Governance system of nepal

Governance System of Nepal
Nabina Paneru

Meaning, Type and Characteristics of
Governance
The mechanization that conduct a state in a systematic and proper way
is called the governance of the state.
Land Population
Government Sovereignty
Components
of State

Types of Governance systems
• Parliamentary System:
Supremacy of state vested
on the parliament of the
country which is a body of
the elected representatives of
the people by the method of
free and fare election voted
by the citizen of the country.
•The executive power vested
on the cabinet: nonetheless,
the minister of the cabinet
must be a member of the
parliament.
•The prime minister will
preside over the cabinet
The main function of
opposition is to warn
the government in its
lacking and wrong –
doings and keep it
moving in proper
direction
Countries with
parliamentary
system:
England,
India,
Bangladesh,
Nepal etc.

Contd.
• Presidential System
Executive power vested on
the president directly
elected by the people for a
certain period of time.
President forms the cabinet
and members of the cabinet
will be responsible for the
president.
Constitution divides
jurisdiction of rights and
duties of the president and
the parliament.
Countries with this system:
United States of America,
Argentina, France, Srilanka etc.

Contd.
• Communist System
Supremacy of the state is
vested on the communist
party of the country.
The central committees of
the party will be the most
powerful body.
The state power lies on a
system based on the union
of peasants and laborers in
such system.
China, Vietnam, North
Korea, Cuba etc.

Contd.
• Autocratic System
Overall power of the state will be
run by a family or by a group of
persons or by a leader which will
not be elected representative of
the people but a autocratic
dictator who acquires state power
by some forceful means.
Peoples wishes and opinion
have no value.
The elections will never be
free and fair.
Nepal experienced such in
past esp. in panchayat and
Rana regime.
Bhutan, Brunei, Eswatini,
Denmark, Kuwait
• Monarchy
• Dictatorship

Short History of Democracy
• Concept and nature changing over period
• Small city states in the Greece about 2500 year ago  People able to
come together and discuss the matter of states in front of rulers 
implemented direct form of democracy in those states  as time
passed size of such small states increased and it became impossible
to implement way of expressing direct democracy of the people
whereas all the citizens of states could gather together and expressed
their views.

Contd.
• Modern system of parliamentary democracy developed from
England.
• The process of transferring state power from the king to the
parliament started from 800 years ago in England
• England is called the mother of parliamentary political system.

Contd.
• Some European countries like England, France, Germany, Spain and
Portugal started a mission of annexing other states as their vassalage
states colonies – esp. from Asian and Africa.
• The colonies not always remain under the master’s rule.
• Gradually got their independencies.
• After the success of the war of American independency in 1776, a
new model of Federal Republican system was started.

Contd.
• Before 150 yrs. ago, almost all of the countries of the world were
influenced by autocratic dictatorship.
• World became conscious and feeling of liberty, equality and
fraternity developed after the development of education, health
facilities, communication and other physical facilities.
• After second world war, the feeling of independency evoked and the
countries started their revolutions for democracy.

Contd.
• In the same time Nepal was also inspired to overthrow dictatorship of
the Rana regime and proclaimed a new system of democracy in the
country.
• The newly independent countries adopted varieties of system of
governance: some adopted the American model of presidential
system and other adopted the English model of parliamentary system.

Contd.
• Because of various reasons much of them failed to sustain their
independence.
• Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Egypt were suffered by the
military regime.
• In Nepal also, Kind Mahendra abruptly seized the democratic
parliamentary system of governance and proclaimed an autocratic
type of regime called Panchayat System of governance in 2017 B.S.

Contd.
• After the decade of 1990, the world was once again awaken by the
surges of democracy as the world leaped a long distance in education,
transportation, communication and many other.
• In this scenario, it is not favorable for any dictator to resume a system
of autocratic dictatorship.
• That is why the contemporary age of modernity is called the age of
democracy.

Characters of political regimes
• No political regime is a permanent entity: it must be changed
according to the time, place and situations.
• The autocratic dictatorship cannot survive long where there are
educated conscious people living.
• Any of the popular system of governance applied in a certain region
and country attracts the other countries of the world to adopt it.

Contd.
• In any of the democratic system, the three component of governance
viz, the legislative, executive and judiciary are autonomous and free
for their own sphere; they have their unique allocation of power
divided by the constitution of the country.
• There are no provisions for the components of the government to
work freely in a autocratic dictatorship.
• Religion, cultural and tradition of the country will affect the political
system.

People’s Movement 2046 and its Major
Characteristics

2017 BS 2019 B.S
17Th Magh, 2028 B.S 2033 B.S
King Mahendra Ceased
parliamentary system of
governance and took
power in his hand
Jailed leaders of major
political parties
Announced own regime
of Panchayat:
Autocratic regime of
king
Demise of King Mahendra and King
Birendra as a new king and at first
continued autocratic system
Congress leader B.P Koirala
returned from India and political
activities of the opponents
surfaced
People’s Movement 2046
He announced the constitution of
the country where he himself was
the supreme of the country

2036 BS 5th to 7th Magh, 2046 B.S 27th Falgun 2046
King compelled to announce
referendum whether to continue
panchayat regime with reformation
or start multiparty system of regime
Reformed panchayat got
its victory
Followers of panchayat
(Panchas) got divided into two
fractions and followers of
multiparty (communists and
congress) became closure to
each other
Nepali Congress and union of seven communist parties.
Involvement of Professionals like civil servants, teacher,
lawyers, journalist (about 3 ths representative from 71
districts) including most influenced Indian leaders as a
guest. Furthermore, about 12 hundred representatives
from various sectors attended the meeting and decided to
launch peaceful People’s movement.
International scenario in favor of
democracy. So, to launch peaceful people’s
revolution, National conference of Nepali
congress including all opponent parties of
panchayat in Ganeshman Singh residence
2037 B.S
First People’s
movement
Contd.

Falgun 2046 BS 26th Chaitra, 2046 B.S
Fist People’s
Movement
Large participation,
panchayati regime
suppressed the revolution
hardly
Demonstrators captured
Patan and Kritipur.
Millions of people
protest to cordon of the
Royal Palace.
King proclaimed multi party
system and the end of
panchayat system.Government imposed two
days curfews. Meeting
between representatives
of demonstrator and
government
24th Chaitra
Formation of interim
government on the leadership
of acting president of Nepali
congress, Krishna Prasad
Bhattarai
Contd.

Causes behind the fall of Panchayati System
• The dictatorship of the king
• Partyless system
• The division between the panchayati activists and unity among the
parties
• Miserable economic conditions
• Increasing of public consciousness
• Favorable external conditions for democracy

Outcomes of people’s movement
• End of thirty years old tyrannical Panchayat regime
• Re-establishment of democracy
• Establishment of multi – party system
• Sovereignty on the people
• Constitutional monarchy
• Independent and sovereign justice
* Constitution was announced amid the revolution

Conditions after the Proclamation of the
Constitution
After peoples movement
interim government formed
on the leadership of
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai.
New government formed under the
leadership of Nepali Congress’s
leader Girija Prasad Koirala after the
election won by Nepali Congress
with 110 seats conducted on 29th
Baisakh, 2048 B.S.
Minority government formed under the
leadership of Manmohan Adhikari
after the mid term election conducted
on 29th Kartik, 2051. The election was
conducted because of internal conflicts
and revelation of opponents.

Contd.
• To end reactionary regime and to bring peoples’ regime, Nepal
communist party, maoist started the people’s war in Nepal from
Falgun, 2052.
• Again election held in 2056 B.S. Majority government of congress
under the leadership of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was formed.
• Again because of internal conflicts, government failed on the month
of Chaitra, 2056 and Girija Prasad Koirala became the prime minister
of Nepal.

Contd.
• On 19th Jestha, 2058, a
tragic massacre of the
then royal family.
• King Birendra and his
whole family were killed
in that carnage.
• Then, Gyanendra became
the king of Nepal.

Contd.
Girija Prasad Koirala Resigned from the
post of prime minister in the month of
shrawan, 2058.
Sher Bahadur Deuba became the new prime
minister of Nepal. In 8th Jestha, 2059 Primeminister
Deuwa again dissolute the parliament and
announced to hold election for new house of
representatives on 27th Kartik, 2059. He never
succeeded to hold election.
King Gyanendra terminated prime minister Deuwa in
18th of Aswin and took the regime under his control.
Announced emergency and snatched all powr of
regime under his control, he became the overall
executive power; under his leadership, he formed the
government.

People’s Movement 2062/63 B.S. and its
Major Characteristics

People’s Movement II
• After mysterious massacre of the Royal Palace in 2058 B.S., the
political scenario changed rapidly.
• After that incident the Maoist movement got momentum.

19th Jestha, 2058 19th Magha, 2061
Royal Massacre
King Gyanendra ousted
both congress and
communist and decided to
move on his own with
wish to be an absolute
monarch.
Diposed Deuwa
government and took
executive rights in his
hands.
Dissolved Deuba government
and took all power in his hand
which was a direct rule.
King changed his
premiers one by one; viz.
Surya Bahadur Thapa,
Lokendra Chand and Sher
Bdr Deuwa again.
18th Aswin 2059
Formation of Seven Party
Alliance. Twelve point
agreement in New Delhi
between seven party alliance
and Maoist insurgents
Contd.
7th Marga, 2062

24th Chaitra, 2062 8th Baisakh 2063
Started war against
monarchical regime
(Jana Andolan II)
Most insurgents and
various other organizations
also came together and
gradually this protest
turned into a strike.
People defied curfews
and took to streets.
Served an ultimatum to the
king and the leaders rejected
the halfhearted concessions
given by the king and struck
to their demands
More than lakhs of people
gathered almost everyday
to demand restoration of
democracy.
End of People’s movement II
and the king was forced to
announce the re
establishment of parliament.
Contd.
11th Baisakh, 2063

Causes of Second People’s Movement
• The direct rule of the king
• The faith of people in democracy
• The consensus between the Seven Parties and Maoist
• External Support for the movement

Outcomes of the Movement
• The end of the monarchy and the establishment of the republican
system
• Sovereignty on the people
• Re-establishment of the house of representatives
• The process of the interim constitution
• Establishment of democracy

Impacts of Both Movements in People’s Lives, livelihood
and Health of Individuals, Families and Rural and Urban
Communities
• Democratic revolution in Nepal against autocratic dictator regime of
ranas and panchayati system
• Because of autocratic regime of the king Nepal became one of the
poorest countries of the world.
• About half of the total population forced to remain under absolute
poverty line.
• No good opportunities for industries and jobs.

Contd.
• Nominal development in the fields of education, road transportation,
health and communications.
• People had no fundamental rights of speaking, writing, publishing,
organizing, establishing an institution and so on.
• People’s movement I
• Dethroned the panchayati system and established multi party system
in Nepal.
• The newly elected government brought about the new programs of
developments and constructions.

Contd.
• Focused on the development of education, health, communication,
and transportation etc. and achieved the gain to some extent.
• Government was unable to fulfill the soaring wishes and needs of
people.
• Dispute among top leaders and ruling political parties
• Political instability
• Royal Massacre

Contd.
• People’s movement II
• End of monarchial autocratic system and establishment of new
republic system

Contd.
People’s movement I
Increased political consciousness in people
Good result in sector of education
Because of Establishment of local levels, health posts were
established in each village of the country
Road networking extended up to the remote rural areas
Lack of job opportunities caused brain drain with few good
consequences like increased remittance, increased economic
activities with many bad consequences like drained energetic
youth out of the country, made people less hopeful with in the
country
People’s movement II
Increasing political awareness in people
Government decided to establish hospitals in each
local of the 753 levels that will improve the status of
public health in Nepal
Industrialization with many constructions and
development projects
Fostering tourism industry
Job opportunities and also progressed in the sector of
peace. Increased friendship and cooperation among
peoples.

Democratic Features of the Constitution of
2047 and 2072 BS in relation to Health
• Health related provisions in the constitution 2047 B.S.
 Fundamental rights of the citizen spelled out in part three of the
constitution on Nepal 2047 considering all citizens as equal before
law
 Has also provisions for special cares to the women, children,
physically disable persons and socially backwards classes to protect
and nurture their benefits through the law of land.

Contd.
 Focused on special protection for the disable people
 All people are free to conduct their respective professions, the acts of
commerce and industries; nonetheless no one can conduct one’s
industries or business that could hamper the health of people 
showing special attention towards the public health of the country.
 In article 26 clause 1, it is mentioned that the state aimed to increase
the life standard by developing and fulfilling the basic needs of the
people like education, health, residence and creating job
opportunities.

Contd.
• Provisions of Health in the Constitution of 2072 B.S.
 In respect to human rights, Nepal’s constitution is the most advanced
 The provision of human rights, rights of the people and safeguard of
the freedom of the people in constitution shows esp. interest of the
state to protect physique of people
 Article 16 to 47 (Part 3): the provision of fundamental rights
 Article 16: evry citizen has right to live with dignity and there is no
provision of capital punishment
 Article 48: Duty of the people

Contd.
 The constitution ensures to live in ay parts of the country, conduct
their business, industries or professional occupations provided that it
must not hamper the public health.
 Article 30: provision about the clean environment
 Article 35: most important right on health sector; all citizen of the
state will be provided basic health facilities free of cost by the state.
No one will be excluded from the accidental health care services.
Every citizen has right to know about his or her health status in the
process of their health check.

Contd.
 As per constitution, every people has equal access to the health
facilities. Every people has the right to have the clean drinking water
facility and the cleanliness.
 The women’s health, like safe motherhood and pregnancy, has also
been mentioned in the constitution.
 Has also mentioned about the health right of the children.
 Similarly has also mentioned it concern with the health status of
elderly people, disable, low caste people and sufferers from the
people’s revolutions’ insurgencies.

Contd.
 Such provision in the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 indicates that the
constitution is aimed to make the concern authorities and the state to
be responsible, careful and cautious to protect and maintain the health
position of the people.

What is the Full Name of Nepal??
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतरि नेपाल

The Structure and Functions of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Nepal
• Two types of governance (According to division of governing power)
Unitary
• There is no division of power in between central
and provincial level
• All powers are accommodated in the center.
• Although all power are in center it will deliver
some power to provincial level according to
practical need of the province. Centre can draw
power back from the province at anytime
• England, China, Japan have adopted such system
Federal
• The power of the province pronounced by the
constitution of the state
• Central of the governance cannot draw back the
power
• The center has no right to interfere on the affairs of
the provincial governments.
• USA, Canada, Brazil, India and Nepal has such
federal provisions.

Introduction to Federalism
• Derived from latin word Foedus – agreement.
• In nepali Sanghiyataa derived from Sanskrit word Sangha: condition
where many people or institutions gather together to achieve certain
common goal.
• A federal state is the one where some imminent power like Army,
foreign policy and monetary policy are in the control of the center
and rest all power are bestowed on autonomously ruling provinces.
• Federal state is the union of several small states combined together
on the basis of some especial agreement.

Federalism in Nepal
• After the success of uprising of 2062/63 BS, the royal regime was outsed
and efforts were started to launch a republic type of regime in Nepal.
• Interim constitution declared on the first of Magha, 2063. This was amended
soon and by its third amendment in 2064, Poush 13th, Nepal officially
announced itself a federal republic state which was formerly adored by the
first meeting of the Constituent Assembly on the 15th of Jestha, 2065 B.S.
• Election of three levels of regime are concluded (2074 B.S.) and Nepal is
trying to implement first phase of federalism.

Structure of the States
• In preamble of the constitution of Nepal 2072 B.S, it is written that
the new constitution will eliminate all types of dissimilarities,
suppressions created by the feudal regime of the past and will
establish a society based on the theories of equity, similarities,
justice, inclusive proportional and collaborate society.
• This shows that Nepal prefers to implement a federal democratic
regime than a unitary regime.

Contd.
• The state of Nepal is defined as an independent, indivisible, soverign,
secular, inclusive democratic, socialism – oriented federal democratic
republican state. (In clause 1 of article 4)
• In article 50, clause 1, it is written that “It shall be the political
objective of the state to strengthen a federal democratic republican
system to ensure an atmosphere where democratic rights are
exercised by acknowledging sovereignty.

Contd.
• In article 56, it is mentioned that Nepal will be divided into three
layers of structure:
 Federal (Central government with 2 houses)
 Provincial (Pradesh or provinces- 7 provinces)
 Local (753 bodies- Rural Municipalities (Gaupalika), Municipalities
(Nagarpalika), Sub – Metropolises (Uupa mahanagar), Metropolises
(mahanagar)

Federal Structure and Power
• Chief (head of state): President of State
• In absence of President, there is provision of Vice president
• Three structures of federal regime: Federal executive, legislative and
judiciary
 Executive power exist in central cabinet lead by Prime Minister
 Central Legislative ( Federal Parliament consisting of two houses:
House of representatives and the National Assembly)
 Judiciary power vested on the Supreme court.

List of Federal Power
• The rights on national security, army and police
• The rights on economic and hydro-power
• Foreign affairs
• Education and culture
• Affairs related to health
• Transport and communication
• The Judiciary Power
• Miscellaneous

Provincial Structure and Power
• 7 provinces
• GOV of Nepal appoint an provincial head or the Pradesh Pramukh, as
the representative of the central or federal government
• Lead by Chief minister of the province
• Elected legislative body in each province called the Provincial
Assembly or Pradesh sabha which will elect the Chief Minister of the
Province.
• Provision of high court in every province

Provincial Powers/Jurisdiction
• Security and management of the province
• Economic, agriculture and hydro-power related rights
• Education and culture
• Transportation, Communication and health related rights
• Miscellaneous

Structure and Power of Local Bodies
• Every local bodies will have its own executive and legislative units
• Local bodies are made autonomous by providing more power to them
• Forms of Local government:
 Rural Municipalities (Gaupalika)
 Municipalities (Nagarpalika)
 Sub-Metropolises (Uppa Mahanagar)
 Metropolises (Mahanagar)

Powers/Jurisdiction of Local Bodies
• Security and administrative management
• Economic, Agriculture and water – resources
• Education, culture and health
• Miscellaneous rights

Role and Responsibilities of Federal,
Provincial and Local Governments in health
Care Delivery System
• Power, rights and responsibilities related to health sector has been
divided into three level of states.
• Health care service is the defined as the services related to diagnosis,
to check, to cure, to medicate, to control and to provide palliative
services for the disease based on modern medications.
• EG: Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Yunanian medications, acupuncture,
natural medications and all others curative systems

Role and Responsibilities of the federal
government
1. To originate the health policies, plans and implement them.
2. To conduct researches, plan and develop health related functions.
3. To conduct research and study on Ayurveda, homeopathic,
allopathic and other traditional health care services.
4. To conduct health related training programs.
5. To manage the health services available from the non-governmental
organizations.

Contd.
6. To produce medicine, conduct quality control for manufacture
medicine, control its market and prices and distributions, to control
the narcotic drugs etc.
7. To be in contact with WHO and participate in international and
regional meetings.
8. To conduct family planning, mother and children welfare programs,
and population planning.

Contd.
9. To keep concern with environmental health programs.
10. To conduct health and nutritional education.
11. To be concern with medication, health institutes, health academy
and other related offices.
12. To administrate health administration and related works according
to the Health Service Acts.

Contd.
13. To conduct population policy, planning, programs and implement
them.
14. To conduct population relates studies, researches, supervision,
training and conduct national and international seminars on the
subject.
15. To implement population related programs, planning, migrations
and human resources related activities.

Contd.
• To conduct all these functions ministry has the provision of the
following divisions:
 Policies, Planning and Supervision division
 Quality Measurement and Supervision Division
 Population Management and Information Division
 Health Co-ordination Division
 Administration Division
 Health Emergency and Disaster Management unit

The roles and responsibilities of the
Provincial Government
• To make the health services effective, high quality and accessible to
all people of the province.

The roles and responsibilities of the Local
Government
• To reach up to the doors of people and establish direct link with the
people.
• Management of local services
• Basic health – care and cleanliness
• Environmental protraction
• Central and Provincial could have some some cooperation and
coordination with the local bodies, private institutes and NGOs for
the purpose of flowing the health services to the local levels.
• Local traditional healers should get permission from the local bodies.

Governance system of nepal

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to Governance system of nepal

More from nabina paneru

Recently uploaded

Governance system of nepal