This document summarizes a research study that used the firefly algorithm to optimize machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) in CNC turning operations. Pilot experiments were conducted on a CNC lathe to machine stainless steel using different tools and cutting parameters. Empirical relationships were developed to relate machining time to the cutting parameters based on the experimental data. The firefly algorithm was then applied to determine the optimal cutting parameters that minimize machining time for given operations and surface finish requirements. The results showed that the firefly algorithm was effective at solving this parameter optimization problem.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Turning metal removal is the removal of metal outside diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. As it is used to reduce the diameter. of the work piece generally to a specified dimension and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often, the work piece is turned so that the sections have different diameters. As is the machining operation that produces cylindrical. In its basic form, it can be defined as an outer surface machining: Based on the findings of the Pilot study, actual experimentation work will be designed and input machining parameters and their values finalized. The results are expected to show that the response variables (output parameters) strongly influenced by the control factors (input parameters). So, the results which are obtained after experimentation analyzed and modeled for their application in manufacturing industry It is concluded that for MRR be maximum factor Cutting speed has to be at high level 3, Feed has to be at high level & D.O.C has to be at high level.
“Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Turning metal removal is the removal of metal outside diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. As it is used to reduce the diameter. of the work piece generally to a specified dimension and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often, the work piece is turned so that the sections have different diameters. As is the machining operation that produces cylindrical. In its basic form, it can be defined as an outer surface machining: Based on the findings of the Pilot study, actual experimentation work will be designed and input machining parameters and their values finalized. The results are expected to show that the response variables (output parameters) strongly influenced by the control factors (input parameters). So, the results which are obtained after experimentation analyzed and modeled for their application in manufacturing industry It is concluded that for MRR be maximum factor Cutting speed has to be at high level 3, Feed has to be at high level & D.O.C has to be at high level.
“Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review on Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters during CNC Mac...IJERA Editor
This review paper aims towards the optimization of CNC turning operation when used over an OHNS material.
The lathe machine was chosen because of its widespread availability and its ability to perform various tasks
without much change in its structure. Also using lathe machines is very cheap and hence it is beneficial from
economic point of view as well. The turning operation was specifically chosen because of the various
advantages that it offers. It can be used for machining a large variety of materials and it is cheaper than milling.
OHNS (Oil Hardened Non Shrinking) tool was chosen due to its hardness. These materials are used only for
dies so it was chosen so that its industrial usage could be exploited. To comprehend the usage, all the input and
output parameters that could affect the machining process, namely input parameters like feed, cutting
conditions, speed, etc. and output parameters like surface roughness, surface finish, material removal rate were
analyzed using the researches that had already been done on CNC turning. After careful study of a variety of
research papers on this topic, it was decided that several input as well as the output parameters would be
considered which included feed, depth of cut and cutting speed were taken as the input parameters whereas
Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface finish were taken as the output parameters. From the results of the
research papers, it was concluded that feed, depth of cut and cutting speed could be chosen as input parameters
whereas MRR and surface finish would be the output parameters
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi...IJMER
Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Prediction of surface roughness in high speed machining a comparisoneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimising drilling parameters of gfrp by using grey relational analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analys...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of
part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface
roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter.
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other
parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions.
A Review on Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters during CNC Mac...IJERA Editor
This review paper aims towards the optimization of CNC turning operation when used over an OHNS material.
The lathe machine was chosen because of its widespread availability and its ability to perform various tasks
without much change in its structure. Also using lathe machines is very cheap and hence it is beneficial from
economic point of view as well. The turning operation was specifically chosen because of the various
advantages that it offers. It can be used for machining a large variety of materials and it is cheaper than milling.
OHNS (Oil Hardened Non Shrinking) tool was chosen due to its hardness. These materials are used only for
dies so it was chosen so that its industrial usage could be exploited. To comprehend the usage, all the input and
output parameters that could affect the machining process, namely input parameters like feed, cutting
conditions, speed, etc. and output parameters like surface roughness, surface finish, material removal rate were
analyzed using the researches that had already been done on CNC turning. After careful study of a variety of
research papers on this topic, it was decided that several input as well as the output parameters would be
considered which included feed, depth of cut and cutting speed were taken as the input parameters whereas
Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface finish were taken as the output parameters. From the results of the
research papers, it was concluded that feed, depth of cut and cutting speed could be chosen as input parameters
whereas MRR and surface finish would be the output parameters
Experimental Approach of CNC Drilling Operation for Mild Steel Using Taguchi...IJMER
Drilling is the most common (multi-point) cutting technique targeted for the production of
small-diameter holes. Hole making is among the most important operations in manufacturing, and
drilling is a major and common hole-making process in components. Productivity can be interpreted in
terms of material removal rate in any machining operation. It is, therefore, essential to optimize quality
and productivity simultaneously. Mild steel are soft, ductile, easily machined and is extensive used us a
main engineering material in various industry such as air craft and aerospace industry. The Taguchi
method is applied to formulate the experimental layout to ascertain the Element of impact each
optimum process parameters for CNC drilling machining with drilling operation of mild steel. A total of
27 experimental runs were conducted using an orthogonal array, and the ideal combination of
controllable factor levels was determined for the material removal rate, time of machining and
circularity has been measured. Design optimization for quality was carried out and single to noise ratio
and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed using experiment result to confirm effectiveness of
this approach.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Prediction of surface roughness in high speed machining a comparisoneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimising drilling parameters of gfrp by using grey relational analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analys...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of
part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface
roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter.
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other
parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions.
Taguchi Method for Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Turning OperationsIDES Editor
Surface roughness an indicator of surface quality is
one of the prime customer requirements for machined parts.
For efficient use of machine tools, optimum cutting
parameters are required. The turning process parameter
optimization is highly complex and time consuming. In this
paper taguchi parameter optimization methodology is applied
to optimize cutting parameters in turning. The turning
parameters evaluated are, cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of
cut, and nose radius of tool and hardness of the material each
at two levels. The results of analysis show that feed rate,
cutting velocity and nose radius have present significant
contribution on the surface roughness and depth of cut and
hardness of material have less significant contribution on the
surface roughness.
Effect of process factors on surface roughness in dip cryogenic machining of ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A large number of structures that are being constructed at present tend to be wind-sensitive because of their slenderness, shapes, size, lightness and flexibility. With the ever increase in the vertical growth of urban cities, high rise buildings are being constructed in large numbers. In this study, analytical investigation of different shapes of buildings are taken as an example and various analytical approaches are performed on the building. These plans are modeled and wind loads are found out according to I.S 875(part 3)-1987 by taking gust factor and without taking gust factor. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey shear, etc. for different shapes of buildings by using finite element software package ETAB’s 13.1.1v. Among these results, which shape of building provide sound wind loading to the structure as well as the structural efficiency would be selected. Key Words: Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, Gust, Wind load
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
IMPROVEMENT IN SURFACE QUALITY WITH HIGH PRODUCTION RATE USING TAGUCHI METHOD...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength, damping capacity, specific modulus and wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys.There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements with good properties. Among these reinforcements SiC is found to be chemically compatible with aluminum forming a sufficiently strong bond with the matrix. There are several
methods of manufacture of MMCs. Of these, the stir casting method is very popular due to its unique mixing property.
tcStatistical and regression analysis of vibration of carbon steel cutting to...ijmech
Machining is a convoluted process in which many variables can deleterious the desired results. Among them, cutting tool vibration is the most decisive phenomenon which influences dimensional precision of the components machined, functional behavior of the machine tools and life of the cutting tool. In a machining operation, cutting speed, depth of cut and the tool feed rate principally influence cutting tool vibrations. In this paper, effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on cutting tool vibration in both the directions, i.e. axial and tangential are investigated by the statistical methods of signal to noise ratio
(SNR), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. Experiments have been conducted using the L9 orthogonal array in the centre lathe machine. Carbon steel was selected as cutting tool materials to conduct the experiments. From experimental results, the amplitude of vibration of the cutting tool was ascertaining for each machining performance criteria. The significance and percentage contribution of each parameter were determined by Analysis of variance (ANOVA).It has been observed that cutting speed has a maximum contribution on cutting tool vibration in both the directions. Variation of the vibration of cutting tool with machining parameters was mathematically modeled by using the regression analysis
method. The predicted value from the developed model and experimental values are found to be very close
to each other justifying the significance of the model. Confirmation runs demonstrates that the optimized result and the values obtained through regression analysis are within the prescribed limit
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...IJMER
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...
IJSRDV2I1020
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 01, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 56
Optimization of Machining Parameters in CNC Turning Using Firefly
Algorithm
Dr. S. Bharathi Raja1
C. Prem Kumar2
G. Gokul Rajasekar3
R. P. Dinesh Prasad4
1
Principal
1,2,3,4
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
1
Indra Ganesan College of Engineering, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. 2, 3,4Parisutham
Institute of Technology
& Science, Thanjavur.
Abstract— now a day’s machining is done through various
automated machines. One of the widely used machines is
CNC. Even though the automated machines are used, the
quality of the work is determined by parameters used. The
cutting parameters of the CNC machine determine the
productivity, surface finish, machining time and other
qualities of the product. This study involves the optimization
of those cutting parameters. In order to get optimized CNC
parameters for a specific tool-work combination, Firefly
Algorithm (FA) is used to compute the best parameters
based on the experiments conducted on a CNC Turning
center. The three cutting parameters are cutting speed (V),
feed (f), and depth of cut (d). The practical constraints have
been considered during both practical and experimental
approaches. The result reveals that FA is very well suited in
solving parameters selection problems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is one of the most
commonly used machines. The machining is done by
entering the coded information and cutting parameters.
Selecting the optimized parameters to attain efficient
machining is very difficult. It has been proved that proper
selection of parameters decides the productivity rate and the
cost of production per component. The implementation of
CNC needs high initial investment, so it is must have better
usage of the machine to make a profit. The selection of
parameters must be within the range which are taken from
the cutting tool catalogue or hand books. After getting the
range for cutting parameters, the optimization of parameters
within the range is done through optimizing techniques. The
various optimization techniques available are Genetic
Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In this research work,
we have used recently developed algorithms called Firefly
Algorithm (FA) for the optimization problem. Our ultimate
aim is minimizing machining time and attaining better
surface finish. Here in this work, we fixed surface finish of a
product and we tried to reduce the machining time in order
to increase the production rate. The three parameters were
analyzed in various ways to determine the effect of one over
the other two.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
M.S.Chua, M.Rahman, Y.S.Wang and H.T.Loh [1]
developed relations between the tool life, cutting force,
power consumption and the cutting conditions using
multiple regression analysis through factorial design of
experiments. Based on the analysis, it was found that the
tool life model is dependent on depth of cut while the
cutting force and power consumption models are dependent
on speed, feed and depth of cut. C.Y.Nian, W.H.Yang and
Y.S.Tarng [2] employed orthogonal array, multi-response
signal-to-noise ratio and ANOVA to study the performance
characteristics in turning operations. Experimental results
were provided to illustrate the effectiveness in using
Taguchi method. The author concluded that the tool life,
cutting force and surface roughness could be improved
simultaneously using the proposed approach instead of
engineering judgment. C.F.Cheung and W.B.Lee [3]
established and evaluated a model-based simulation system
for analyzing the surface roughness in ultra-precision
diamond turning. The analysis includes the effects of
process parameters, tool geometry and relative vibration
between the tool and work piece. It was found that the
system can accurately predict the surface roughness under
various cutting conditions
B.Y.Lee, Y.S.Tarng and H.R.Lii [4] described the
use of polynomial network to construct the machining
database in turning operation. The relationships between the
cutting parameters and the tool life, surface roughness and
cutting force were accurately correlated by a self-organizing
adaptive modeling technique. Experimental results showed
that the machining database has a high accuracy in the
prediction of cutting performance in turning operation. J
Paulo Davim and C.A.Conceicao Antonio [5] proposed GA
to select optimum cutting conditions in turning and drilling
aluminium matrix composites. The obtained results show
that machining was perfectly compatible with the cutting
conditions for cutting time of industrial interest and in
agreement with the optimal machining parameters.
Numerical and experimental models based on GA are a
matter of scientific interest and large industrial applications.
M.Y.Noordin, V.C.Venkatesh, S Sharif, S Elting and A
Abdullah [6] presented the findings of an experimental
investigation of the effect of feed rate, Side Cutting Edge
Angle (SCEA) and cutting speed on the surface roughness
and tangential force in turning steel. ANOVA revealed that
feed is the most significant factor influencing the surface
roughness followed by SCEA, while cutting speed provided
secondary contribution to the tangential force. The quadratic
model developed using RSM was reasonably accurate and
can be used for prediction of performance measures.
Wassilla Bouzid [7] developed empirical models for tool
life, surface roughness and cutting force for calculating
optimum cutting conditions in tuning to achieve maximum
production rate. The coefficients of these models were
determined based on the experiments. The author explained
the relation of feed to the roughness, which depends on
cutting speed and finally concluded that the proposed
2. Optimization Of Machining Parameters In CNC Turning Using Firefly Algorithm
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 01/2014/014)
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method was capable of selecting the appropriate conditions.
Muthukrishnan and J Paulo Davim [8] studied the surface
roughness of composite bars under different cutting
conditions. Experimental data were tested with ANOVA and
ANN techniques. ANOVA revealed that feed rate has
highest influence (51%) on surface roughness followed by
depth of cut (30%) and cutting speed (12%). The results of
ANN model showed close matching between the model
output and the directly measured surface roughness. S
Bharathi Raja and N Baskar [9] examined SA, GA, and PSO
in three different mathematical models such as single pass
turning operation, multi-pass turning operation and grinding
operation. The authors found that PSO outperformed the
other optimization techniques in all the cases. Bharathi Raja
and Baskar [10] adopted PSO for optimize machining
parameters to get desired surface roughness in minimum
possible machining time. The author’s claimed that average
deviation and accuracy rate of predicted surface roughness
to the actual surface roughness value is found to be 0.05
microns and 85% respectively. The average deviation and
accuracy rate of the predicted machining time to the actual
machining time is found to be 2 s and 96% respectively.
S.Bharathi Raja, C.V.Srinivas Pramod, K.Vamshee Krishna,
Arvind Ragunathan and Somalaraju Vinesh [11]
implemented Firefly Algorithm (FA) to explore optimum
Electric Discharge Machine (EDM) parameters to minimize
machining time for the desired surface finish. It is observed
that the proposed FA could predict the set objective function
considerably close to the experimental values. Bharathi Raja
and Baskar [12] conducted face milling experiments on
brass material to study the effect of cutting parameters on
machining time and surface roughness. PSO has been used
in the developed mathematical model for optimization.
Confirmatory experiments reveal that PSO could predict
optimum cutting parameters very close to the experimental
values. Xin-She Yang [13] developed and described a new
meta-heuristic optimization technique named as Firefly
Algorithm (FA). The results of the developed FA depicts
that it is very much suitable for any engineering
optimization as it outperformed the proven and most
efficient Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique.
III. PILOT EXPERIMENT
In pilot experiments, LL-20-T CNC is used to machine SS
316 material using three different tools for three different
machining operations. Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 shows the raw
material and CNC machine used for pilot experiments. The
cutting parameters are selected based on the operating range
of the machine.
Fig. 1: Raw material
Fig. 2: CNC LL20T L5
The experiments are conducted for roughing, semi-
finishing and finishing operations and their corresponding
machining time are observed. Factorial experimentation is
adopted in selecting the combination of parameters, in
which all the parameters are tested at least once. Table 1-3
shows the machining time for roughing, semi-finishing and
finishing operations and their corresponding given cutting
parameters.
Table. 1: Experimental results of machining time for the
given parameters of roughing operation.
Experiment
number
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth
of cut
(mm)
Machini
ng time
(sec)
1 900 0.16 0.8 316
2 900 0.18 0.8 281
3 900 0.22 0.8 233
4 900 0.24 0.8 203
5 1100 0.16 0.8 259
6 1100 0.18 0.8 232
7 1100 0.22 0.8 191
8 1100 0.24 0.8 174
9 1500 0.16 0.8 196
10 1500 0.18 0.8 174
11 1500 0.22 0.8 146
12 1500 0.24 0.8 133
13 1800 0.16 0.8 164
14 1800 0.18 0.8 147
15 1800 0.22 0.8 122
16 1800 0.24 0.8 113
Table. 2: Experimental results of machining time for the
given parameters of semi-finishing operation.
Experiment
number
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth
of cut
(mm)
Machin
ing
time
(sec)
1 1400 0.09 0.2 84
3. Optimization Of Machining Parameters In CNC Turning Using Firefly Algorithm
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2 1400 0.11 0.2 61
3 1400 0.15 0.2 53
4 1400 0.17 0.2 48
5 1600 0.09 0.2 75
6 1600 0.11 0.2 61
7 1600 0.15 0.2 47
8 1600 0.17 0.2 42
9 2000 0.09 0.2 62
10 2000 0.11 0.2 52
11 2000 0.15 0.2 40
12 2000 0.17 0.2 36
13 2200 0.09 0.2 57
14 2200 0.11 0.2 48
15 2200 0.15 0.2 37
16 2200 0.17 0.2 34
Table. 3: Experimental results of machining time for the
given parameters of finishing operation.
Experiment
number
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth
of cut
(mm)
Machining
time (sec)
1 1400 0.06 0.2 170
2 1400 0.08 0.2 96
3 1400 0.12 0.2 66
4 1400 0.14 0.2 57
5 1600 0.06 0.2 111
6 1600 0.08 0.2 85
7 1600 0.12 0.2 58
8 1600 0.14 0.2 51
9 2000 0.06 0.2 91
10 2000 0.08 0.2 61
11 2000 0.12 0.2 49
12 2000 0.14 0.2 43
13 2200 0.06 0.2 83
14 2200 0.08 0.2 64
15 2200 0.12 0.2 45
16 2200 0.14 0.2 40
IV. FORMULATION OF EMPIRICAL RELATION
Experimental values from the pilot experiments are used to
find the effect of cutting parameters on machining time.
Moreover, an analysis was done to reveal the individual,
combined and interaction effect of the proposed cutting
parameters on the machining time. With the aid of the
analysis, empirical relation was formulated using Design
Expert software.
CNC ParametersA.
Optimization of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut was
selected because requirements in any change in the cutting
parameters do not involve time and cost. Among the three
parameters, two parameters V and f contribute more on
production time. Depth of cut (d) remains same for the
complete machining of single operation, but it varies
accordingly to the rough, semi-finish and finishing
operations. The cutting parameter limits are chosen based on
the operating range of work piece and machine capability.
Constraints ConsideredB.
There are always some practical constraints that exist in
actual machining operations. Upper and lower limits of V
and f are considered as practical constraints. Equations for
the constraints considered are given in equations (1) and (2).
Here the depth of cut is kept at the desired value in order to
get the required dimension at the end.
Vmin ≤ V ≤ Vmax, (1)
fmin ≤ f ≤ fmax, (2)
Empirical relationC.
The empirical relation between the cutting parameters and
the machining time for considering three machining
operations are generated using MINITAB 16 software.
Empirical relations for roughing, semi-finishing and
finishing operations are given in equation (3), (4) and (5).
tm= 1060.31 – 0.55V – 3332.49f + 3333.33f² + 0.79Vf (3)
tm = 261.11 – 0.07V – 1686.50f + 4062.50f² + 0.16Vf (4)
tm = 737.8 – 0.4V – 4846.2f + 12708.3f² + 0.9Vf (5)
V. FIREFLY ALGORITHM
Firefly algorithm (FA) was developed by Xin-She Yang. FA
is based on the intensity of the light produced by the
fireflies. The light was produced by the mechanism called
‘bioluminescence’. The light intensity is the key to selecting
the prey for sexual contact; it also acts as a shield from
enemies. The fireflies will keep moving until it identifies a
better light from a firefly to meet its objective. This concept
was used to develop in the proposed optimization
techniques. Optimization of input parameters will be iterated
until the best solution is attained. Programming for the
algorithm was done using JAVA.
Population InitiationA.
The value of V and f are calculated randomly using the
equations (6) and (7)
V = Vmin + (Vmax – Vmin) rand(), (6)
f =fmin +(fmax – fmin) rand(). (7)
DistanceB.
xi and xj are the points of presence of two fireflies i and j
respectively. The distance (rij) between these two fireflies
are represented in terms of Cartesian equation given in
equation (8), where k is the kth
component of ith
firefly and d
is the dimension
rij = ||xi - xj|| =√∑ ( ) . (8)
4. Optimization Of Machining Parameters In CNC Turning Using Firefly Algorithm
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Attractiveness equationC.
Firefly algorithm is based on the attractiveness of the
fireflies. The attractiveness function is given in equation (9).
In that r is the distance between two fireflies, β0 is the initial
attractiveness at r=0 and γ is a coefficient which controls the
light’s intensity. M is considered as a higher light intensity
and it is vice versa to attractiveness. In this article, m is
taken as 1to solve the problem in worst case condition.
β = β0.e-γ.r˄m,
(9)
Where m ≥1
MovementD.
The movement of the firefly i towards j due to the
attractiveness through the brightness can be given as in
equation (10) and (11)
inp= [icp(1- β)] + [ibβ] +[α(rand() – 0.5)] (10)
Similarly for the other firefly,
jnp = [ jcp(1- β)] + [jbβ] +[α(rand() – 0.5)] (11)
Based on the empirical relations formulated by Design
Expert software, optimization of cutting parameters to attain
minimum machining time is executed by the proposed FA.
1000 iterations with population as 100 are considered for
optimization by JAVA programming. After satisfying the
considered constraints, optimized cutting parameters are
obtained for the minimum possible machining time. The
results of optimization are given in table (4), (5) and (6).
Table 4: Optimized parameters and its corresponding
minimized machining time for roughing operation
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth of cut
(mm)
Machining
time
(seconds)
1342 0.20 0.8 160
Table 5: Optimized parameters and its corresponding
minimized machining time for semi-finishing operation
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth of cut
(mm)
Machining
time
(seconds)
2180 0.13 0.2 21
Table 6: Optimized parameters and its corresponding
minimized machining time for finishing operation
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth of cut
(mm)
Machining
time
(seconds)
1862 0.09 0.2 49
VI. CONFIRMATORY EXPERIMENTS
Confirmatory experiments are conducted on CNC turning
center to validate the machining time generated by
optimized parameters of FA. The results of confirmatory
experiments are given in table (7), (8) and (9).
Table. 7: Experimental result of machining time for
roughing operation
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth of cut
(mm)
Machining
time
(seconds)
1342 0.20 0.8 168
Table. 8: Experimental result of machining time for semi-
finishing operation
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth of cut
(mm)
Machining
time
(seconds)
2180 0.13 0.2 23
Table. 9: Experimental result of machining time for
finishing operation
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
(mm/min)
Depth of cut
(mm)
Machining
time
(seconds)
1862 0.09 0.2 52
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of pilot experiment have revealed the effect of
cutting parameters on machining time. Fig. 7.1 shows the
contour plot showing the combined effect of cutting speed
and feed on the machining time. As speed and feed increase
machining time decreases in which machining is more
sensitive to feed when compared to speed.
Fig. 3: Contour plot for spindle speed (rpm) Vs feed rate
(mm) in roughing operation.
Fig. 3 shows the surface plot showing the
combined effect of cutting speed and feed on machining
time. The dominating effect of feed on machining time is
very well revealed in the plot.
5. Optimization Of Machining Parameters In CNC Turning Using Firefly Algorithm
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 01/2014/014)
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Fig. 4: Surface graph for spindle speed (rpm) Vs feed rate
(mm) in roughing operation.
Similarly, the combined effect of speed and feed on
machining time in semi-finishing operation is shown in Fig.
5. The effect of feed is comparatively more than cutting
speed in machining time.
Fig. 5: contour graph for spindle speed (rpm) Vs feed rate
(mm) in semi-finishing operation
Fig. 6 shows the surface plot of the combined effect of
speed and feed on machining time in semi-finishing
operation.
Fig. 6: Surface graph for spindle speed (rpm) Vs feed rate
(mm) in semi-finishing operation.
Fig. 7 shows the contour plot drawn to depict the combined
effect of speed and feed on machining time.
Fig. 7: on tour graph for spindle speed (rpm) Vs feed rate
(mm) in finishing operation
Fig. 8 shows the surface plot of combined effect of speed
and feed on machining time in finishing operation. Increase
in feed decrease machining time, but the finish of the
component comparatively low.
Fig. 8: Surface graph for spindle speed (rpm) Vs feed rate
(mm) in finishing operation
From table (4), (5), (6) and table (7), (8),(9), it is
evident that the predicted machining time by FA is closer
agreement with the actual machining time obtained from
confirmatory experiments.
Fig. 9: Comparison of predicted and actual machining time
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this research article, pilot experiments are conducted to
study the effect of cutting parameters on machining time for
a continuous finished profile. Further, predicted machining
time based on cutting parameter optimization by Firefly
algorithm was verified by experimental results. The
followings are the observations evolved from the present
research work:
1) The effect of feed on machining time was dominating
more than cutting speed.
2) Firefly algorithm could able to predict the machining
time for the proposed continuous profile in terms of
accuracy as follows:
Roughing: 95.2%
Semi-finishing: 91.3%
Finishing: 94.2%
3) Firefly algorithm has proved to be one of the best tools
for optimization for solving any engineering problems.
4) The present method of selection of cutting parameters
can very well be replaced by the proposed method of
selection of optimized cutting parameters by FA.
5) Since a real time job profile was undertaken, optimized
parameters by FA have increased the production rate
160
21
49
168
23
52
0
50
100
150
200
Roughing Semi-Finishing Finishing
Predicted Machining Time
Actual Machining Time
6. Optimization Of Machining Parameters In CNC Turning Using Firefly Algorithm
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 01/2014/014)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 61
when compared to the parameters utilized before
optimization.
6) Time and cost is not a major function in introducing
the proposed method of parameters selection.
7) Use of FA is completely generalized and it can be very
well used for solving any engineering problems.
8) FA can be interfaced with any CNC machine for online
selection of cutting parameters.
Scope for future workA.
In the present work, optimization was performed by
considering three parameters. But, the inclusion of other
machining parameters may enhance the required results.
Moreover, conflicting objectives such as surface roughness,
cutting force, tool life can be included as objectives or for
the prediction of the same.
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