This document summarizes a study estimating and mapping evapotranspiration in the Kolondièba-Tiendaga basin in Mali from 2003 to 2010 using the SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model and AATSR satellite imagery. The study finds a strong correlation between evapotranspiration and evaporative fraction from 2003 to 2008, with correlation coefficients between 0.60 and 0.90, but lower correlations (0.34 to 0.40) in 2009-2010. Evapotranspiration values ranged from 1 to 3mm/J-1. The results indicate the potential of using remote sensing to estimate evapotranspiration over large areas.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of aquifers in the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria to pollution. Eight locations were investigated to determine parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity. These parameters were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Benin Formation generally have moderate vulnerability due to fine to coarse grained sandy overburden. Higher vulnerabilities were found near Aba, while lower vulnerabilities occurred around Obibiezena and Naze. The study demonstrated the usefulness of the DRASTIC model for assessing vulnerability of aquifer systems.
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Hydrological responses to forest cover change in mountains under projected cl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study quantified the hydrological responses to the forest cover change in the upper part of Sola River basin, Forest Creek catchment, southern Poland, under projected climatic conditions. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) will be applied to investigate the response of the hydrology regime to deforestation and reforestation processes. Under two emission scenarios (A1B and B1, IPCC) of the general circulation model GISS_E (NASA Goddard Institute) were employed to generate future possible climatic conditions. The detailed research was performed on a Forest Creek catchment during the 2002-2012.A key point is to assess both the rate of change in hydrological conditions after the collapse of the spruce stands and the time necessary to stabilize the water management after the afforestation. The results of elaborations show that deforestation process reduces the retention by 40% (10 years), in the same time water drainage from the catchment shortened by 47%.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Numerical simulation of tidal circulation in the pichavaram mangrove estuary ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A vertically averaged numerical model is developed using the Surface water Modeling System (SMS) for the Pichavaram Mangrove Estuary to study the tidal characteristics which enables the simulation of the whole water circulation within the water body. The Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem is a complex network of creeks, mangroves and mud flats housed between the Vellar and Coleroon rivers, 15 km north of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. A portion of the Coleroon river drains into the mangroves, and tidal flow is through the Coleroon mouth and a small inflow from an inlet in the north. The reduction of freshwater flow over the years has led to a degradation of the mangroves and changes in sedimentation patterns. The results are calibrated against data collected previously. From the simulated results it is noticed that the tidal flow from the Coleroon mouth dominates the entire system. The maximum flood and ebb tide speed reached 0.777 ms-1 and 0.468 ms-1 during monsoon and post monsoon periods, respectively. The tide showed a pronounced asymmetry in mangroves and a 12% increase in total depth of water with a maximum increase in water level of about 5 cm is noticed between monsoon and post monsoon conditions. The dominance of ebb tide is noticed due to friction in the mangrove forest, which has resulted in slower flood current and greater tidal asymmetry in the waterway. Index Terms: Pichavaram, Mangroves, Circulation, and Numerical model
Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and envir...iosrjce
The focus of this research is to model the geohydrology of the precambrian Oban Massif using
geospatial techniques. Groundwater control indicators such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, land use / land cover and slope steepness were derived from landsat ETM+
imagery, ASTER
DEM and SRTM DEM. Image processing software such as ENVI 3.2, ARC GIS9.2 and PCI Geomatica were
used for image processing , digitizing and lineament density computation respectively. Weighted averages of the
groundwater controlling factors were used to produce thematic maps of geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope steepness, land use/land cover and geomorphological units. The thematic maps were overlaid in a
GIS environment to model the ground water potential map of the area. Arc GIS, Arc View and Map Info were
used for geographic Information System analysis. ERDAS imagine 8.6 and ENVI 4.2 were used for
georeferencing, image analysis and coordinate transformation. ASTER DEM was used for analysis of
geomorphology. For vegetation, discrimination in land cover / land use mapping band 4: 3: 2 for landsat ETM+
was used. Unsupervised was used to have a general idea of the area. Supervised classification was used for
final land use/ land cover mapping. Result show that geology, lineament density, and slope steepness are the
most influential groundwater controlling factors of groundwater potential. Their degree of influence can be
summarized as geology > lineament density> slope>geomorphology>drainage density>land use / land cover.
From the groundwater potential map, four groundwater potential zones: very good, moderately good, fair and
poor. Successful boreholes drilled in the groundwater favourable potential areas should be reticulated to the
neighbourhood with poor groundwater potentials to salvage groundwater problem in the study area.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of aquifers in the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria to pollution. Eight locations were investigated to determine parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity. These parameters were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Benin Formation generally have moderate vulnerability due to fine to coarse grained sandy overburden. Higher vulnerabilities were found near Aba, while lower vulnerabilities occurred around Obibiezena and Naze. The study demonstrated the usefulness of the DRASTIC model for assessing vulnerability of aquifer systems.
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Hydrological responses to forest cover change in mountains under projected cl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study quantified the hydrological responses to the forest cover change in the upper part of Sola River basin, Forest Creek catchment, southern Poland, under projected climatic conditions. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) will be applied to investigate the response of the hydrology regime to deforestation and reforestation processes. Under two emission scenarios (A1B and B1, IPCC) of the general circulation model GISS_E (NASA Goddard Institute) were employed to generate future possible climatic conditions. The detailed research was performed on a Forest Creek catchment during the 2002-2012.A key point is to assess both the rate of change in hydrological conditions after the collapse of the spruce stands and the time necessary to stabilize the water management after the afforestation. The results of elaborations show that deforestation process reduces the retention by 40% (10 years), in the same time water drainage from the catchment shortened by 47%.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Numerical simulation of tidal circulation in the pichavaram mangrove estuary ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A vertically averaged numerical model is developed using the Surface water Modeling System (SMS) for the Pichavaram Mangrove Estuary to study the tidal characteristics which enables the simulation of the whole water circulation within the water body. The Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem is a complex network of creeks, mangroves and mud flats housed between the Vellar and Coleroon rivers, 15 km north of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. A portion of the Coleroon river drains into the mangroves, and tidal flow is through the Coleroon mouth and a small inflow from an inlet in the north. The reduction of freshwater flow over the years has led to a degradation of the mangroves and changes in sedimentation patterns. The results are calibrated against data collected previously. From the simulated results it is noticed that the tidal flow from the Coleroon mouth dominates the entire system. The maximum flood and ebb tide speed reached 0.777 ms-1 and 0.468 ms-1 during monsoon and post monsoon periods, respectively. The tide showed a pronounced asymmetry in mangroves and a 12% increase in total depth of water with a maximum increase in water level of about 5 cm is noticed between monsoon and post monsoon conditions. The dominance of ebb tide is noticed due to friction in the mangrove forest, which has resulted in slower flood current and greater tidal asymmetry in the waterway. Index Terms: Pichavaram, Mangroves, Circulation, and Numerical model
Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and envir...iosrjce
The focus of this research is to model the geohydrology of the precambrian Oban Massif using
geospatial techniques. Groundwater control indicators such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, land use / land cover and slope steepness were derived from landsat ETM+
imagery, ASTER
DEM and SRTM DEM. Image processing software such as ENVI 3.2, ARC GIS9.2 and PCI Geomatica were
used for image processing , digitizing and lineament density computation respectively. Weighted averages of the
groundwater controlling factors were used to produce thematic maps of geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope steepness, land use/land cover and geomorphological units. The thematic maps were overlaid in a
GIS environment to model the ground water potential map of the area. Arc GIS, Arc View and Map Info were
used for geographic Information System analysis. ERDAS imagine 8.6 and ENVI 4.2 were used for
georeferencing, image analysis and coordinate transformation. ASTER DEM was used for analysis of
geomorphology. For vegetation, discrimination in land cover / land use mapping band 4: 3: 2 for landsat ETM+
was used. Unsupervised was used to have a general idea of the area. Supervised classification was used for
final land use/ land cover mapping. Result show that geology, lineament density, and slope steepness are the
most influential groundwater controlling factors of groundwater potential. Their degree of influence can be
summarized as geology > lineament density> slope>geomorphology>drainage density>land use / land cover.
From the groundwater potential map, four groundwater potential zones: very good, moderately good, fair and
poor. Successful boreholes drilled in the groundwater favourable potential areas should be reticulated to the
neighbourhood with poor groundwater potentials to salvage groundwater problem in the study area.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa river catchment in Ghana using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The 38 km2 catchment has a drainage density of 0.934 km/km2 indicating permeable subsoil.
2) The catchment relief is 137m and total stream network length is 36.51km, of which 61% are ephemeral streams and 38.9% are second and third order.
3) 44% of the catchment area has slopes between 5-10 degrees, with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31 streams that feed into a 3rd order trunk stream, forming a trellis drainage
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
This document analyzes morphometric parameters of sub-watersheds in the Serayu Bogowonto river basin in Indonesia to determine watershed priorities. Morphometric parameters including linear, relief, and areal aspects were calculated using GIS for each sub-watershed. Based on the morphometric analysis, seven sub-watersheds were given a high priority, four were medium priority, and six were low priority for watershed management and development. The study aims to help with integrated management of natural resources in the river basin area.
This document discusses a geo-electrical investigation of groundwater potential in Kuje Area Council, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. It was conducted by Adeeko Tajudeen Olugbenga, a master's student at the University of Abuja, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree in applied geophysics. The study aimed to demonstrate the application of the vertical electrical sounding (VES) method to explore for groundwater for irrigation and domestic use in three areas of Kuje. ABEM Terrameter SAS 300C was used to carry out 25 VES measurements using the Schlumberger profiling method. The results identified 4-5 geoelectric layers and showed that one area has potential
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Remote Sensing Techniques for Oceanography Satelitte and In Situ ObservationsA.Tuğsan İşiaçık Çolak
The document discusses remote sensing techniques for monitoring the hydrosphere. It begins with definitions of earth science, hydrology, and oceanography. It then discusses why studying the oceans is important for understanding climate, weather, and ocean-atmosphere interactions. The document outlines various applications of remote sensing for hydrological and ocean/coastal monitoring. It discusses important ocean parameters like temperature, currents, and salinity. Finally, it provides technical details on specific satellite instruments used for measuring sea surface temperature, like MODIS, MERIS, AVHRR, and AATSR.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Morphometric analysis of River Ravi in Kathua District, Jammu and KashmirUniversity of Jammu
The document discusses the morphometric analysis of the River Ravi basin and its tributaries in Kathua district, Jammu, India as part of a master's project. It presents the objectives, methodology, and findings of the linear, areal and relief analysis of the basin. Key findings include a mean bifurcation ratio of 2.14 indicating moderate structural control and flood risk. Drainage density is 0.47 km-1 showing a overall low stream density, while stream frequency ranges from 0.03-0.2 km-2 depending on soil permeability and slope. The analysis helps understand the influence of morphometry on the physical and human geography of the study area.
Electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of ...Alexander Decker
Three to four distinct subsurface geological layers were identified through electrical resistivity soundings in Araromi Akungba-Akoko, including a topsoil layer, clayey weathered layer, partially weathered basement, and fresh basement. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 meters. Two major parallel basement depressions striking NW-SE were delineated as major groundwater collecting centers. The weathered/fractured layer constituted the dominant aquifer units, though groundwater potential was generally low due to thin and clayey overburden layers. Future groundwater development was considered feasible in areas with relatively thick sandy overburden.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Mapping of Aquifer Contamination Using Geoelectric Methods at a Municipal Sol...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that used geoelectric methods to map aquifer contamination from a municipal solid waste disposal site in Warri, Nigeria. Fourteen vertical electrical soundings and two-dimensional resistivity imaging were conducted across the dumpsite area. The results identified four subsurface layers and revealed low resistivity zones beneath the dumpsite, indicating contamination from leachate. Hydrogeochemical analysis confirmed elevated levels of contaminants in groundwater, showing the aquifer is being impacted by the dumpsite. The study demonstrated that geoelectric methods can effectively map dumpsite-induced groundwater contamination.
1) A hydro-geophysical investigation was conducted at a closed landfill site in southwestern Ontario, Canada to map the distribution of landfill leachate and subsurface geology.
2) Electromagnetic and resistivity surveys revealed an anomalous high-conductivity zone in the western half of the site, indicating the presence of landfill leachate in the upper aquifer and partially in the underlying silt/sand aquitard. No contamination was detected in the lower sand aquifer.
3) Hydrological modeling predicted that the landfill leachate plume will occupy the entire upper aquifer and most of the silt/sand aquitard within 1000 years, but the lower sand aquifer will remain
Sedimentation Model Area of Lau Kawar Lake from Volkanic Eruption of Sinabung...IJAEMSJORNAL
Lau Kawar Lake is a VolkanicLake has wide around 200 hectares which below hillside of Sinabung mountain located in Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Impact eruption of mount Sinabungis Volkanic material in the form of important from clastic sediment to be donere search. Purpose of this research is HIBAH Dikti 2016 year, item to know type of sediment that is election mean, sorting, skewness and curtos is. and deposition public area of sediment volkanic post eruption of Sinabung. Primary data collection activities sediment core with PVC core method. generates data in the form of characters sediment grain size, sedimentary structures, sediment composition and sedimentary depositional environment interpretation presented in the stratigraphic column Lake Lau Kawar. Calculation method applied that is, Method of Moments (Mathematic) and Folk & Ward (Graphic). Result of sediment material analysis in 15 points , value mean either graphically mathematical and also shows flattening - plane of grain size coarse sand - very fine sand, Value sortasimoderately sorted - poorly sorted, Value skewnwessat smooth and rugged normal same relative distribution like at sample LK 11 LK 12 LK 13 LK 34 and LK 53, Curtosis value from overall of sample included in classification of finite mesokurtic of leptokurtic ( Kc = 0,90 - 1,1 and Kc= 1,11 - 1,50). Crossplot between values Y1 and Y2 indicates that deposition area to stay at [shallow/ superficial] deposition area at Y2 and y3 stays at fluvial area of marine, at Y3 and Y4 still residing in at fluvial deposition area of marine Data analysis result of screening of sediment sample is done to applies GRADISTAT, a program proposed by Blottand Pye ( 2011) and developed by Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Software GRADISTAT implemented in program Microsoft Excel.
This document analyzes the impact of rapid sea level changes in the Caspian Sea on the morphodynamic deformation of estuaries along the southern coasts. Sediment samples were collected from 8 main rivers and analyzed to classify the estuary shapes and sediment characteristics. Satellite images from 1983-2004, which correspond to a 2.5m sea level rise, were interpreted to measure estuary deformation. The results showed different estuary types, including barred, swollen, widened, and deltaic. Some estuary territories were limited by the sea level progression, while other estuary mouths widened or were displaced toward the beach. Overall, the rivers responded differently to the sea level rise depending on the beach steepness and sediment size.
This document describes a study that used remote sensing, GIS, and field data to create a groundwater prospectus map for an area in India. Key factors like geology, geomorphology, and recharge conditions that influence groundwater were analyzed. IRS satellite imagery and geophysical survey data were incorporated into a GIS. Different parameters were weighted and integrated to delineate zones of very good to poor groundwater potential. The resulting map was validated against actual borewell yield data, with yields generally matching the predicted potential zones. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using a GIS and remote sensing to map groundwater potential across a region.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Morphometric Analysis of Markandeya River Sub Basin (MRSB), Belgaum District,...IJERD Editor
This document discusses a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze the morphometric parameters of the Markandeya River Sub-Basin located in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India. The study categorized the basin into 4 mini-watersheds and analyzed various linear and shape parameters including stream order, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, circularity ratio, and form factor. Key findings were that the watershed has a sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage pattern with weak structural control. The form factor values indicate moderately high peak flows for shorter durations. Based on the compound parameter values calculated, Watershed 1 was found to have the highest priority for soil conservation measures due to its high erosion potential.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENTSriram Chakravarthy
This document discusses watershed management and the role of remote sensing and GIS applications. It begins with defining a watershed and the watershed approach. It then discusses watershed characterization, prioritization, development activities, and monitoring. Remote sensing provides synoptic data to map natural resources within watersheds. GIS is used to integrate spatial data for watershed delineation and analysis. The goal of watershed management is sustainable development through activities like water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa river catchment in Ghana using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The 38 km2 catchment has a drainage density of 0.934 km/km2 indicating permeable subsoil.
2) The catchment relief is 137m and total stream network length is 36.51km, of which 61% are ephemeral streams and 38.9% are second and third order.
3) 44% of the catchment area has slopes between 5-10 degrees, with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31 streams that feed into a 3rd order trunk stream, forming a trellis drainage
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
This document analyzes morphometric parameters of sub-watersheds in the Serayu Bogowonto river basin in Indonesia to determine watershed priorities. Morphometric parameters including linear, relief, and areal aspects were calculated using GIS for each sub-watershed. Based on the morphometric analysis, seven sub-watersheds were given a high priority, four were medium priority, and six were low priority for watershed management and development. The study aims to help with integrated management of natural resources in the river basin area.
This document discusses a geo-electrical investigation of groundwater potential in Kuje Area Council, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. It was conducted by Adeeko Tajudeen Olugbenga, a master's student at the University of Abuja, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree in applied geophysics. The study aimed to demonstrate the application of the vertical electrical sounding (VES) method to explore for groundwater for irrigation and domestic use in three areas of Kuje. ABEM Terrameter SAS 300C was used to carry out 25 VES measurements using the Schlumberger profiling method. The results identified 4-5 geoelectric layers and showed that one area has potential
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Remote Sensing Techniques for Oceanography Satelitte and In Situ ObservationsA.Tuğsan İşiaçık Çolak
The document discusses remote sensing techniques for monitoring the hydrosphere. It begins with definitions of earth science, hydrology, and oceanography. It then discusses why studying the oceans is important for understanding climate, weather, and ocean-atmosphere interactions. The document outlines various applications of remote sensing for hydrological and ocean/coastal monitoring. It discusses important ocean parameters like temperature, currents, and salinity. Finally, it provides technical details on specific satellite instruments used for measuring sea surface temperature, like MODIS, MERIS, AVHRR, and AATSR.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Morphometric analysis of River Ravi in Kathua District, Jammu and KashmirUniversity of Jammu
The document discusses the morphometric analysis of the River Ravi basin and its tributaries in Kathua district, Jammu, India as part of a master's project. It presents the objectives, methodology, and findings of the linear, areal and relief analysis of the basin. Key findings include a mean bifurcation ratio of 2.14 indicating moderate structural control and flood risk. Drainage density is 0.47 km-1 showing a overall low stream density, while stream frequency ranges from 0.03-0.2 km-2 depending on soil permeability and slope. The analysis helps understand the influence of morphometry on the physical and human geography of the study area.
Electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of ...Alexander Decker
Three to four distinct subsurface geological layers were identified through electrical resistivity soundings in Araromi Akungba-Akoko, including a topsoil layer, clayey weathered layer, partially weathered basement, and fresh basement. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 meters. Two major parallel basement depressions striking NW-SE were delineated as major groundwater collecting centers. The weathered/fractured layer constituted the dominant aquifer units, though groundwater potential was generally low due to thin and clayey overburden layers. Future groundwater development was considered feasible in areas with relatively thick sandy overburden.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Mapping of Aquifer Contamination Using Geoelectric Methods at a Municipal Sol...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that used geoelectric methods to map aquifer contamination from a municipal solid waste disposal site in Warri, Nigeria. Fourteen vertical electrical soundings and two-dimensional resistivity imaging were conducted across the dumpsite area. The results identified four subsurface layers and revealed low resistivity zones beneath the dumpsite, indicating contamination from leachate. Hydrogeochemical analysis confirmed elevated levels of contaminants in groundwater, showing the aquifer is being impacted by the dumpsite. The study demonstrated that geoelectric methods can effectively map dumpsite-induced groundwater contamination.
1) A hydro-geophysical investigation was conducted at a closed landfill site in southwestern Ontario, Canada to map the distribution of landfill leachate and subsurface geology.
2) Electromagnetic and resistivity surveys revealed an anomalous high-conductivity zone in the western half of the site, indicating the presence of landfill leachate in the upper aquifer and partially in the underlying silt/sand aquitard. No contamination was detected in the lower sand aquifer.
3) Hydrological modeling predicted that the landfill leachate plume will occupy the entire upper aquifer and most of the silt/sand aquitard within 1000 years, but the lower sand aquifer will remain
Sedimentation Model Area of Lau Kawar Lake from Volkanic Eruption of Sinabung...IJAEMSJORNAL
Lau Kawar Lake is a VolkanicLake has wide around 200 hectares which below hillside of Sinabung mountain located in Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Impact eruption of mount Sinabungis Volkanic material in the form of important from clastic sediment to be donere search. Purpose of this research is HIBAH Dikti 2016 year, item to know type of sediment that is election mean, sorting, skewness and curtos is. and deposition public area of sediment volkanic post eruption of Sinabung. Primary data collection activities sediment core with PVC core method. generates data in the form of characters sediment grain size, sedimentary structures, sediment composition and sedimentary depositional environment interpretation presented in the stratigraphic column Lake Lau Kawar. Calculation method applied that is, Method of Moments (Mathematic) and Folk & Ward (Graphic). Result of sediment material analysis in 15 points , value mean either graphically mathematical and also shows flattening - plane of grain size coarse sand - very fine sand, Value sortasimoderately sorted - poorly sorted, Value skewnwessat smooth and rugged normal same relative distribution like at sample LK 11 LK 12 LK 13 LK 34 and LK 53, Curtosis value from overall of sample included in classification of finite mesokurtic of leptokurtic ( Kc = 0,90 - 1,1 and Kc= 1,11 - 1,50). Crossplot between values Y1 and Y2 indicates that deposition area to stay at [shallow/ superficial] deposition area at Y2 and y3 stays at fluvial area of marine, at Y3 and Y4 still residing in at fluvial deposition area of marine Data analysis result of screening of sediment sample is done to applies GRADISTAT, a program proposed by Blottand Pye ( 2011) and developed by Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Software GRADISTAT implemented in program Microsoft Excel.
This document analyzes the impact of rapid sea level changes in the Caspian Sea on the morphodynamic deformation of estuaries along the southern coasts. Sediment samples were collected from 8 main rivers and analyzed to classify the estuary shapes and sediment characteristics. Satellite images from 1983-2004, which correspond to a 2.5m sea level rise, were interpreted to measure estuary deformation. The results showed different estuary types, including barred, swollen, widened, and deltaic. Some estuary territories were limited by the sea level progression, while other estuary mouths widened or were displaced toward the beach. Overall, the rivers responded differently to the sea level rise depending on the beach steepness and sediment size.
This document describes a study that used remote sensing, GIS, and field data to create a groundwater prospectus map for an area in India. Key factors like geology, geomorphology, and recharge conditions that influence groundwater were analyzed. IRS satellite imagery and geophysical survey data were incorporated into a GIS. Different parameters were weighted and integrated to delineate zones of very good to poor groundwater potential. The resulting map was validated against actual borewell yield data, with yields generally matching the predicted potential zones. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using a GIS and remote sensing to map groundwater potential across a region.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Morphometric Analysis of Markandeya River Sub Basin (MRSB), Belgaum District,...IJERD Editor
This document discusses a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze the morphometric parameters of the Markandeya River Sub-Basin located in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India. The study categorized the basin into 4 mini-watersheds and analyzed various linear and shape parameters including stream order, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, circularity ratio, and form factor. Key findings were that the watershed has a sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage pattern with weak structural control. The form factor values indicate moderately high peak flows for shorter durations. Based on the compound parameter values calculated, Watershed 1 was found to have the highest priority for soil conservation measures due to its high erosion potential.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENTSriram Chakravarthy
This document discusses watershed management and the role of remote sensing and GIS applications. It begins with defining a watershed and the watershed approach. It then discusses watershed characterization, prioritization, development activities, and monitoring. Remote sensing provides synoptic data to map natural resources within watersheds. GIS is used to integrate spatial data for watershed delineation and analysis. The goal of watershed management is sustainable development through activities like water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the linear growth rate of perturbations in magneto-thermal convection of a couple-stress fluid in a porous medium. The authors establish that the growth rate of oscillatory perturbations must lie within a semi-circle in the right half of the complex plane. This region is bounded based on material properties like permeability, porosity, thermal and magnetic Prandtl numbers. The results provide upper limits to the growth rate for any combination of perfectly conducting free and rigid boundaries, without requiring exact solutions.
The document analyzes supersonic flow through conical rocket nozzles using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses nozzle design and simulations conducted at divergence angles of 7, 20, and 30 degrees. The results show variations in parameters like Mach number, pressure, temperature, and turbulence intensity across the different configurations. Mach number increases from subsonic to supersonic values through the nozzle, while pressure decreases rapidly after the throat. Higher divergence angles produce higher exit Mach numbers but more over-expansion.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on wall pressure distribution in a suddenly expanded flow for an area ratio of 2.56. Experiments were conducted by attaching an enlarged duct to the exit of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle. Wall pressure was measured for nozzle pressure ratios of 3-11 and Mach numbers of 1.87, 2.2, and 2.58. Microjets were used as an active control method to study their effect on wall pressure distribution. Results showed that microjets did not adversely affect the oscillatory wall pressure field for most conditions tested. At Mach 2.58 and NPR of 9, microjets significantly increased the reattachment length in the duct. In general, microjets were found
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses built-in self-test (BIST) techniques for testing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes how the FPGA can be configured with BIST logic during offline testing to test the programmable logic blocks and interconnects. For online testing, the FPGA can be configured as a processor with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that has a BIST feature. The design implements a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture on the FPGA with the ALU and is verified through simulation. BIST allows exhaustive testing of the FPGA at operating speed without external test equipment.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes the municipal solid waste management scenario of Kakinada City, India. Some key points:
- Kakinada city generates around 260 metric tons of solid waste per day from its population of over 300,000 people.
- Currently, solid waste is collected and transported to an open dumping site where it is disposed of indiscriminately without any processing.
- Proper waste management systems like segregation, transportation, treatment and disposal as outlined in India's solid waste management rules have not been fully implemented.
- Increasing population is leading to more waste generation but inadequate infrastructure and management, posing environmental and health problems.
El juego Mars Attack permite al jugador moverse por la pantalla usando un joystick y destruir enemigos mediante colisiones, mientras evita ser destruido a su vez.
O Dropbox é um serviço gratuito que permite armazenar e sincronizar arquivos entre dispositivos. Os arquivos salvos na pasta Dropbox são automaticamente atualizados em todos os computadores e dispositivos do usuário, permitindo acessar e editar os arquivos de qualquer lugar.
Un hacker llamado "Kane" accedió a los sistemas de un hospital universitario de Seattle y copió datos de más de 5.000 pacientes. Aunque el hacker aseguró que su intención era sólo advertir sobre vulnerabilidades de seguridad, el incidente puso en riesgo la integridad, confidencialidad y disponibilidad de la información del hospital y expuso datos personales de pacientes. Los ataques como este son más comunes de lo que se informa públicamente y revelan deficiencias generales en las medidas de seguridad de muchos centros de salud
El documento proporciona información sobre un viaje a Israel organizado por NAIS entre el 23 y 30 de noviembre de 2011. Destaca que Israel es el segundo país del mundo en número de startups y el número uno en investigación y desarrollo. Incluye datos sobre la población, geografía, religión, idiomas y distancia de Israel respecto a España. Explica los objetivos del viaje como aprender, enseñar, compartir y mostrar proyectos de emprendimiento e innovación. Detalla el itinerario visitando la universidad, empresas grandes y startups.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that estimated and mapped land surface temperature in the Kolondieba-Tiendaga basin in Mali using AATSR satellite images and GIS. The study area has a tropical climate and vegetation including savannas and agricultural lands. Land surface temperature was calculated using the SEBS model applied to AATSR data. Results found land surface temperatures between 303-296K with standard deviations of 2.66-0.945K, consistent with other studies in West Africa using AATSR images. The land surface temperature data can provide important information for hydrology, natural resource management, agriculture and climate modeling in the region.
This document summarizes a study that developed a 3D groundwater flow model of the Ennahud Basin aquifer in northern Sudan using Visual MODFLOW software. The model was calibrated based on observed groundwater level data and yielded acceptable results. The model estimates annual groundwater recharge of 530 million cubic meters on average and pumping of 6.73 million cubic meters annually, similar to historical records. Model predictions indicate a maximum future drawdown of 5 meters by 2015 if pumping continues at current rates.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Presentation on Aerosols, cloud properties Esayas Meresa
This slide was prepared for the course Applications of GIS and RS for water resources in Mekelle University, Institute of Geo-information and earth observation Science(I-GEOS) by Mr. Esayas Meresa.
This document analyzes the runoff process at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids was conducted from 2009-2011 in rainfall, surface water, groundwater, and at the outlet. The deconvolution method EMMA was used to determine the origin of runoff based on electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids diagrams. This analysis showed a bipolar origin of runoff with rapid flows from rainfall (Qr) making up 77% and delayed flows from shallow aquifers (Qd) making up 23% during the high water period of 2010. In 2011, Qr increased to 80% while Qd decreased due
Aquifer polution vulnerability assessment for abi paperEbong Dickson
The geophysical-based integrated electrical
conductivity (IEC) and the groundwater hydraulic confinement–
overlying strata–depth to water table (GOD)
techniques were used to assess vulnerability levels of
aquifers and the extent of aquifer protection in Abi,
Nigeria. The IEC indices was generated from
constrained one dimensional (1D) inversion of vertical
electrical sounding (VES) and two dimensional (2D)
electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data, acquired
randomly in the area. The GOD indices were sourced
from existing geologic data within the area. Results
showed that IEC values vary from <0.1>2.0 S in the strongly protected areas.
The GOD indices vary from <0.3 in the lowly vulnerable
areas to 0.6 in the highly vulnerable areas. Thus, the
groundwater resources in the area need to be properly
managed for sustainability and such management practices
have been suggested.
Keywords Electrical resistivity. Contamination .
Vulnerability. IEC . GOD . Abi, Nigeria
The document discusses a geo-electrical imaging survey conducted in Edo State, Nigeria to characterize the subsurface geology for environmental and engineering studies. Resistivity data was collected along four lines using the Wenner array and inverted to produce 2D resistivity images. The images indicate resistivity increases with depth and identify three main layers - alluvium deposits from 0-20m underlain by laterite to 20m thick, underlain by sandstone and shale. Areas over 3500 ohm-m represent bedrock of gravel and granite, showing the area is suitable for construction. The study found no evidence of contamination or faults, but low conductivity suggests limited aquifer potential for water supply.
Electrical Resistivity Survey Forground Water At Eye Zheba Village, Off Bida ...iosrjce
The paper titled “Electrical Resistivity survey for ground water” at EL-HALAL Farms, covered an
area of about 10km2
, located at Eye Zheba village along Minna-Bida Road, located on latitude 60
.001
and 6
0
7
1
West and longitude 90
3
1
and 9.101 North. As a result of water problem in Bida and its environs, the people living
in this environment suffered a lot due to lack of portable drinking water and water for domestic use. A
Geophysical survey carried out, employed the schlumberger Array method in which current were sent beneath
the earth surfaces, this was done at various points and the data collected. The area revealed three lithological
formations in some places while in some place five. With the lowest resistivty found to be 6.85 Ωm and the
highest resistivity was 12,774.46 Ωm. The lithotogical formation includes the sandstones, clayey sandstones,
sandy clay and ferruginised sandstone. Since this is a sedimentary area drilling is expected to be deep down to a
depth of about 70-75m
GIS based spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a along Kalpakk...IJERA Editor
This paper briefly describes the status of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a trend in Kalpakkam Coast, discusses its ecological and temperature impacts recommending measures to achieve long term sustainability using advanced tools like Geographic Information System (GIS). Present study reveals the monthly spatial distribution of Temperature and Chlorophyll-a at Kalpakkam. Transect based in-situ Temperature and Chlorophyll-a collected at 200m, 500m and 1 km distance into the sea was interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) method in ARC GIS. Data revealed the extent of spatial distribution of thermal effluent in Kalpakkam. It could be found that temperature range of 26.2 – 31.9°C provided substantial Chlorophyll-a concentration between 0.8 – 2.9 mg/m3 for surface and bottom waters. Further, increase of Chlorophyll-a levels did not lead to higher productivity. Combined temperature and chlorophyll a showed little synergistic effects. It is concluded that the effect of thermal discharge from the power plant into the receiving water body is quite localized and productivity of the coastal waters are not affected. From the results obtained, the spatial data has been found to be useful in determining zones of safe use of seawater and to understand the extent of relationship between the relatable parameters.
Effect of Air Relative Humidity Harvest on Soil Moisture Content under Morocc...IJERA Editor
In this work, we aim to analyse the effect of the harvest of air relative humidity on soil water content. Some experiments were conducted on hilly areas with various hypsographic and microclimatic conditions greatly affecting daily fluctuations of air relative humidity. The metrological data’s were obtained by using a Campbell Scientific equipments station recorder on data loggers every half hour. Time Domain Reflectometers (TDR) is used for calculating water content at different soil layers. The effect of many parameters such as: minimal and maximal air atmospheric humidity, potential of soil water and minimal temperature of air on harvesting air relative humidity is also discussed. The experimental results indicate that soil moisture content in the upper soil layer fluctuates with the same manner to diurnal fluctuation of relative air humidity. These fluctuations due to the harvest of relative air humidity decreased with increasing soil depth and daily amplitude of relative air humidity. The water adsorbed according to this phenomenon increased with increasing maximal relative and decreasing minimal temperature. The contribution of this soil water collected is about 40% of losses due to evaporation process. The correlation between principal climatic data and soil water adsorption by harvest relative air humidity is presented in this paper in order to incorporate it in the total water balance during water infiltration.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Analysis found the aquifers highly vulnerable to pollution, with 61% highly vulnerable and 20% very highly vulnerable. Vulnerability was highest in the western coastal area and decreased moving eastward. Water quality analysis found the Plio-Quaternary groundwater to be of varying salinity, dominated by sodium and chloride ions, indicating vulnerability to seawater intrusion if overexploited.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
Spatial variation in surface runoff at catchment scale, the case study of adi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on spatial variation in surface runoff within the Adigela catchment in Tigray, Ethiopia. Four sub-catchments were monitored for runoff. Runoff was found to vary significantly between sub-catchments due to differences in shape, vegetation cover, slope, soil type, land use, and rainfall amounts. Peak discharges ranged from 0.47 to 2.14 m3/sec across the sub-catchments. Infiltration rates also varied spatially based on soil texture. The SCS-CN method was found to adequately predict runoff patterns in the catchment. The study provides insight into key factors controlling runoff generation and hydrograph response at the catchment
This document describes the ARMETT technique, which stands for Arid Region Mapping of Evapo-Transpiration. The technique uses color infrared aerial photographs to differentiate between areas of actively transpiring vegetation and other land cover types in arid environments where water availability is the main limiting factor for plant growth. It does this through a filtering process called RERD (Red Edge Response Differentiation) which identifies pixels showing the red edge spectral response that indicates healthy, evaporating vegetation. When combined with knowledge of local plant rooting depths, this technique can be used to map the lateral extent of shallow groundwater resources. The document outlines the theory, methodology, testing and potential applications of the ARMETT technique.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#5, Role of hydrometeorological monitoring for IRBM in Ne...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Geohydrological investigation using vertical electrical sounding at banaras h...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) to investigate the geohydrology of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. Nine VES surveys were conducted and interpreted to identify four subsurface layers and map variations in thickness. Four geoelectrical cross-sections were generated that correlated well with borehole data. The results indicate suitable conditions for good aquifers that can ensure a continued groundwater supply to support development in the expanding university campus.
Human interactions with the environment are identified as one of the leading causes of climate change and variation. Modification, conversion and maintenance of land cover are all forms of anthropogenic interactions with the environment that result in a variety of vital changes to the environment that either positively or negatively feedback to the environment and climate. The identification and monitoring of these Land Use/ Land Cover Changes (LULCC) is therefore important since changes in land cover, occasioned more often than not by anthropogenic land use, alter land-atmosphere interactions upon which ecosystem services rely thus resulting in climate change and variation. Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a property of the land surface and refers to the temperature of the interface between the earth’s land surface and the atmosphere. It is therefore an important variable in land-atmosphere interactions and a climate change indicator which varies over space and in time as a function of vegetation cover, surface moisture, soil types, topography and meteorological conditions. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator derived from the Visible (Red) and Near Infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum used in remote sensing to assess the concentration of green leaf vegetation and plant phenology. It is also an accepted and widely used parameter in characterization and assessment of vegetation change. This study uses a remote sensing approach in one of the most ecologically rich and diverse ecosystems to investigate the effect of Land Use/ Land Cover Change and in particular vegetation change on Land Surface Temperature (LST). The study area is in the Mara ecosystem located in South Western Kenya. LANDSAT satellite images for 1985, 1995, 2003 and 2010 were used to derive NDVI and LST. We found that human related Land Use/ Land Cover Change (LULCC) in the form of conversion of land for cultivation purposes has been and is taking place around the Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR). We also found that a negative correlation exists between LST and NDVI thus indicating that with decrease in vegetation cover and conversion to cultivated land, there is increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST).
This document proposes research to determine the groundwater table in Hawa Galan catchment, Ethiopia using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods. The study area has a population of over 123,000 people relying on groundwater sources like hand dug wells as there are no permanent surface water sources. Previous studies in the region focused on geology and igneous petrology but not groundwater. This research will involve collecting VES data along profiles and analyzing the results to map subsurface resistivity and identify potential high-yield aquifers and drilling locations to address the need for sustainable groundwater resources in the community. A detailed work plan and budget are provided outlining field work, data analysis, and reporting over an anticipated one year
1. DAOU Ibrahima, MARIKO Adama, RASMUS Fensholt, MENENTI Massimo, KOUROSH
Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1193-1200
Estimation and cartography of the evapotranspiration from the
data AATSR in Sudano–sahelian environment: case study of
Kolondièba-Tiendaga basin (Mali)
DAOU Ibrahima.1 MARIKO Adama.2 RASMUS Fensholt.3, MENENTI
Massimo.4, KOUROSH Khoshelham.4, MBOW Cheickh.5, DIALLO
Drissa.1
1. University of Bamako, Faculty of Science and Techniques (FAST), Mali
2. National Engineering school-Aberhamane Baba Touré of Bamako, Mali
3. University of Geography and Geology of Copenhague, Denmark
4. Delft University of Technology, Department and flesh, Remote Sensing optical and laser Remote sensing,
Netherlands.
5. University of Cheick Anta Diop (UCAD), Laboratory of Education and Research in Geomatics
Abstract
Information on the space and temporal
variation of the evapotranspiration on a basin I Introduction
area is of capital importance in many The estimation by remote sensing of the
environmental disciplines, such as hydrology, corresponding evapotranspiration (to the latent
agriculture, integrated management of the water flux of heat) is based on the evaluation of the
resources, meteorology, etc. Moreover, this energy balance of surface through several
information plays a crucial part in the processes properties of surface, such as the albedo of surface,
of interaction between the hydrosphere- the temperature of surface, the vegetation index
Biosphere-Atmosphere, and water cycle. The (LAI, FCover, NDVI) and meteorological data[7].
evapotranspiration can be measured through The measure continues and the spatial variation of
two approaches (conventional or traditional and the evapotranspiration, at various scales (ladders)
remote sensing approaches). The conventional are important parameters in the evaluation of
approaches make it possible to have very precise agriculture water requirement [24]. This
results but confined on reduced spaces. While evapotranspiration represents a key parameter in
the approaches of remote sensing lead to such several environmental disciplines, such as,
satisfactory results likely to be extended to hydrology, agriculture (farming), integrated
broader zones. management (joined) by water resources, [24], [25]
The satellite images are more and more used to and play a dominating role in the process of
estimate and map the space and temporal interaction between hydrosphere-Biosphere-
distribution of the evapotranspiration starting Atmosphere and water cycle. It depends on the
from patterns such as SEBS (Surface Energy availability of water, and the incidental solar
Balance System). This article has the results of radiation and reflects essentially the interaction
the estimate of the evapotranspiration starting between water resources and climate. The reliable
from model SEBS (Surface Energy Balance estimation of the evapotranspiration allows
System) on the basin area of Kolondièba- improve the performance of the systems of
Tiendaga (3050 km2) in sudan-sahelian climate, irrigation.[24], [25], and can be made through two
in Southern Mali. The results of this study show approaches (the conventional or classical
a strong correlation between the approaches and the surrounding areas of remote
evapotranspiration and the evaporative fraction sensing).
from 2003 up to 2008, where the coefficients of The conventional approaches supply precise
correlation vary between 0.60 and 0.90. On the measures through homogeneous zones, on small
other hand, this coefficient becomes lower than scales, and cannot be spread to hypermarkets,
0.50 for the two last years 2009 and 2010 (0.34 because of the regional variation of the climatic
and 0.40). The values of the evapotranspiration parameters, the heterogeneousness of the landscape
vary between 1 and 3mm/J -1 and the dynamic nature of heat transfer processes.
[33].
Keywords: Evapotranspiration, SEBS, Among these conventional methods, the method
evaporative fraction, Basin of Kolondièba- of Penman-Monteih is both mostly known and
Tiendaga, AATSR images used. This classical method combines (at the same
time) energy and the balance sheet of mass transfer
1193 | P a g e
2. DAOU Ibrahima, MARIKO Adama, RASMUS Fensholt, MENENTI Massimo, KOUROSH
Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1193-1200
to model the evapotranspiration. It was proposed by between 900 and 1200mm / year. The monthly
Monteih in 1965 which leaned on the equation of average temperatures vary between 38 ° in May
Penman in 1948 [6]. and 23 ° in December. The values of the relative
Surrounding areas of remote sensing are based humidity oscillate between 82 % in August and 38
on the evaluation of the energy balance of surface % in February. The radiation is strong all year long,
through several properties of surface, such as the when the values of the potential evapotranspiration
albedo of surface, the temperature of surface, the remain important, with a climax in May (161)
vegetation index (LAI, FC over, NDVI) and (DNH-Mali, 1990). The geologic substratum is
meteorological data[7], Among these surrounding made of metamorphic and granitic rocks covered
areas of remote sensing , we can note the method with washed tropical ferruginous, ferralitic and
SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance for Land) hydromorphous grounds. The relief is dominated
developed by[2,3,13,14,26], the method S-SEBI by upstream trays to the pond, plains in the center
(Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index) and downstream slums the height of which can
finalized by, the method SEBS (Surface Energy vary between 315 and 390 m. The vegetation is
Balance Système, developed by[15,19,18,26,27,28] characterized by trees, shrubs, meadow, mixed up
the method TSEB (Two-Source Energy Balance) with annual agricultures.
[8,16,21]
[25] proposed a method simplified by the model
S-SEBI, based on the concept of the evaporative
fraction. This model permits to consider the
evapotranspiration from the contrast between the
dry and wet areas given by [24], also proposed a
method based on the concept of the “eporative
fraction”, with a factor of correction of 0.034 on
the pond the Indus in Pakistan to estimate the daily
evapotranspiration.
In the Malian context, the estimation of the
evapotranspiration was always made from the
conventional methods [32]. Because of the limits
observed in the use of the conventional methods,
this work is based on the preceding sensing
theories. Our survey sets up as objective the
estimation and the mapping of evapotranspiration
from the satellite pictures AATSR (ENVISAT)
developed by ESA (European Spatial Agency) over
a period of 8 years, between 2003 and 2010.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Frame of study:
The study concerns the basin of
Kolondièba-Tiendaga located in southern Mali Figure1: map of the versant pond of Kolondièba-
between the Longitudes and Latitudes 34 °W and 6. Tiendaga
82°W and 10.15°N and 11,08°N. This versant of a
3050 km ², is one sub pond of the cross-border
pond of Bani (Fig.1). It is located on the upper
pond of Niger, in approximately 262 km from 1600
Bamako (capital of Mali), and is limited to the 1400
North by the city of Kolondièba, to the South by 1200
Pluie (mm)
the municipality of Sibirila until the border of it 1000
Quoted by Ivory, in the East by the municipality of 800
Fakola and Bougoula, on the West by the 600
municipality of Garalo (circle of Bougouni). Its 400
200
release is to Tiendaga on the road of Fakola. Its
0
physical characteristics are given in the figure 1.
The basin of Kolondièba-Tiendaga has a tropical
transition climate or a South Sudan climate,
characterized by the alternation of a warm and dry Année
season (in November-April) and of a rainy season
(May-October) when the rainfall average oscillates
1194 | P a g e
3. DAOU Ibrahima, MARIKO Adama, RASMUS Fensholt, MENENTI Massimo, KOUROSH
Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1193-1200
Figure 2: annual rainfalls recorded on the versant The data produced by ENVISAT will be used
basin of Kolondièba-Tiendaga between 1986 and within the framework of the scientific research on
2010 the earth and the monitoring of the environmental
Table 1: morphometric characteristics of the and climatic changes. Besides, they will facilitate
versant pond the development of operational and commercial
applications. The sensor AATSR is one radiometer
Designation Value with sweeping with a spatial resolution of 1Km x
Longitudes : 1Km, recording 7 spectral ranges in the visible and
Outlet 11.066761 the infrared. The track of the sensor AATSR is
Latitudes : 6.846652 chosen so as to insure continuity with the sets of
Altitude of outlet data of ATSR1 and ATSR2 of the series of ERS1
313 m
and ERS2 of ESA. The characteristics of the sensor
Bassin surface 3050 Km2 are given in table 2. Product ATS-TOA level 1P of
Main canal’s lenght 158.30 AATSR is used in this work. They were acquired
with the European Space agency (E.S.A) in the
Hydromorphic Network total lenght 5854.26 framework of the TIGER Initiative on Assessment
Strahler Order 7 of Water Resources in Africa under Global Climate
Drainage density 1.895 km/Km2 Variability. These data were downloaded from the
site http: // ats-merci-uk.eo.esa.int:8080 , and
Perimeter 430 Km concern about more than 100 images in the period
Compactness Index 2.050 KG 2003 to 2010.
Equivalent rectangle lenght 186 m Besides the satellite data, are used meteorological
data (temperature, the wind speed, the relative
Equivalent rectangle width 16 m humidity) collected on ground station by the
Central Spatial National Meteorological Direction of Mali.The
Band
Spectral wave resolutio solar radiation data used in this work are collected
largeness Application
band (µm) lenght n in [34]
(µm)
(µm) (Km) Table 2: characteristics of the sensor AATSR of the
0.0545- 0.555 0.02 1 Chlorophylla satellite ENVISAT (Esa, 2009)
0.565
0.549- 0.659 0.02 1 Vegetation As for the geometrical resolution, the sensor
0.669 indication AATSR acquires data according to two systems of
0.855- 0.865 0.02 1 Vegetation curved sweepings: a Sweeping curved forwards
0.875 indication and a Sweeping curved towards Nadir.
1,580- 1.61 0.03 1 Clean of
1.640 cloud 2.3 Methods
3.50-3.89 3.70 0.30 1 surface sea The methodological approach used in this
temperature study is based on the SEBS (Surface Energy
10.40- 10.85 1.00 1 Surface sea Balance System) model developed by
11.30 temperature ESA[15,19,18,27,28]. It is settled in the software
11.50- 12.00 1.00 1 Surface sea BEAM (BASIC ERS, ENVISAT and ASAR,
12.50 temperature MERIS Toolbox) as modulate. The BEAM
software intended for georeferencing, assessment ,
2.2 Material analysis and visualizing of satellite images, in
The satellite data used are acquired by in particular those produced by ESA (MERIS,
this study are the AATSR (Advanced Along Track AATSR, ASAR, etc.). The image AASTR was
Scanning Radiometer) ones and MERIS (Medium corrected atmospherically by the SMAC
Spectrometer Imaging Radiometer) sensors on (Simplified Method for Atmospheric Corrections)
board ENVISAT platform of ESA launched 01 model used also as a module of BEAM before
March 2002 on polar orbit. The sensor AATSR is being used in the SEBS model. The practical
intended to supply data on the atmosphere, the application of SMAC is to change the radioactive
ocean, the earth (ground), and the ice (mirror, ice transfer equation to calculate the surface
cream). The sensor MERIS is a spectrometer reflectance.
imager with average resolution (300m, recording) This model SEBS is constituted of a set of tools for
in 15 spectral ranges in the visible and the infrared the determination of the physical properties of
close relation. It is especially used for the ground surface, such as emissivity, albedo,
determination of vegetation index (NDVI, LAI) temperature and plant location setting.
entering the model SEBS. Based on the contrast between the dry and wet
areas, the SEBS pattern was introduced by [18]
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4. DAOU Ibrahima, MARIKO Adama, RASMUS Fensholt, MENENTI Massimo, KOUROSH
Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1193-1200
who proposed a method to calculate the the deficit of pressure to mbar ). The radiation of
evapotranspiration from the evaporative fraction. big length of wave going out () is obtained from the
This concept of evaporative fraction base on temperature of surface by ignoring the small
ground surface energy balance to estimate the contribution of the radiation of the sky reflected by
evapotranspiration was improved by [28]). using the following equation:
s T s
2.3.1 Estimation of the components of the energy 4
balance The remote sensing and meteorological R L
data are used to calculate the surface heat flux. The Where is the emissivity of surface and is the
net radiation is divided into latent heat flux, temperature of surface ° (K). According to [30], the
sensitive heat flux and heat flux of the soil. The emissivity (is) for the range of 8-14µm can be
latent heat flux is calculated as a residue of the predicted from the NDVI (normalized indication of
energy balance according to the following vegetation) with a strong correlation. The
equation. emissivity is thus calculated from the NDVI by
LE Rn G H using the following logarithmic relation:
Where Rn is the net radiation resulting respectively s
1.0094 0.047x ln( NDVI)
from the balance of incoming and outgoing The quantity of net radiation received by the
radiation (W/m2): latent heat flux (W/m2) surface is the sum of all the entering and taking out
G: Soil heat (W/m2) H: Sensitive heat (W/m2) radiations and is calculated according to the
Rn and G can be estimated locally [1] by using equation below
R 1 R a T a sT s
4 4
meteorological data ( and regionally by
n s
incorporation of emitted and thoughtful radiation
2.3.3 Flow of heat of the soil (G)
distributed spatially [12] (
The flow of heat of the ground (G) is collectively
2.3.2 Net radiation (Rn): the ground surface
considered as a fraction of the net radiation Rn
radiation balance is given by the following formula
dependent on the indication of the surface foliar
Rn R s R s R L R L (LAI) and of the NDVI Normalized Difference
Where: Vegetation Index [10]. He can be upper in 0.3 Rn
Rn net radiation for the lower and naked grounds in 0,1Rn for zones
short wavelength radiation (0.14-4µm ) covered with vegetation [12]. Several studies
R s showed that the ratio G/Rn of the day is concerning
resulting from the sun the other factors, such as the quantity of vegetation
R s shortwave radiation reflected by earth’s presents [17, 9, 2, 3] presented the following
surface logarithmic relation. The flow of heat of the soil G.
R L longwave atmospheric radiation
R L longwave radiation (> 4µm) emmitted by
G Rn T s x 0.0038 0.0074 x 1 0.98 NDVI
2 4
earth’s surface 2.3.4 Sensitive flux heat (H)
R s [22] is calculated from the product of The estimation of the reliable values of flow of
immediate radiation arriving on the soil. The solar sensitive heat is the most difficult aspect of this
radiation absorbed by the surface of the soil is methodology because it depends on the
calculated according to the following relation: aerodynamic resistance. Hour is collectively
Rabs 1 Rs expressed as a function of Ts and Ta
Where, c T T r
H p s a a Where is the density of
is the albedo of surface. It is determined from the dry air (Kgm-3), Cp is the capacity of specific
measure of narrow tapes by the technique of weight heat of the air (Jkg-1C-1), and Ra is the
average proposed by [24]. The radiation arriving of aerodynamic resistance of the transport of heat (m-
big length is estimated on the basis of the measures 1). Ra is estimated by the theory of similarity of
the soil and air temperature and the pressure of Monin-Obukhov Businger, 1988 [13]. Numerous
vapor by using the following relation: semi-empirical models were proposed to estimate
RL a Ra
4 Ra and H, [29, 31,5]. Among these models, model
presented by [4], proposes the simplest to consider
Where, H from some points of measure easily obtained,
a
is the
1
emissivity of the atmosphere such as the NDVI, Ts and Your. The main problem
of this method is the overestimation of H in urban
1,24 e d
7
zones where the indication of vegetation is weak
T a
a
, where from an overestimation of HIM (IT) [23].
The constant of Stefan-Boltzman is (5.67x10-8W / To avoid this problem a model of semi-empirical
m-2K-4, Your is the air temperature (K) and ed is aerodynamic resistance was proposed by [29]
1196 | P a g e
5. DAOU Ibrahima, MARIKO Adama, RASMUS Fensholt, MENENTI Massimo, KOUROSH
Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1193-1200
r a
4,72 ln z z 1 0,54u
0
2 between the values of the current
evapotranspiration and those of the evaporative
Where z is the height of the wind speed (m ), z 0 is fraction for 2003s until 2008, when the coefficients
the length of roughness of surface (m) and u is the of correlation vary 0.60 (coefficient of correlation
wind speed ( ms-1 ). of 2005) in 0.90 (coefficient of correlation of 2008)
[11, 20] showed that z0 can be estimated from (figure3). As regard to the values of the last two
indication of vegetation, such as the NDVI and the years, the values of the coefficients of correlation
ratio of NIR/R. [9] also connected (bound) z0 (cm) vary between 0.34 and 0.40, respectively for 2009
with the NDVI to estimate(esteem) the flows of and 2010.
surface at the regional level.[20] used an Several studies have proved that this
exponential relation to consider z0 from the ratio evapotranspiration estimation technique is
NIR / R satisfactory with differences in daily
z 0 exp 0.01021 0.1484 NIR Re d evapotranspiration of less than 1mm J-1 [17].
Table 3: values of evapotranspiration measured
2.4 Estimation of the daily evapotranspiration
from AATSR’s data from 2003 to 2010
The method of estimation of the
evapotranspiration used here is based on the
concept of the evaporative fraction. This
evaporative fraction is the relationship of the latent
flux of heat on the sum of the latent and sensitive
flows of heat (LE/LE+H). Besides, the product of
the evaporative fraction and the daily net radiation
can supply and of the daily evapotranspiration on
the pond the Indus in Pakistan. Several studies
proved that this technique is reasonable with
differences of daily evapotranspiration at least of
1mm J-1 [17]. So, the current evapotranspiration is
estimated according to the following formula:
ET 0.034xEFxRn, d
Where EF is the evaporative fraction (W / m-2),
Rn, d is the daily net radiation (W/m-2), and 0.0345
is a factor of correction proposed by [24]. The
evaporative fraction and the daily net radiation
were calculated from the model SEBS (Surface
Energy Balance System).
The 21 pluviometric stations are stacked on the
map obtained from the model SEBS with the aim
of the extraction of the values of pixels. These
values of 21 stations are used in ArcGIS 9.3 to
make the interpolation of the data of the
evapotranspiration.
III. Results and Discussions 2003 2004
All in all, we worked on more than 100 5 5
satellite images AATSR of the flat train ENVISAT 4 4
3 3
of the European Space agency (ESA) to estimate 2 2
and map the potential evapotranspiration. The 1 1
0 0
model SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System)
developed by [15, 18,19,27,28] allowed to obtain 1 3 5 7 911 15 19
13 17 21 1 3 5 7 911 15 19
13 17 21
these results. 21 pluviometric stations spatially
distributed on the pouring pond were of use to the 2005 2006
extraction of pixels (1Kmx1Km to make the 5 5
various elaborated calculations and the maps 4 4
3 3
relative to this work of cartography of the 2
2 1
evapotranspiration in sudano-Sahelian 1 0
environment, south Mali. All the values of the 0
current evapotranspiration for the period of our 1 3 5 7 911 15 19
13 17 21
1357911 3 5 7 9 1
11112
study (2003- 2010) vary between 1 and 3 mm J-1
picture3). This study shows a very good correlation 2007 2008
1197 | P a g e
6. DAOU Ibrahima, MARIKO Adama, RASMUS Fensholt, MENENTI Massimo, KOUROSH
Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1193-1200
5 5 Figure 4: Evapotranspiration maps of Kolondièba-
4 4 Tiendaga basin from AATSR images over the
3 3
2 2 period 2003- 2010.
1 1
0 0
IV Conclusion
1 3 5 7 911 15 19
13 17 21 1 4 7 10131619 To day, the use of the conventional
approaches in the measurement of the biophysical
2009 2010 parameters, particularly evapotranspiration appear
5 5 more and more limited with to the heterogeneity of
4 4 the landscapes and it dimensions.
3 3
2 The methods of remote sensing appear to this
1 2
1 effect as complementary (additional) means in
0 these conventional or classic approaches where
0
1 4 7 10131619 from their very big use on an international scale.
1 4 7 10131619
SEBS model use in in this study, gives a
satisfactory results. Indeed, the values of the
Figure 3: curves tendency of evaporation- evapotranspiration found vary between 1 and 3 mm
evapotranspiration from 2003 to 2010 / J-1. It was observed a strong correlation between
the evaporative fraction and the evapotranspiration
ETP 2003 ETP 2004 is R2 upper in 0.60) for 2003s in 2008. While this
coefficient is (R2 lower than 0.50) for 2009s and
2010 (respectively, 0.34 and 0.04).
In the context of sustainable management of
water resources, it is necessary to compare these
results to those collected on ground.
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to DANIDA for the financial
support of this study within the framework of the
project WANSEC (West African Network for
ETP2005 ETP 2006
Studies Environment Changes). Our thanks also
address to the European Space agency (ESA) for its
technical support within the framework of the
project TIGER II.
We thank the Water and Environment Unit of the
DER of Geology of the ENI-ABT of Bamako
(Mali) for having sheltered this work.
We are finally grateful to the IRD through the
RIPIECSA project for their support to the outcome
of this work.
ETP 2007 ETP 2008
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Khoshelham, MBOW Cheickh, DIALLO Drissa / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
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