentials and needs. This issue includes the environmentalists' fight
against herbicides and pesticides, reservoirs for irrigation water, and livestock grazing on public
land. The controversy that this essay confronts will be that of the desire to use public land for
livestock grazing versus the importance of preserving the rangeland ecosystem. Importance is found
on each side of this controversy by various groups of people. What will there be for tomorrow's
generation if the ecosystems of public lands are not preserved? ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ecosystems were damaged by erosion, once again due to the lack of vegetation resulting from
overgrazing. These damages turned the general public against grazing on rangelands, mainly out of
fear that all of the public lands could turn out like this. In order to prevent this from happening
again, rangeland management plans were introduced at the first of the twentieth century; however,
these weren't well developed until the 1930's, and so overgrazing continued up to this time. By then,
the knowledge and research was sufficient that the government was educated enough to instill
numerous conservation strategies, including managed grazing plans. These plans, enforced by the
government, stopped year–round grazing, limited the numbers of cattle permitted on the rangelands,
and consequentially, halted overgrazing However, by that time many rangeland ecosystems were
past the point of no return (Vavra 2341).
Today many conservationists believe that a resting period, a time where all cattle are removed from
damaged areas, will allow them to return to their optimum state. However, experience and research
shows that a decrease or halt of the grazing in a region alone will not bring back what was destroyed
in the nineteenth century, and this can be seen by the miniscule amount of improvement seen in
areas that have had no grazing since 1930. (CAST "Grazing" 1). In fact,

Lungworm Research Paper
Lungworm (also known as the husk), is caused by the worm Dictyocaulus viviparus. Lungworms
live in the airways of the lungs and can cause severe respiratory problems and coughing. It can
affect both young and adult animals after they have been exposed to infected pastures for grazing.
Lungworm mainly affects cattle, but has also been seen in other ruminants, such as sheep, goats and
deer. The number of cases in lungworm has risen since the 1990s, mostly due to wet summers. Life
Cycle Four stages of this parasite have been identified the first stage is the penetration phase which
is day 1–17 during this stage the larvae moves into the body of the animal and moves to the lungs.
The second stage which is the prepatent phase which is day 8–25 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Treated cattle should be moved from the infected pasture and if possible moved to a clean pasture or
into well vented housing. When treating you should separate the cattle into the four stages, and
severity of the disease. Calves that only show signs of coughing and have labored breathing would
be classified as being in the prepatent stage. Treatment for those calves should result in a quick
recovery, although they may have a quick recovery they may not have developed a strong resistance
to it so they should not be returned to grazing. Calves that have a fever and show severe signs of
lungworm should be kept indoors for their treatment and should be kept under close observation.
Even when treating cattle you still may have a portion that could not recover, and some may recover
but may stay permanently stunted. Anthelmintics may be used but depending on the severity and
what stage the animal is in antibiotics may need to be used. Some medications that can be used
include Doramectin, Eprinomectin, Ivermectin, Moxidectin, and Bovilis Huskvac which is
vaccination that helps prevent lungworm. Huskvac could be given before put out to pasture and can
help control herds with a history of

Indirect Losses
Indirect Losses: Indirect losses include those activities or costs that are incurred by a livestock
operation to prevent losses or costs incident to livestock poisonings by plants. Livestock owner are
spending a high amount of cost for managing their livestock heath and production in areas where
poisonous plants are common. These costs include labor to find, treat, and (or) remove affected
animals; the cost of building and maintaining fences to keep livestock away from the plants; and
underutilization of forage resources. Costs incurred in controlling the plant, which would include
spraying with herbicides, grubbing or plowing, pulling the plants, burning, mowing, or other control
programs, are added costs due to poisonous plants. Indirect ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hay or forages harvested in areas where poisonous plants are abundant may be contaminated with a
high percentage of poisonous plants and when animals are fed contaminated hay, they may be
poisoned. Poisonous plants can affect every organ system and can create a problem on animal health
and decrease production intensity that we get from our livestock. There are many different types of
plant species in and along pastures and range land and sometimes in hay that can cause toxicity
problems to livestock. Even with our ever increasing knowledge about poisonous plants and their
toxins, poisonings continue to occur on livestock operations due to management error and due to
human activities. Poisoning in humans and livestock from toxic plants also continues to be a
significant risk, in livestock production and density as well as in human especially to children. It is
important to be aware of these plants and their toxicity symptoms. Plant poisonings will
undoubtedly increase in wildlife populations also, as humans continue to encroach on their native
ranges and interrupt their migratory pathways. There are times such as early spring, during summer
or droughts when forage supplies are low and this is when one needs to be most aware of what
livestock is

Argumentative Essay On Wild Horses
The mustangs run with a spirit that makes them legendary here in the west. On a bitter cold
morning, dozens of wild horses descend off the mountains of eastern Oregon, galloping miles across
the rangeland. Stallions and mares, guiding their young. It is an incredible sight, but also one that
infuriates many hard working Americans. Horse's hoof prints in cattle grazing lands, drinking the
water supply dry. Farmers are losing their grazing rights before their cattle even step foot on the
property. There is another animal taking over the land. Wild horses.
Feral horses are viewed as a symbol of freedom and power here in the United States. However, they
are also a relatively unmanaged, non–native grazer. Information about their influence on vegetation
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Congress passed wild horse protection in 1971, the government estimated 17,000 wild horses
and burros roamed across 10 western states. Today, the BLM estimates that population has grown to
over 40,000.
There are over 40,000 wild horses running wild in the western states, and almost 50,000 in captivity.
It costs five dollars and fifty cents per day, for almost 50,000 horses. That is over forty six million
dollars a year! The Oregon Corral for wild horses expanded in 2013 to hold 800 horses, at one time,
it held 1200 horses. "It is completely Full!" Rob Sharp, the manager for the BLM's Oregon wild
horses says, "It absolutely can't go on forever. This is not a sustainable way of managing these
horses."
For decades, the Bureau of Land Management has relied on the strategy of rounding up excess
horses with helicopters and storing them in a system of private ranches and feedlots. But now, with
almost 50,000 horses in storage, the system is out of space and money. In response, the agency has
drastically cut roundups, leaving horses to multiply out on the range.
The Bureau of Land Management says that Western rangelands can sustain about 26,000 wild
horses. There are now over 40,000. In five years, there could be more than 100,000, according to
agency

Internal Parasites And Explain How To Write An Essay On...
The need to control internal parasites will exist as long as cattle are grazing pastures. There are
many different kinds of internal parasites, including roundworms (nematodes), tapeworms
(cestodes), flukes (trematodes), protozoans (such as coccidia), and helminths (worms). However,
this essay will discuss tapeworms (cestodes) specifically. A tapeworm is a flat, segmented worm that
lives in the intestines of some animals. They can be anywhere from 4 to 28 inches long, and they
attach to the intestinal walls and feed off of the host's food and nutrients. The worm has a thin neck
and the rest of the body consists of detachable body segments. These contain male and female
reproductive organs and as the segments mature and are pushed further down the body by the
development of new young segments at the neck, many thousands of eggs are formed in each
segment. Some tapeworms (eg Taenia saginata) have motile segments, which can crawl out the anus,
dropping to the ground and then crawl around the ground, expelling eggs over an area. Others (eg
Taenia solium) are non–motile, they are passed in the dung and remain there until they dry out, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The postmortem examination is the most accurate method of determining parasitism. A postmortem
exam shows both the types of worms present, and the damage to the animal. Internal parasite
infection levels can be estimated in live cattle by counting the eggs shed with the feces. The eggs are
quantified as eggs per gram (EPG) of feces by a trained individual. An EPG is only an estimate of
parasite populations, because it is incredibly difficult to . Results from this test may be misleading.
Variations in egg counts can arise from the ratio of immature to mature worm populations, worm
species, degree of inhibition, consistency of the manure, etcetera. Realistically, a herd should be
sampled on multiple occasions to determine worm

Grassland Soil Erosion Of Grasslands
Environmental Science Professor Delia Comeau Case Study: Grassland Soil Erosion Overgrazing of
grasslands is an issue occurring in many areas around the nation. In fact, it is the leading cause of all
soil degradation, being responsible for more than 30 percent (Withgott & Lapostata, 2014, p. 222).
Overgrazing has many consequences: land degradation; poor soil quality; invasive species of weeds
and plants; 1loss in biodiversity; increased flooding prevalence and increased magnitude; even a
possible contribution to climate change (Withgott & Lapostata, 2014, p. 229; Hogan, 2010). When
faced with 500,000 acres of public land that are enduring these issues, many steps need to be taken
in order to determine the future of the land and if grazing will be allowed to continue. One of the
main ways of helping determine the future use of the land is in the soil quality. By observing the soil
color, pH, texture, and structure, the proper means of restoration and conservation can be better
determined.
There are many aspects soil that can be observed and measured in order to determine the quality of
the lands condition. One property of soil that can be looked at is the color. 2Soil color can determine
its composition and fertility. Soil that is pale in color usually suggest low organic contents and even
leaching, while soil that is dark browns and black in color often suggest higher organic content and
richness (Withgott & Lapostata, 2014, p. 220). Soil pH is another property that helps

The Effects of Grazing and Trampling Behaviors of...
The Effects of Grazing and Trampling Behaviors of Large–Sized Livestock on the Formation and
Weathering Patterns of Soils
Introduction
Walter Coppinger, a Professor of Geosciences at Trinity College in San Antonio and long–time
observer of Montana geology, was the first person to describe to me the many problems of the
western rangelands that have developed out of the over–grazing of cattle. From a hilltop among the
upland slopes of Whitehall, Montana, he pointed out a few patches of bare earth on the horizon and
some gullying out of trails across the rangelands in the distance. Rangelands are areas of land on
which livestock are left to roam and graze. Traditionally the great plains and rolling hills of the
Western States have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many different animal species that graze the rangelands of the world: bison in the
grasslands of the Western United States, mountain goats in the Rocky Mountains, and herds of
Caribou in Northwest Canada (Butler, 1995). In many cases, the actual effects that different animals
have depends greatly on biological factors characteristic of their particular species, such as how
large their populations tend to be, their average weight and how they distribute their weight when
they walk or climb, feeding patterns, migration patterns, and other differences that depart too far
from the focus of this essay to be considered in any great detail. For the purposes of this paper,
unless otherwise specified, I will be considering the effects of cows, bison, and other "cattle–like"
livestock animals that tend to have relatively similar physical characteristics.
The degree to which an area has been grazed is often loosely categorized as an area of "light,"
"moderate," or "heavy" grazing, with "light" indicating rangelands with the greatest surface area and
fewest animals and "heavy" indicating smaller areas for larger populations. Again, these general
terms may depend on the particular species being considered.
Trampling and grazing on one topography type will not necessarily have the same effect as it will
have on another. Most rangelands are found on uplands (lower, flatter land is more often

Sustainable Farming On Cattle Ranches : Sustainable...
Dill S Credit # 1
Sustainable Agriculture on Cattle Ranches
In America, there is an estimated 100,000 cattle and calf producing ranches. There are nine states
that have more cattle than people. With so much cattle population, there is a lot of pollution that
comes with it, which is why sustainable agriculture is so important. It is important to create
sustainable agriculture producing practices on cattle farms to keep the agroecosystem viable for
centuries to come. A few methods are using cattle breeds that thrive in the natural ecosystem,
producing cattle in a place where feed can be bought locally, and mitigating soil erosion or loss in
pastures.
Sustainable agriculture, in simple terms, is the production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal
products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities,
and animal welfare ("Sustainable Agriculture – The Basics," 2017). Sustainable ag is something that
most farmers want to achieve, but because of it's expensive cost, most farms are not. Farming
became industrialized in the mid–1900's to produce food and fiber that could be mass produced at a
very cheap price. The problem with industrialized agriculture are the negative impacts to the
environment, animal welfare, public health, and rural communities. Following a few steps will
ensure the future of successful agriculture.
One step to becoming a sustainable farm is to use cattle breeds that will thrive in the natural
ecosystem. For

The Effects Of Grazing On Wildlife And Plant Species And...
Rangeland is any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation
which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores. Over the last couple of decades grazing of public
rangelands in the United States has become very controversial. Groups opposing has cited
degradation of public trust resources and detrimental to wildlife and plant species while advocates
believe that grazing is beneficial to the wildlife and plant species and holding up the long tradition
of ranching. However, beyond the arguments of both sides is a complex web of scientific
information, ecosystem processes, and practical issues related to grazing that must be carefully
considered before judging whether grazing is beneficial or detrimental for any given situation. In
most cases the question is not black and white, but rather a matter of weighing the expected effects
of grazing against the objectives for a particular site.
Rangelands occur on all continents, particularly in Africa, Australia and the United States. It
presently occupies about 47% of the world's land and contributes significantly to the production of
ecosystem goods and services. In Australia alone, almost 81% is classified as rangeland. In the
United States 36% is considered rangeland, with 53% located in 19 western states. At present United
States rangelands comprise approximately 770 million acres with the private sector owning more
than half. Rangelands in the United States are diverse lands from the

Inappropriate Observation
After conducting a t–test and regression in R, we can conclude that vegetation cover differs on and
off a prairie dog colony meaning that prairie dogs have a significant effect of grassland vegetation
by increasing vegetation richness and diversity. As we already said, there was a greater variety of
plants in the grassland region with prairie dogs than in the region without prairie dogs. The fact that
there is more vegetation on a prairie dog colony region than off a prairie dog colony suggests that
sites inhabited by prairie dog populations will have a richer distribution of plants and a healthier
prairie ecosystem. Kotliar, N. B. (1999) and Koford, C. B. (1958) also reported in their studies that
grass abundance and plant species richness

Human Morphology
88. Although these molecules allow some radiations at visible wavelengths, where most energy of
sunlit is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the loneger–wavelength, infrared
emissions radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. 89. The role that anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating details of human
behaviors, but one of imposing constrants–ways of feeling, thinking and acting that come naturally
from architypal situations in any human cultures. 90. The role these anthropogists ascribe to
evolation is not of dictating the details of human behavior, but one of imposing constrains–ways of
feeling, thinking and acting that 'come naturally' in archetypal situations in any cultures. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
92. Which of the following most probably provides an analogy from human morphology for the
'details' verses 'constrains' distinction made in passage in relation to human behaviors? 93. A low
number of algal cells in the present of a high number of grazers susgested, but did not prove, that the
grazers had removed most of the algae. 94. A low number of algal cells in the present of a high
number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that grazers had removed the most numbers of

Native Grasslands Research Paper
Grasslands across the United States have been badly degraded and cover just a fraction of the area
they once did (Withgott & Laposata, 2013). The problem is most apparent in the Southwest
including Texas and the four corner states of Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. There are
several causes that have and continue to degrade native grasslands in these areas. This paper will
discuss a few of these causes and explore ways to stop and reverse some of the damage.
In the more arid Southwest, livestock grazing has been a stable of the economy since the days of
Spanish settlers. Today, cattle and sheep are the two main livestock grazed on public lands including
on land managed by the BLM (Milchunas, 2006). Due to the sensitive nature of arid grasslands,
overgrazing is one factor that has caused native grass populations including black grama, blue
grama, and sand dropseed, to greatly decrease while encouraging non–native and native invasive
species to flourish. Examples of non–natives species include tumble weed and lovegrass
(Milchunas, 2006). Examples of native species that have become invasive in former grassland areas
include broom snakeweed, mesquite, and one–seed juniper. The reduction in overall ground cover
has also led to the reduced moisture capacity of the soil and a removal of the more productive
topsoil from both wind and water.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This approach includes cooperation between the various stakeholders of an area, in this case, the
area is 500k acres of BLM land. It also includes balancing the ecological needs of an area along
with the recreational and economical needs of the public that also depend on the area. The BLM will
need to study all of the uses of this land to in order to create an effective restoration

The And Its Effects On The Environment
Conclusion
Many animals influence their local habitat by energy and material uptake and waste production
while many other organisms changes the chemical balance and alter the local infrastructure.
Through a variety of mechanisms, animals are equipped to modify their local community but
animals that change a habitat's structure through the physical process of engineering and
consumption of plant material indirectly regulates an ecosystem's infrastructure and dynamics.
(Wright and Jones, 2006; Davidson and Lightfoot, 2008). These engineers increase and shape
landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity by creating unique patches of habitat that differ from the
surrounding landscape (Wright and Jones, 2006; Davidson and Lightfoot, 2008). While ... Show
From the continuous grazing, canopy height of the mid–height grasses are directly affected and
rarely reaches its full size. One important observation of the perennial plants when under heavy
grazing are morphological changes due to its genetic differentiation plasticity (Whicker and Detling
1988) . Intensive grazing can shift the dominance from traditionally large, tall plants to dwarf
morphs that are either more grazing tolerant or preferentially less intensively grazed than their taller
counterparts (Whicker and Detling 1988). Thereafter, mid–height grasses are replaced with
shortgrass species and annual forbs.
Grazing by burrowing mammals also enhances plant nitrogen uptake, resulting in increased forage
quality on their colonies (Whicker and Detling 1988; Villarreal et al. 2008). By increasing forage
quality, it attracts ungulates like bison to prairie dog colonies which further increases forage quality
and decreases vegetation height (Davidson, Detling, and Brown 2012). As a result, the ungulates and
prairie dogs can have mutualistic relationship (Davidson et al. 2010). In figure 1, the total nitrogen
yield aboveground was greater in the presence of prairie colonies compared to uncolonized areas.
This tells us that because both prairie dogs and the larger herbivores are able to remove sizable
quantities of nutrients they directly influence the nutrient recycling resulting in a more rapid
turnover of readily available nutrients near the soil surface. Along with

What Are The Common Characteristics That All Four Land...
The common traits that all four land areas expressed on the survivorship curve were between type
one, two and three. Most of the species found in the vegetable block, grazed and ungrazed pastures
such as Vulpia are R selected. R selected are short lived, highly mobile, often density–independent
and the survivorship is typically lower than K selected species (Parry, 1981). R selected are typically
more frequent than K selected but are also unstable. The woodlot and some species in the ungrazed
pasture are K selected species, such as Blackberry. These species are typically long lived, the
mobility is often more sedentary, often density–dependent and the survivorship is typically medium
to high (Parry, 1981). Shorter lived plants are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the middle of the graph (grazed and ungrazed) longer lived annual and biennial R species such as
thistle, are found. As the curve then starts to decrease R selected species start to slowly drop out and
longer living K species start to come into the population, as the perennials knock short lived annuals
due to competing for resources. Refer to table one for a description of each plant species and their
perenniality and lifecycle.
Diversity dependence depends on trophic cascades and the top down (natural enemies) or bottom up
(resources available). Top down is the approach where species increase and so does peats and
predators and as a result of increased pests the plant density decrease. Bottom up is the approach
where the plant population increases, resources will run out, such as nutrients, water and light due to
the competition of a higher populated area. The vegetable block would have higher nutrient contents
due to added fertiliser during the season and low competition due to a lower plant population is
shown by the higher percentage of bare ground demonstrated in figure two. This land area will also
have a lower water due to tillage, which dries out the soil moisture. A resource that would be
available in the woodland would be shade due to a highly populated area. As the smaller plant
species would be in shade most of the time, it would result in a lower photosynthetic rate resulting
in a slower development (Martins et al.,

Causes And Effects Of Overgrazing
The Great Eastern Ranges are a large group of ranges spanning from Northern Victoria to North
Queensland. Since the early settlers of Australia arrived the ranges have been a popular spot for
agriculture and grazing animals. Australia's farming industry relies heavily on the sustaining of the
corridor. (The Great Eastern Ranges. (2017)). Figure 1 shows the location of the Great Eastern
Ranges.
Figure 1: Map of location of the Great Eastern Ranges
2.0 Overgrazing In General
Overgrazing is the result of livestock destroying natural pasture and vegetation or farmers moving
stock to paddocks that have not recovered from previous grazers. Overgrazing is the process of
continuously removing vegetation or pasture from land without giving it time to grow. (Conserve
Energy Future. (2016)).
3.0 Causes and Effects of Overgrazing
3.1 Causes of overgrazing
Overgrazing can be caused by a variety of factors of both natural and human origin. Such as
overstocking, poor irrigation, lack of animal control and overpopulation, improper land use and
drought. (Conserve Energy Future. (2016)).
3.2 Environmental Impacts of Overgrazing
Overgrazing can become very harmful to environments. It can result in the loss of native species and
a reduction of biodiversity within an area. Soil can become compacted or eroded and damaging
weeds may begin to grow. Overgrazing can cause plants to lose leaves and lead to ringbarking. Once
land has become compacted by grazing

Grazing Management Vs Conventional Tillage Essay
Grazing Management vs Conventional tillage: Which method is best for SOC.
Introduction:
Soil is the major terrestrial reservoir of carbon, storing more than twice the amount of carbon than
the atmosphere1 as decomposed plant litter and residue2. Any changes in soil carbon storage have
the potential to modify the global carbon cycle and influence climate change3. Studies have
estimated that adopting appropriate land management practices alone might offset about a third of
the global annual greenhouse–gas emissions4. Grasslands comprise approximately 40% of the
earth's land area and play a critical role in the global carbon cycle5. Grazing, as the most
geographically expansive grassland use today, can exert significant influence on more than a quarter
of the global potential for soil carbon storage6. Although grazing practice converts consumed plants
into CO2 and other greenhouse gases, multiple studies have shown that good grazing management
can often lower net ecosystem carbon emissions and promote soil carbon storage7, especially in dry
ecosystems8. Thus, facilitating soil carbon sequestration through improved grazing regimes in these
regions is an important measure for offsetting greenhouse–gas emissions to mitigate current climate
change (ref).
Meanwhile, Conventional tillage practices is another practice which was once embraced to be
sustainable to meet world food production due to growing population, but later result in significant
losses of soil organic matter (SOM),

A Poem Analysis Of James Wright's A Blessing
A Blessing: Poem Analysis
James Wright's poem "A Blessing" starts off with a well–traveled "highway," not a forested trail, but
this speaker decides to get off at least for a few moments. Pulling off the highway, the speaker
moves over a fence and comes within reach of two horses grazing in a grassland. A puzzlingly
peaceful encounter arises. Nevertheless the whole mood of "A Blessing" is one of humble awe and
"happiness," an existing of longing and "loneliness" in the poem allusions that this gift of short–
lived joy is all too uncommon. And the gift itself calls for a measure of bravery, as the narrator must
first depart from the beaten path and go aboard on a journey into the inexperienced territory.
First thing to remember, with lines 7–8"We step over the barbed wire into the pasture ... Show more
As a symbol of this borderline, the barbed wire in line 7 breaks away the human beings from the
fascinating natural world occupied by the horses. The barbed wire also shuts in the horses,
abandoning them "alone" and hindering their longing to join their visitors. Then in line 15–17 where
the author says "I would like to hold the slenderer one in my arms, for she has walked over to me
and nuzzled my left hand." In these lines, the poet is the cause of the relationship surrounded by the
speaker and the horse through the use of tangible imagery images associated with the sense of touch.
As readers, we can just about sense the horse's silky muzzle nudging us. Become aware of the
explicit detail "left hand," which makes stronger the image by come together to our attention in a
specific area. Even though the speaker doesn't, in reality, wrap his arms around the horse, he
envisions doing it, so we envision doing it,

Invicta Soil Patterns
Introduction
The accidental introduction of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae: Myrmicinae) to Alabama between 1933 and 1945 led to the eventual invasion of all of
the southeastern US. Once established, the species quickly developed a reputation for both its sting
and its ability to rapidly invade new habitats. As S. invicta expanded its range out of urban centers
and into various other habitats, concerns arose about the ability of the species to invade pristine
systems and displace native ant species. Yet, research has found that S. invicta is less of a superior
competitor and more of an opportunistic, disturbance–specialist. For example, a study in southeast
Texas by LeBrun et al. (2012) compared the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
invicta (Stiles and Jones 1998, Forys et al. 2002). In the Florida Keys in the late 80's, the density of
S. invicta was relatively low, as invasion had not yet occurred on every island (Porter 1992). By
2002 a study by Forys et al. found high densities primarily concentrated along roadways and in edge
habitats in every Key. Furthermore, undisturbed sites were more likely to be occupied if they were
within 50m of a road and within 150m of high densities of urban development. This indicates that
the conditions within these sites of localized disturbance allow for persistence and eventual dispersal
into undisturbed sites (Forys et al.

Descriptive Essay
My pencil was gently grazing my notebook as I passed the time waiting for seventh period to end.
Suddenly the bell rang and everyone in the school flooded the halls like a tsunami in full force. The
goal, get to the pep rally first. Why? You might ask. Everyone wanted to be in the front and center,
but my friends didn't. I walked into the pep rally, and not to my surprise none of my friends were
there. "They all skipped didn't they.", I thought slightly annoyed to myself. I actually enjoy these
things and wanted to make the most of my senior year, by attending. "It's whatever", I thought to
myself. I wasn't mad I expected it, but right when all hope was lost my friend Alyssa showed up.
She was the good one of the friend group, honest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"You ready?", I asked while smiling and excited for the night to come. "Of course", she replied
sweetly, and with a smile that was brighter than the full moon. We walked in casually, and briefly
talking amongst ourselves about school and what not. We walked in and went straight to the ticket
booth. Well table more or less. There was more than one person accepting money and handing out
tickets, so we both were paying at the same time. One of the teachers working the ticket stand was,
Mrs. Bunna, she was my ACT prep teacher. Now I knew I wasn't her favorite, mostly because I
would sleep during our practice tests, but it was a pass or fail class that didn't affect my gpa. So I
could've cared less. "Hello." I said to her with a large smile, genuinely trying to be nice to her.
"Hello Shane, it seems like you're lucky tonight." she replied with a slight grin in her smile. "What
do you mean?" I asked surprised and slightly confused. "Here, it's the last one.", she replied,
handing me an orange towel to wave around during the game. At first I thought nothing of it other
than that it was cool to get the last one. We both had our tickets and walked through the heavy doors
of the gym to find our seats. When the doors opened there was a certain energy that you could fell in
the air. The stands were full on both sides enjoying the girls' game and eagerly awaiting the boys'
game. We arrived at the student section, tons of familiar faces looking at me

The Role Of Overgrazing In The Great Plains
Natalie,
I enjoyed reading your post and about the overgrazing in the Great Plains. Over grazing was
growing so rapidly in the 1800's and later in that century caused the public rangelands to become
severely depleted and overcrowded (U.S Department of the Interior, 2015). The Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) reports that after the implementation of the Taylor Grazing Act (TGA) of 1934
there was a significant decrease in grazing livestock on public lands by ranchers, decrease in
livestock population, and increased operation sustainability and stability (U.S Department of the
Interior, 2015). As a result, between ranchers' cattle, sheep and horses, sustainable grass is scarce
and can hardly support a variety of herds. (Rayburn, 2000). In contrast, journalist Robin Walters and
Sebastian Tsocanos report that there are not many overgrazed pastures at all (Rediscover The Prairie,
2014). In addition, they find that it is not a bad thing for a few herds to be around. Moreover, they
express a lack or worry for overgrazing creating another situation similar to the one during the
1800's that was widely considered a "Dust Bowl" (Rediscover The Prairie, 2014). In addition to the
current limitations on land for the vast majority of ranchers, there is now a careful thought taken into
account for future generations which prevents some ranchers to not be excessive like ... Show more
Furthermore, Robin and Sebastian specify the current problem on public land is the over–rest of
grass which is arguable just as bad for the grassland area and its biodiversity as overgrazing
(Rediscover The

The Area Of Interest, Livestock, Grazing, And Urban And...
Introduction
The area of interest is located in the San Joaquin Valley, California, primarily in the western part of
Fresno County, California. The primary land uses in the region are irrigated cropland, livestock,
grazing, and urban and home development (USDA 2015). Other land uses include recreation and
wildlife habitats. The land survey of the region consists of series of straight lines delineating fields
of crops, typically running north to south. A series of squares dominates the aerial view of the
region. The region experiences hot and dry summers with an average July high of 92°F and has
historically experienced cool and rainy winters with an average January low of 38°F which normally
lasts between November and April. However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rest of the area contains natural areas (trees & shrubs) with 15.9% (1,928.1 acres) and water
with 0.6% (73.7 acres). In 2014, the gross value of Fresno County agriculture production exceeded
seven billion dollars. Almonds was the number one crop at a value of $1.3 billion and grapes was a
close second at $905 million (County of Fresno, Department of Agriculture 2015). Other important
crops include poultry ($654 million), milk ($636 million), tomatoes ($524 million), pistachios ($378
million), garlic ($202 million), and cotton ($135 million).
The diversity, high total acreage and crop yield are the result of favorable factors; the Mediterranean
climate, long growing seasons, productive soils, and readily available and plentiful irrigation.
Agricultural operations in the area have significant and permanent impact on the properties and
management of the soils in the study area. Farming practices such as land leveling and irrigation
impacts surface soils and deeper soil profiles due to the percolation of irrigation water. The current
drought afflicting the region has increased the number of fallow acres steadily because of the
relative unreliability of the water supply. The lack of surface water availability has forced farmers to
turn more to groundwater to irrigate their crops. The pumping of water from deep wells and
increased consumption of ground water contributes to ground subsidence which in turn, affects the
geomorphology of the

What´s Glycine Peese Affect The Cheese?
The pasture is recommended to be a 40% legume and 60% mixture. This is recommended as the
grass provides the sheep with carbohydrates and the legumes provide the sheep with proteins.
It would be recommended that the legumes be planted separately from the grasses and that the
legumes be fenced off from the rest of the paddock as when ruminant eat too much legumes, gas
builds up in there stomach and it causes bloat in the animals this affects how hungry the sheep feel
so they would eat less food for the rest of the day.
There are two legume types that have been suggested; they are called glycine pea (Glycine tabacina)
and white clover (Trifolium repens). Glycine pea has been suggested as it is well suited to sandy
soils which means it is well

Essay about Public Grazing Lands
The grazing of public lands has become a very controversial issue over the last couple of decades.
This is due to the fact that there are some people who believe that grazing the land is beneficial to
the wildlife and the different plant species there. Then there are other people who have the belief
that the grazing of livestock on public lands is detrimental to wildlife and plant health. Therefore,
they believe that it is actually doing more harm than good.
What are Public Grazing Lands? Public lands are properties that are not owned by private land
owners, but instead are owned by the federal government. Ranchers are given permits or leases to
graze their livestock on these government owned lands. The government agency that has been ...
This act was modified and extended in 1986 by an executive presidential order. The modification
put a price ceiling on the grazing fee so that it could not fall below $1.35 per animal unit month
(AUM).
Taylor Grazing Act The Taylor Grazing Act as passed in 1934 (Stimpert). According to Marc
Stimpert in, "Counterpoint: opportunities lost and opportunities gained: separating truth from myth
in the western ranching debate", after the passage of the Taylor Grazing Act the Congress started to
use the Forest Service's system of allocating grazing lands. There were three purposes for passing
the act 1) to regulate occupancy of remaining public lands; 2) protect rangelands from harm; and 3)
to stabilize the livestock industry (Stimpert). The passage of the act gave power to the Secretary of
Interior to create "grazing districts" on public lands (Stimpert). The Taylor Grazing Act also has the
BLM regulate the occupancy and use of a grazing district. According to Stimpert, the act balance the
need to protect ranchers with the need to protect rangelands.
BLM and Management Aspects
The BLM manages about 245 million acres of public land and of those lands they manage 157
million grazing livestock. The BLM website states that the terms and conditions for grazing
livestock on BLM–managed lands are set forth in

Livestock Is Beneficial For The Environment
Livestock is Beneficial for the Environment Raising livestock has many beneficial effects on the
environment. They can create healthier land, which leads to healthier crops. They can also be trained
to graze to where they benefit the land. Grass–fed cattle produce healthier beef than grain–fed cattle,
giving people a healthier food choice. Some would argue that since livestock produce harmful
emissions, they are hurting the environment. Although they can produce emissions, livestock are
more beneficial to the land than harmful to it. Livestock creates healthy land and crops, can be
trained to graze properly, and produced healthy, grass–fed beef. Livestock is good for the
environment because they help land and crops become healthier. For example, Simon Fairlie claims,
"Organic crops, grown without animal manure, require 33 per cent more land (to supply green
manure) than crops grown with manure." Manure fertilizes the land, creating richer soil, requiring
less land to grow crops. Fairlie explains that approximately twenty–five percent of the world's land
is unsuitable for growing crops. Livestock can graze on the land, making use of it. The article "The
Role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
United Nations Global Environmental Alert Service claims, "Livestock emissions makeup nearly 80
percent of emissions from agriculture and agricultural emissions make up an estimated 10 to 35
percent of total global emissions." Although livestock produce a lot of emissions, their impact on the
soil and people outweigh the negative effects of the emissions.
Emissions from livestock are a negative effect on the environment. However, farmers are always
discovering new ways to raise livestock. Livestock helps the soil become richer in nutrients and
healthier overall. People also eat the meat from livestock, providing food to the public. Livestock
not only helps the environment, but helps the people within

The Debate Of Public Livestock Grazing
Western United States was unsettled by Americans in early the years. After the Civil War, known as
the era of homesteading, was designed by the government to promote the settlement of the western
states. Because there was a lack of understanding of the arid ecosystems and the increase of
westward settlement, western public rangelands were overgrazed. This in turn caused unintended
damage to soil, plants, streams, and springs. In 1934 the Taylor Grazing Act was passed by Congress
to create grazing districts that were portioned and regulated. In the 1960s and the 1970s public
appreciation for public lands increased. This advertently caused the Bureau of Land Management
(BLM) to modify land grazing permits so that endangered species, sensitive plants, and cultural or
historical objects can be preserved. (A Brief History of Public Lands Grazing, Bureau of Land
Management)
Still today the debate of public livestock grazing continues. There is much tension between farmers,
wildlife and environmental activists, the government, and the Bureau of Land Management. Farmers
say public livestock grazing production is economically beneficial. Wildlife and environmental
activist argue that this grazing harms the wildlife and their ecosystems. The government sees other
ways to use the land that would increase economic benefits. BLM is trying their best to make sure
everyone is happy. I should be allowed to research the controversy that surrounds livestock grazing
on public lands because:

Rangeland Paddocks
The first step in developing a grazing management plan is to have a good understanding of what
species are present in each paddock. Rangeland paddocks in NSW usually contain a variety of grass,
forbs and browse species. Of the 12 key species observed in this project Sclerolaena, Stipa and
Bottlewashers (Enneapogon spp) were the most common and were abundant in all paddocks.
Palatability of Sclerolaena spp ranges from low to high depending on the species and stage of
maturity. Of the nine species of Sclerolaena listed by Brooke and McGarva (1998) in western NSW,
about half are moderately utilised at the early stage of maturity or when other forages are scarce.
Stipa spp is probably the most frequent and abundant grass in the region (Cunningham ... Show
Digestion is the result of competition between the rates of digestion and passage. As passage rate
increases, the digesta flowing from the rumen will contain greater amounts of undigested feed
particles, resulting in a lower DMD (Varga and Kolver, 1997). Mwenya et al. (2003) in comparing
indigenous fat–tailed and Dorper sheep found that Dorper sheep had significantly (P<0.05) in
Dorper than in Merino sheep and this occurred when fed the lower quality, wheaten chaff diet.
Therefore glucose synthesis may potentially be higher in Dorper compared to Merino sheep. This is
an important finding and this may have contributed to the superior production responses reported by
several researchers including Scanlon et al. (2013) of Dorper compared to Merino sheep, especially
when fed on low quality, roughage

Angus Beef Cattle Enterprises Case Study
southforkAngus.com.au – Angus Beef Cattle Barns: Factors to Consider Before Starting Your Own
Before investing and operating Angus beef cattle barns, you need to gain certain knowledge and
skills, and understand all the responsibilities such a venture involves for you. For example of the
latter, a herd of cattle requires ongoing daily care to grow, thrive and reproduce in the proper
manner. If you think that you can just sit back and relax to make your venture successful, do not
start raising cattle. We provide you a list of factors below to consider before starting you own Angus
beef cattle venture.
Your Property Should Provide Adequate Grazing
The size of your fields must provide an adequate space for grazing without overcrowding along

Winter Grazing Research Paper
southforkangus.com.au – Angus Cattle Nutrition Tips for Winter Grazing
To continue to graze your Angus cattle in the winter, you must address their nutritional needs in an
effective, efficient manner. You need to ensure that they will receive sufficient protein, energy and
other requirements from your winter pastures. The length of the winter grazing season that you can
handle properly depends on the grass quality of the winter pastures and the cattle's nutritional needs
during throughout this season.
Ready Your Winter Pastures
The first thing you must do for winter grazing to be successful is to prepare your pastures in the
correct manner. These pastures need tall grass in them to ensure that the grass tips poke up above the
snow. Also, when the grass is this length the solar energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pregnancy stage of the cows or heifers might be another influencing factor since the nutritional
requirements for them increases significantly in the last three months of pregnancy.
Lactation stage of the cows can raise their need for nutrition when they are still nursing calves.
Schedule Calving During the Growing Season
Calving time at your farm or ranch has the highest influence on your winter grazing success. For this
reason, you need to keep calving from placing a strain on your winter grazing by scheduling it
during the growing season instead of practicing the 'spring calving' that traditional cattle ranchers
practice when their cattle are not primarily grass–fed. This reduces the nutritional need of the herd
during the winter since there will not be pregnant cows and heifers during this time of year.
Other Angus Cattle Nutrition Tips for Winter Grazing
Group cattle according to age for winter grazing
Remove underweight animals from the rest of herd to supplement their diets
Wean calves at nine or 10 months instead of six

Sorghum Research Paper
Forages in Australia are mainly kept in the country for use in feeding livestock. Excess forages are
cut to be baled for hay or they are ensiled, which means to be cut and stored in a silo or similar type
facility to be preserved as silage. Another newer and more popular use of forages are as cover crops
in between growing seasons. This is a good way to improve soil health and it also creates another
grazing area for livestock.
There are three main types of forages in Australia: sorghum, millet, and cover crops.
The first mentioned, sorghum, is the best known of the three. Although sorghum can be harvested as
grain, it is also used as a forage crop. Sorghum has a very high production potential which makes it
a great feed source for livestock. There are two main hybrids of sorghum that are grown in Australia,
and they are: sudan x sorghum where the bulk of this feed is available in the summer and autumn
and sweet sorghum where the bulk of feed is available in autumn. Although sorghum is a great feed
source, it does have a fault. The sorghum plants produce a toxic prussic acid when they are young
and if the plants are grazed by livestock during this period, it could be fatal to the livestock.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Temperate millet has an advantage because it is the first forage available for grazing in the spring.
But, it only produces well in temperate–like climates near the coast. Temperate millet also needs to
be grazed regularly to maintain the feed quality. It is planted starting in August. Hybrid millet is
desired by farmers in dryer growing conditions. The feed from the hybrid millet crop is mostly
available in the later summer and into autumn. Although it can be a good feed source, it is
unpalatable to livestock. Hybrid millet is planted in

4-3 Case Study: Grassland Soil Erosion
The first step that I would take to assess the land's condition is to take the time and goview the
property for myself. I would inspect the area for soil erosion which would be clearlyevident from
the large gullies. Soil erosion makes it difficult for vegetation to regrow, a problemthat perpetuates
the lack of cover and gives rise to more erosion (Withgott & Laposata, 2014).Soil erosion is a
serious problem and this would need to be fixed to help prevent it fromhappening even more. Then I
would look to see if the property really contained the invasiveweeds instead of the native grasses as
the invasive weeds are unpalatable to livestock (Withgott& Laposata, 2014). Finally I would look at
the shrubs to see if they were encroaching of thegrassland area. If all three factors were evident ...
This means the livestock eat too much of the grass andother vegetation exposing the soil and making
it so erosion can happen; by planting new nativegrass the erosion can be slowed down. Once the
grasslands where back functioning the way thatthey are supposed to be then grazing would be
allowed but it would be controlled.I would allow grazing as this is necessary for our livestock to
grow. We need ourlivestock to grow as this is one of our many food sources. I would allow the
grazing to happenbut I would set limits on it as this would prevent overgrazing from happening. If
overgrazingwere to happen to the area again it would essentially waste all the efforts that we put
forth torestore the area. Range managers in the United States assess the carrying capacity of
therangeland and inform livestock owners of these limits, so that herds are rotated from site to siteas
needed to conserve grass cover and soil integrity (Withgott & Laposata, 2014). This issomething
that I would stand by doing as it would allow there to be grazing but also preserve thearea so that it
can eventually be used

how come Essay
Grazing ecosystems support more herbivore biomass than any other terrestrial habitat (Sinclair
1975, Detling 1988, McNaughton et al. 1989, 1991, Huntly 1991). A functional consequence of this
disparity in trophic structure emerges by comparing the relationship between aboveground
production and herbivore consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone ecosystems with that in
other terrestrial ecosystems [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED]. For consumption
measurements, we included plant material removed by all important herbivores, both vertebrates and
invertebrates. All values were energy equivalents (kJ), converted from biomass measurements using
standard conversion factors (Golley 1968). For productivity measurements, we considered only ...
Consumption also is higher in the Serengeti (average = 7737 kJ [multiplied by] [m.sup.–2]
[multiplied by] [yr.sup.–1], SE = 911) than in Yellowstone (average = 1332 kJ [multiplied by]
[m.sup.–2] [multiplied by] [yr.sup.–1], SE = 406), as is the percentage of production consumed,
65% (SE = 4) versus 40% (SE = 5).
Continued from page 2
There are two caveats to our interpretation of these findings. The first is that tropical forest habitat
cannot be confidently classified with a single sample. The second is that our analysis does not
include combined production–consumption data for tundra grazed by herds of caribou or reindeer
(Rangifer tarandus). The two high–consumption tundra samples in Figure 3 were from sites
experiencing rodent outbreaks, indicating that tundra can support high episodic rates of herbivory.
However, whether ungulate–grazed tundra supports the

Defending Beef By Niman Summary
In Defence of livestock Although many researchers believe that our planet's environment and
ecosystems are facing many challenges due to livestock production, proponents of livestock
production believe that the reason why the our environmental condition has worsened is not that we
eat more meat – but because we eat less of it. Niman argues that instead of decreasing production,
we should focus on producing meat that is more environmentally sound. She also argues that "Feed
production–with all its attendant problems of fossil fuel consumption, soil erosion, greenhouse
gases, and chemical pollution–can be avoided altogether" (Niman, 79). In "Defending Beef", she
explicitly criticises the FAO's "Livestock's Long Shadow" and questions certain statements ... Show
There are many different practises and methods available for livestock production, and ultimately it
is the choices that farmers make that determines the production's level of sustainability. The
practices of industrial large–scale operations like CAFOs result in both environmental damage as
well as health concerns for humans and animals. Depletion, pollution and contamination are the
biggest obstacles we face when trying to move toward a more sustainable planet. But when livestock
is handled responsibly, with consideration for the environment and potential consequences, it is
indeed possible to produce livestock that is beneficial for our planet. Organic and grass–based
farming systems such as silvopastoral systems have been proven to increase biodiversity, reverse
soil erosion and counteract water depletion. By encouraging farmers to move towards more
sustainable methods like these, we can help curb today's more urgent issues regarding our
environment. While there are disagreements between researchers on how to do this, they all agree
that we have to take some kind of action to save our planet. Possible ways to achieve this include
not consuming meat, or buying meat from local, organic and grass–based farmers to ensure the
livestock was raised in a responsible way. If more consumers demanded this type of meat,

Revegetation Project
Background: Exclosure installation is a frequently used passive restoration tactic in disturbed
riparian areas. While this method is effective at aiding graminoid recovery by removing grazing
from wild and domesticated ungulates as a disturbance, recovery of Salix spp. as well as other
woody species requires active intervention(Hough–Snee et al. 2013). Much of the literature
surrounding the use of livestock exclosures has focused on the effects of removal in a passive–
restoration context as well as highlighting the degrading effects of grazing and advocating for its
elimination or minimization on public lands (Sarr 2002). Little research has been done to explore
strategies for restoration of woody riparian species on active pastoral land ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
10 revegetation plots were established in the Spring of 2017 by students from Colorado State
University. The objectives of this study are to: 1) better inform the location of future revegetation
plots, 2) explore the dynamics of competition from grasses and grass–likes in order to better inform
future treatments on revegetation plots, and 3) to explore the survivability of multiple woody
riparian species across treatment types in order to inform species selection on future revegetation
plots. Hypotheses/Questions: The primary question of this study is where can revegetation plots best
be located relative to grazing rotations? Of interest is: How is the rate of planting success (multiyear
survival) affected by placement in recently grazed systems versus ungrazed (rested) systems? How
is primary and secondary growth affected by placement of plantings in grazed versus ungrazed
systems/can grazing be utilized to reduce competition to woody riparian species from riparian
grasses? It is predicted that: Relative to unexclosed plots, survival rates will be higher with grazing
exclusion owing to reduced herbivory from livestock; Survival rates will be higher within grazed
plots owing to reduced resource competition from riparian grasses; Growth rates will be higher
within grazed plots due to greater root establishment and less root–space competition. Methods: A
total of 3

Grazing Management Potential On Soil Carbon Storage Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Grazing Management Potential On Soil Carbon Storage Essay

Similar to Grazing Management Potential On Soil Carbon Storage Essay (13)

More from Sandra Acirbal

More from Sandra Acirbal (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Grazing Management Potential On Soil Carbon Storage Essay