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The document summarizes the design of a mercury flow loop for a Neutrino Factory experiment. It discusses that a 1 cm diameter nozzle with a 20 m/s mercury jet would require 1.57 liters/second of mercury flow. Previous experiments found a pump discharge pressure of around 40 bar gauge is needed to produce the desired jet. The basic flow scheme involves pumping mercury through a nozzle, jet, beam dump, heat exchanger, and back to the pump. An actual experiment may require a mercury inventory of around 500 liters, similar to other facilities. Maintaining flow control on a gravity drain from the beam dump is also discussed.
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Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that uses a dropping mercury electrode to determine the concentration of electroactive species in a solution. It works by measuring the current flowing between the indicator electrode and reference electrode as the voltage is increased. Polarography provides a polarogram graph of current vs voltage that shows diffusion currents and limiting currents to identify species present. It has advantages like simple sample handling, speed, sensitivity and limited use of organic solvents. Polarography is used in pharmaceutical analysis to determine concentrations of drugs, vitamins, hormones and other compounds.
Heavy metals
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic are toxic to human health. They are mainly produced by industrial activities and slowly deposit in surrounding environments. Heavy metals are determined using techniques like atomic absorption spectrophotometry and x-ray fluorescence. Mercury and arsenic exposure can cause various health effects ranging from skin irritation to cancer and death. Control methods include periodic vacuuming, replacing appliances, removing old paints, and using absorbents to remove heavy metals from indoor air.
Porosity
This document discusses porosity of reservoir rocks. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock. Porosity can be classified as original or induced. Factors that affect porosity include particle size, sorting, packing, cementation and stress. Porosity is important for reservoir engineering calculations as it represents the pore space occupied by fluids. It is measured through core analysis, well logging, or well testing. Laboratory methods to determine porosity include measuring bulk volume through fluid displacement or gravimetric techniques and pore volume through fluid saturation.
Q923+rrl+l04
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