Slides delivered on 2074.11.08 on Directorate of Livestock Market Promotion in Nepali Language

1. c;n pTkfbg cEof;
e08f/0f sIf / o;sf]
plrt k|of]u
dgf]h nfld5fg],
CDCAN Manager

2. efF8fsf] k|sf/ / o;sf] b"wdf c;/ M
● :6]gn]; l:6n Sofg 6ofÍ, Pn'ldgd Sofg, kmfOj/ Sofg
● b"w clDno k|s[ltsf] x'G5 / b"wdf ˆof6, k|f]l6g h:tf tTjx?x'G5g .
e08f/0f sIf / o;sf]
plrt k|of]u

3. 5fofF / 3fdsf] cj:yf b"wsf] u'0f:t/ km/s kf5{ M
● lhjf0f'sf] nflu pko'Qm tfkqmd eg]sf] %°C eGbf dfly xf] .
● lhjf0f'sf] j[l4sf] nflu l;wf 3fdn] pTk|]/ssf] sfd ub{5 .
● 5fofFdf tfkqmd j[l4 sd x'G5 .
● olb b"w sd tfkqmddf e08f/0f ePdf b"wsf] u'0f:t/ sl/jplx /xG5 .
e08f/0f sIf / o;sf]
plrt k|of]u

4. tfkqmd sd u/fpg] pkfo M
● lk|mh
● b"w /flvPsf] Sofgsf] lasf]{nufO{ lr;f] kfgLdf 8'jfP/ /fVg] . Wofg lbg' k¥of] lskfgL
b"wdf ldl;g' x'Fb}g . kfgL df6f]sf] efF8fdf /fVg] .
● tfkqmd a9g glbg 5fofFdf /fVg] ug{'kb{5 .
e08f/0f sIf / o;sf]
plrt k|of]u

5. b"w e08f/0f / lr:ofpg]M
● b"w z"Id lhjf0f'sf] pQd cfxf/f klgePsf]n] rfF8} b"wnfO{ b"lift agfpF5g . olb b"w $ l8u|L
;]l06u|]8df lr;f] agfP/ /fv]df o:tf] hLjf0f' a9bg}g / lhjf0f'x?sf] ultljlw lgis[o xG'5g .
● b"wnfO{ ;se/ rfF8} lrlnË ;]G6/df k7fO{ lbg' k5{ .
● b"w b'x'g] sfo{, uf]7sf] b"w ;+sng sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 Sofg ;kmf /fVg' k5{ / efF8fs'F8f ;kmf
u/L lrqdf b]vfP e}+m yGsfpg' k5{ .
● b"wsf] u'0f:t/ lgl/If0f lgoGq0f b'Uw ;xsf/L jf lrlnË ;]G6/sf kbflwsf/Lx?n] s[ifssf]uf]7
Joj:yfkg / ;/;kmfO{ cjnf]sg u/L /x]sf x'G5g t;y{ tkfO{+ dfq} xf]Og b'Uw Joj:yfkgdf cGo
;/f]sf?jfnfn] klg gh/ nufPsf x'G5g eGg] s'/f ;w}+ ;Demg'k5{ .
e08f/0f sIf / o;sf]
plrt k|of]u

7. c;n pTkfbg cEof;
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{
dgf]h nfld5fg],
CDCAN Manager

8. k/LIf0fsf] nflu b"wsf] gd"gf M
;kmf, ;'s]sf] / lg/fu]g ul/Psf] af]tndf 5'§} gd"gf lnO{ lasf]{ aGb ug{'kb{5 / gd"gf ;ªVof
c+lst u/L t'?Gt lr;f]df /fVg'kb{5 . gdg"f lng] pks/0f ;kmf / s'g} b"lift tTj gePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
Plh66]/ jf KnGh/n] %–& k6s tn dfly, bfofF jfofF rnfPkl5 dfq efF8f]sf] s]G› laGb'af6
gd"gf lng] u/f}+, lkFw jf dflyNnf] efuaf6 gd"gf glncf}+ . ljZn]if0fM tfkqmd
(Temperature), OlGb|ofg'ej hfFr (Organoleptic Test), pdfNbf hDg] (COB), cNsfx]n hfrF
(Alcohol Test), Pl;l8l6 (Acidity), ˆof6 (Fat), ˆof6afx]s 7f]; kbfy{ (SNF), ld;fj6
(Adulteration),Pdlacf/l6 (MBRT- Methylene Blue Reductase Test-Microbiological Test) .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

9. ;/;kmfO{sf] dxTj
● ef}lts, /;folgs / ;"Id hLjsf] b"lift tTjaf6 b"wsf] u'0f:t/ laug|af6 hf]ufpg ● b"wsf] l:y/
u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg
● 7Ls ljZn]if0f / o;sf] k|ltj]bg k|df0f /fVg
● pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug{
gd"gf lng] pks/0f
● l8k;{ Dippers
● KnGh/ Plunger
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

10. gd"gf b"lift tTjaf6 arfpg]
● b"lift gd"gfn] unt kl/0ffd lg:sg ;Sb5 h;n] cfk"lt{stf{ / pkef]Qmf b'j}nfO{ c;/ ub5{ .
● ;kmf, ;'s]sf] / lg/f]ug ul/Psf] af]tndf 5'§} gd"gf lnO{ lasf]{ aGb ug{'kb{5 / gdg"f ;ªVof
lrXg nufP/ t'?Gt lr;f]df /fVg'kb{5 .
● gd"gflng] pks/0f ;kmf / s'g} b"lift tTjgePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

11. gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf] ;/;kmfO{ M
● ef}lts, /;folgs, hLjf0f'÷ls6f0f' .
● gdg"f lnFbf gd"gf / k"/} b"wdf ;g{ ;Sb5 .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

12. gd"gf lng] ;fwg /af]tnsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug{ :tl/s[t ;~rfng tl/sf M
● ;kmf kfgLn] kvfNg] .
● vfB :t/sf] n'F8f] / emf]n l86h]{G6 bn]/ ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts cjz]ifx¿ x6fpg] . l86h]{G6
kfgLn] kvfNg] .
● pko'Qm ljlw jf /;olgs kbfy{ k|of]u u/L hLjf0f' x6fpg] sfo{ ug]{ . 3fK]6ØfP/ 3fddf
;'sfpg] .
● ;kmf / ;'Vvf ;fwg af]tn sL/f, w"nf] cflbn] b"lift kfg{ g;Sg] 7fpFdf /flvPsf] b/fhdf
3f]K6f] agfP/ /fVg] .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

13. k|efjsf/L ;/;kmfO{ hfFRg] s;/L <
● cfFvfn] x]/]/ .
● s'g} jfXo uGw gePsf] .
● s'g} jfXo ef}lts kbfy{ gePsf] .
● lgoldt kl/If0f / ;"rL cg';f/ clen]v /fVg] .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

14. ;kmf ul/Psf] gd"gf lng] ;fwg / af]tn e08f/0f M
● ;kmf / ;'Vvf ;fwg af]tn sL/f, wn"f] cflbn] b"lift kfg{ g;Sg] ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /flvPsf] b/fhdf
3f]K6f] agfP/ /fVg] .
● sL/f w"nf] cflbn] b"lift kfg{ g;Sg] t/ xfjf cfjt hfjt x'g], ;kmf, ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fVg] .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

15. gd"gf lng] ljlw
● Plh66]/ jf KnGh/n] %–& k6s xNnfPkl5 efF8f]sf] s]G› laGb'af6 gd"gf lng], lkFw jf
dflyNnf] efuaf6 glng] .
● Ps efF8f]af6 b'O{ gd"gf lng] .
● ljZn]if0fsf] nflu kof{Kt kl/df0f lng].
● 7Ls / k|ltlglw dn"s gdg"f lng] .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

16. Ps gd"gf / csf{] gd"gf aLr ldl;g] df}sf
● o;n] unt kl/0ffd lbg ;S5 To;}n] cf];f/k;f/ / e08f/0fdf ljzi]f ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 .
● lasf{] aGb ug{ e'Ng' x'Fb}g .
● xft ;kmf, ;'Vvf / ls6f0f' /lxt x'g'kb{5 .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

17. gd"gfsf] n]alnË
● k|To]s cfk"lt{stf{ jf gd"gf lnPsf] 7fpFsf] cfwf/df ;fªs]lts ;+lxtf tof/ agfpg] .
● ;fÍ]lts ;l+xtfM cfk"lt{stf{sf] ;"rLaf6 tof/ ug]{ .
● /lhi6/df ;fÍ]lts ;l+xtfsf]clen]v / gd"gf lng]af]tndf Pp6} x'g'kb{5 .
● ;Í]t cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ / e08f/0f ubf{ gd]l6g] x'g'kb{5 .
b'O{ gd"gf
● lglZrttfsf]nflu . olb ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bgdf s'g} zÍf ePdf k'gM ljZn]if0f ug{ .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

18. gd"gfsf] :j:ys/ tl/sfn] 9'jfgL / bw"sf]gd"gfsf] cf];f/k;f/
● b"wsf] gd"gf :j:ys/ tl/sfn] cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ .
● ls6f0f' ;DaGwL ljZn]if0fsf] nflu gdg"f lnFbf pko'Qm kf]zfs, 6f]kL, df:s, kGhf cflb
nufP/ jfXo ls6f0f' k|j]z gx'g] lsl;dn] lnO{g'kb{5 .
● jfXo k|of]uzfnfdf k7fpFg] gd"gf lr;f] cj:yfdf :j:ys/ tl/sfn] ul/g' kb{5, h:t} M ls6f0f'
;DaGwL ljZn]if0f . gd"gf lng] af]tn ls6f0f' /lxt agfOg'kb{5 (Sterilization) .
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

19. gd"gf lr;f] agfO{/fVg]
● o;sf] k|of]u cjlwsf] nflu
● o;sf] 7Ls ljZn]if0f kl/0ffdsf] nflu
● gd"gfnfO{ oyfl:yltdf /fVgsf] nflu
● ls6f0f'sf] jl[4 /f]Sgsf] nflu
gd"gf lng] ;fwgsf]
;/;kmfO{

20. c;n pTkfbg cEof;
clen]v /fVg]
dgf]h nfld5fg],
CDCAN Manager

21. b"w5fGg] / kl/df0fsf] clen]v M
;xL tl/sfn] b"w 5fg]/ b"wdf /x]sf s'g} klg b]Vg ;lsg] jfXo ef}lts kbfy{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . 5fGg
k|of]u x'g] ;fwgsf k|sf/M ;kmf dndn sk8f, vfB u'0f:t/sf] Knfli6ssf] hfnL, :6]gn]; l:6nsf]
hfnL . s'g} wAaf gnfu]sf ;kmf / ;'Vvf lkmN6/ k|of]u u/f}+ . 5fGg k|of]u x'g] ;kmf / ;'Vvf
;fwg sL/f w"nf] cflbn] b"lift kfg{ g;Sg] t/ xfjf cfjt hfjt x'g] ;kmf, ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fvf}+ .
b"wsf] kl/df0f, ljZn]if0f glthf, lr:ofg ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x?sf] clen]v /fvf}+ .
clen]v /fVg]

22. ;Í]t /fVg] tl/sf / clen]vsf] vfsf :j¿k
● k|To]s cfk"lt{stf{ jf gd"gf lnPsf] 7fpFsf] cfwf/df ;fÍ]lts ;l+xtf tof/ agfpg] .
● ;fÍ]lts ;l+xtf:cfk"lt{stf{sf] ;"rLaf6 tof/ ug]{ .
● /lhi6/df ;fÍ]lts ;l+xtfsf]clen]v / gd"gf lng]af]tndf Pp6} x'g'kb{5 .
● ;Í]t cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ / e08f/0f ubf{ gd]l6g] x'g'kb{5 .
cufl8 /k5fl8sf] klxrfg M
● >[ªvnfdf ;RofpFg / ;w'f/ ug{ .
● d'Vo sf/0f kQf nufpg .
clen]v /fVg]

23. clen]v /fVg]

24. clen]v /fVg]

25. clen]v /fVg]

26. clen]v /fVg]

27. clen]v /fVg]

28. clen]v /fVg]

29. clen]v /fVg]

30. clen]v /fVg]

31. clen]v /fVg]

32. clen]v /fVg]

33. clen]v /fVg]

34. 5nkmn
 wGojfb Û 

35. c;n pTkfbg cEof;
b'w hf“Rg] ljlw
dgf]h nfld5fg],
CDCAN Manager

36. • tfkqmd (Temperature)
• OlGb|ofg'ej hfFr (Organoleptic Test)
• pdfNbf hDg] (COB): % ld ln b"w 6]:66o'adf lng] . cfuf]sf]
k|of]u u/]/ %–^ ldg]6 pdfNg] . cfuf]af6 x6fO lg/LIf0f ug{] –
6]:66o'adf hd]sf] b"wsf] 6'qmfx¿ 6fFl;Psf] 5 ls 5}g . olb
6q'mfx¿ ePdf ls6f0f'sf] jl[4n] ubf{ b"wdf clDnokgf a9]sf]n]
pdfNbfClot aGb5.
b'w hf“Rg] ljlw

37. • cNsfx]n hfFr (Alcohol Test) : % ld ln b"w+ ^*Ü cNsf]xf]n .
lglZrt cj:yf – l9Ssf k/]sf] . nIf0f – clDno, lauf}tL, y'g]nf], c;fdfGo
vlgh kbfy{ .
• Pl;l8l6 (Acidity): !)) ld= ln= sf] las/df !) ld= ln= b"w /fVg] . $–
% yf]kf km]gnkm]ylng OlG8s]6/ ld;fpg] . u'nfaL /ª gcfP;Dd
N/10 NaOH ;Fu6fO6«];gug]{ .
% Acidity = Volume of 0.1 N NaOHx0.009/Volume of Milk Samplex100%
b'w hf“Rg] ljlw

38. • ˆof6 (Fat): Ao'6fo/f]ld6/df !) ld ln sG;g6«]6]8 ;Nˆo'l/s Pl;8
/fVg], !)=&% ld ln b"w Pl;8 grNg] lsl;dn] yKg] . ! ld ln cfO;f]
Pdfon cNsf]xf]n klg yKg] . :6k/ nufO{ xNnfP/ % ldg]6
;]lG6«ˆoh'df!)))–!@)) df3'dfpg] . ˆof6 k|ltztl;w} x]g]{ .
• ˆof6afx]s 7f]; kbfy{ (SNF): NofS6f]ld6/ l;ln08/df e/L b"w
lng] . ;kmf / ;'Vvf NofS6f]ld6/ b"wdf 8'afpg], tfkqmd klg x]g]{,
b"wsf] tfkqmd @& oC x'g'kb{5, NofS6f]ld6/sf] tNnf] b"wsf]
;txaf6dfklÍtcÍ l6Kg]. % SNF = (CLR/4)+0.25xF+ 0.5
b'w hf“Rg] ljlw

39. • ld;fj6 (Adulteration): :6fr,{ lrgL, o'l/of, g"g, Go'6«nfOh/ : 6i]6
ls6af6,To;dflbO{Psf]lgb]{zg cg';f/ .
• Pdlacf/l6 (MBRT): lg/fu]g ul/Psf] 6]:66o'jdf 10 ml b"w lng],
1 ml Methylene blue sf] Solution yKg] 6]:66o'j aGb ug]{ . #&
l8u|L ;]= sf] tftf]kfgLdf /fVg] / ;f] tfkqmd sfod ug]{ . Blue /+u
kl/jt{g eO{ ;]tf] x'G5 . tftf] kfgldf /fv]sf] / /+u kl/jt{g ePsf] ;do
l6Kg] . o;n] b"wsf] :jR5tfu'0f:t/sf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5 .
b'w hf“Rg] ljlw

40. Pdlacf/l6;do -306f_ b"wsf] u'0f:t/
% / a9L w]/} /fd|f]
#–$ /fd|f]
!–@ g/fd|f]
cfwf306feGbf sd w]/} g/fd|f]
• hLjf0f'sf] ljZn]if0f-l6lkl; / sf]lnkmd{_M Knl]6ª ljlwM
k|of]uzfnfdfk/LIf0f u/fpFg' kb{5 .
b'w hf“Rg] ljlw

41. 5nkmn
 wGojfb Û 

42. c;n pTkfbg cEof;
Soflna|]zg ljlw
dgf]h nfld5fg],
CDCAN Manager

43. Soflna|]zgs] xf] <
sg'} klg dfkg ul/g] oGq agfpFbf jf ljleGg sf/0fn] k|of]u ubf{ kl/df0f
Pp6} gb]vfpFg ;Sb5 To;}n] k|of]u z'? ug{' cl3 o;nfO{ 7Ls ePsf] jf
gePsf] hfFr u/L k|of]u ug{ ldNg] jf gldNg] / olb k|of]u ug{ ldNg]
ePdf klg o;n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0fdf hf]8g' jf 36fpFg' kg]{ cÍ lgwf{/0f
ug{' jf oGqg} ldnfpFg ldNg] eP :t/ cg';f/ ldnfpFg'nfO{ Soflna|]zg
elgG5 .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

44. lsg <
oGqpks/0f lgDg tLg sf/0fn] ubf{ Soflna|]zgul/g'kb5{ M
● oGqaf6 ul/Psf] hfFrsf] kl/0ffd csf]{ oGqaf6 hfrF ubf{ klg pxL
cfpF5eGg] lgZroug{ .
● oGqaf6ul/Psf] hfFrsf]kl/0ffd7Ls ePsf] lgwf/{0fug{ .
● oGqsf] ljZj;lgotfsfodug{ .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

45. s;/L <
● Soflna|]zgug{'kg]{ oGqsf]lgZro ug]{ .
● oGqsf] l:ylt ;lxt Soflna]|zg ug{'kg]{ oGqsf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ . ●
tf]lsPsf];doleq ul/g'kg]{ oGqsf]Soflna|]zgug{] .
● Soflna|]zgsf]sfodclen]v /fVg] .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

46. • cfGtl/s Soflna|]zgM
NofS6f]ld6/ (Lactometer): cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;fy} aflx/ cflwsfl/s 7fpFaf6
Soflna|]zg ul/Psf] NofS6f]ld6/af6 ul/G5 . b'j} NofS6f]ld6/nfO{
Pp6} tfkqmdsf] b"wdf hfFr]/ b'j} kl/0ffdnfO{ bfFh]/ hfFlrg]
NofS6f]ld6/sf] kl/0ffd 7Ls ePsf] jf hf]8g' jf 36fpg' kg]{ cÍ kQf
nufOG5 . hfrF ubf{ @& oC df, @& oC eGbf tn / dflysf] tfKfqmddf
klg hfFlrG5.
– ldNs PgfnfOh/ Soflna|]zg klg NofS6f]ld6/ / u/a/tl/sf af6 ul/G5 .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

47. ydf]{ld6/ (Thermometer): cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;fy} aflx/ cflwsfl/s 7fpFaf6
Soflna|]zg ul/Psf] ydf]{ld6/af6 ul/G5 . b'j} ydf]{ld6/nfO{ Pp6}
tfkqmdsf] b"wdf hfFr]/ b'j} kl/0ffdnfO{ bfFh]/ hfFlrg] ydf]{ld6/sf]
kl/0ffd 7Ls ePsf] jf hf]8g' jf 36fpg' kg]{ cÍ kQf nufOG5 . hfrF ubf{
tftf]df,lr;f]df/ ;fwf/0fcj:yfsf]tfkqmddfhfFlrG5.
Soflna|]zg ljlw

48. ● jfXo Soflna|]zgM
d'Vo oGq Pjd ;fwgx¿ jfXo cflwsfl/s ;+:yfaf6 Soflna|]zg ug{'kg]{5 . ;a}
NofS6f]ld6/ / ydf{]ld6/ jfXo cflwsfl/s ;+:yfaf6 Soflna|]zg ug{'kb{5
lsgls o;sf]c;/ b"wsf]ljZn]if0fkl/0ffddfkb{5 .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

49. ● lgoldt cfGtl/s / jfXo Soflna|]zgM
lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] Soflna|]zgsf] nflu pko'Qm tflnsf agfpg] . tf}ng] oGq
M slDtdf Ps jifd{f Ps k6s jfXo ;+:yfaf6 Soflna|]zg ul/g'kb5{ . gofF
vl/b u/]sf] ;dodf cflwsfl/s ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] Soflna|]zg ;l6{lkms]6;d]t
lng' kb{5 .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

50. ● cfotg gfKg] pks/0fM
lgoldt ¿kdf jfXo ;+:yfaf6 Soflna|]zg ul/gk'b5{ . gofF vl/b u/]sf] ;dodf
klg cflwsfl/s;+:yfaf6 ePsf] Soflna|]zg;l6{lkms]6;d]t lng' kb5{ .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

51. ● Eof6df b"w gfKg] :s]n M
Soflna|]zg ul/Psf] cfotg gfKg] pks/0fn] gfk]sf] b"w Eof6df /fVg], :s]n
8'afP/ lrXg nufpg], k'gM To:t} ub}{ hfg], Pp6f :s]n / kl/df0fsf] tflnsf
agfpg] . of] k|s[of lglZrt ;dofjlwdf ug]{ lsg ls Eof6 st} s'lRr+bf jf
km'Sbf km/s kg{ ;Sb5 . tfkqmdsf] klg ljrf/ug{'kb{5 .
Soflna|]zg ljlw

52. 5nkmn
 wGojfb Û 