IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes the design of a microstrip decagon carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using a decagon shape up to the 3rd iteration on an Arlon substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.7. Simulation software was used to analyze the antenna performance. The results showed the antenna could operate in multiple frequency bands between 1-12GHz, making it suitable for wireless communication applications. Parameters like substrate properties and antenna dimensions affected the multiband performance. Radiation patterns indicated good antenna gain across operating frequencies.
Implementation of a plus shaped fractal antennas for multi-band applicationsijceronline
This document discusses the implementation of a plus-shaped fractal antenna for multi-band applications. It begins by introducing fractal antennas and their advantages over conventional antennas, such as multiband behavior and reduced size. It then describes the design and simulation of a plus-shaped slotted fractal antenna. The antenna is iteratively designed, where the dimensions are reduced by 1/3 with each iteration. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at multiple frequency bands and has good return loss and VSWR across the bands. Measurement data from a vector network analyzer agrees with the simulation results, validating the multi-band performance of the plus-shaped fractal antenna design.
This document discusses a microstrip patch antenna project by Steve Jensen for his independent study at Northern Arizona University. The objectives are to understand antenna theory and microstrip patch antennas, design a patch antenna with calculations, simulate the design, and potentially build and test it. The report covers topics like Wi-Fi channels, antenna radiation, transmission lines, field regions, bandwidth, radiation patterns, microstrip antennas, antenna feeds, substrate properties, antenna designs for Rogers 3003 and FR-4 substrates, and simulations of the designs. The total time spent is planned to be 135-140 hours to complete the project by December 14, 2010.
This document presents a new printed slot antenna design based on the first iteration of the Sierpinski gasket fractal geometry for dual band wireless communication applications. The antenna is fed by a microstrip transmission line and exhibits resonant behavior at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz, making it suitable for dual band WLAN systems. Simulation results show the lower resonant band is determined by the slot size, while the feed length and position of a vertical stub affect the upper band matching and frequency. Parametric studies optimize the antenna for good impedance matching across both bands.
Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Acc...Saou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Printed Omnidirectional Access-Point Antenna for 2.4/5-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new design of the printed omnidirectional antenna for applications in 2.4/5-GHz dual-WLAN-band access points is proposed. The antenna consists of a conventional collinear antenna for 2.4 GHz operation and two U stubs for 5 GHz operation. The two U stubs are located near the points where the maximum currents at about 5.5 GHz occurring on the strips of the collinear antenna, and arranged back to back in the same phase for achieving better antenna gain. Detailed analyses of the U stub on the impedance matching over the 5 GH band is presented. A prototype with good omnidirectional radiation across the 2.4/5-GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes the design of a microstrip decagon carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using a decagon shape up to the 3rd iteration on an Arlon substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.7. Simulation software was used to analyze the antenna performance. The results showed the antenna could operate in multiple frequency bands between 1-12GHz, making it suitable for wireless communication applications. Parameters like substrate properties and antenna dimensions affected the multiband performance. Radiation patterns indicated good antenna gain across operating frequencies.
Implementation of a plus shaped fractal antennas for multi-band applicationsijceronline
This document discusses the implementation of a plus-shaped fractal antenna for multi-band applications. It begins by introducing fractal antennas and their advantages over conventional antennas, such as multiband behavior and reduced size. It then describes the design and simulation of a plus-shaped slotted fractal antenna. The antenna is iteratively designed, where the dimensions are reduced by 1/3 with each iteration. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at multiple frequency bands and has good return loss and VSWR across the bands. Measurement data from a vector network analyzer agrees with the simulation results, validating the multi-band performance of the plus-shaped fractal antenna design.
This document discusses a microstrip patch antenna project by Steve Jensen for his independent study at Northern Arizona University. The objectives are to understand antenna theory and microstrip patch antennas, design a patch antenna with calculations, simulate the design, and potentially build and test it. The report covers topics like Wi-Fi channels, antenna radiation, transmission lines, field regions, bandwidth, radiation patterns, microstrip antennas, antenna feeds, substrate properties, antenna designs for Rogers 3003 and FR-4 substrates, and simulations of the designs. The total time spent is planned to be 135-140 hours to complete the project by December 14, 2010.
This document presents a new printed slot antenna design based on the first iteration of the Sierpinski gasket fractal geometry for dual band wireless communication applications. The antenna is fed by a microstrip transmission line and exhibits resonant behavior at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz, making it suitable for dual band WLAN systems. Simulation results show the lower resonant band is determined by the slot size, while the feed length and position of a vertical stub affect the upper band matching and frequency. Parametric studies optimize the antenna for good impedance matching across both bands.
Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Acc...Saou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Printed Omnidirectional Access-Point Antenna for 2.4/5-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new design of the printed omnidirectional antenna for applications in 2.4/5-GHz dual-WLAN-band access points is proposed. The antenna consists of a conventional collinear antenna for 2.4 GHz operation and two U stubs for 5 GHz operation. The two U stubs are located near the points where the maximum currents at about 5.5 GHz occurring on the strips of the collinear antenna, and arranged back to back in the same phase for achieving better antenna gain. Detailed analyses of the U stub on the impedance matching over the 5 GH band is presented. A prototype with good omnidirectional radiation across the 2.4/5-GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
This document describes a printed coplanar two-antenna element designed for dual-band WLAN operation at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz for use in a MIMO system. The element consists of a planar inverted-F antenna for the 5 GHz band and a monopole antenna for the 2.4 GHz band, both printed on the same substrate with a shared ground plane. Two separate feeds are used to excite the antennas without requiring an external switch. When two of these elements are arranged with a spacing of 10 mm, the resulting four-antenna MIMO system achieves good isolation between all antenna pairs across both operating bands.
Low-Cost Flat Metal-Plate Dipole Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A low-cost, one-piece, flat-plate dipole antenna for dual WLAN band operation is presented. The dipole antenna is rectangular in shape with the dimensions 10 mm × 37 mm and fed by 50-ohm mini-coaxial cable. By cutting two L-shaped slits in each radiating arm, two dipole arms are obtained, which form a larger dipole and a smaller dipole antennas for the 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation respectively. The dipole arms are further short-circuited, making it possible for the antenna to be fabricated by stamping a single, flat metal plate only. The impedance bandwidth for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation is with VSWR below 1.5 and good omnidirectional radiation patterns are also observed.
This document describes the design and analysis of a hexagonal fractal antenna for ultra-wideband applications from 3-10.6 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. It was fed by a 50-ohm microstrip line. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results showed return loss below -10dB, VSWR below 2, and omnidirectional radiation patterns over the frequency band. Removing triangular patterns from the hexagonal patch increased the effective current path length and bandwidth of the antenna. The hexagonal fractal antenna design achieved good performance for UWB applications.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITERATIVE SQUARE RING FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR DUAL BAND...jmicro
In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless
application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and
gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of
fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band
which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of -33dB, -
16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed
width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better
performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.
Bandwidth enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using slotsIOSR Journals
In this paper, a new design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) without slot, with slots
and array is proposed and analyzed. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. The
simulated results for return loss, radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed. The bandwidth of
proposed antenna is 2.4GHz-5.9GHz for VSWR(voltage standing wave ratio)<2><-
10dB return loss as an acceptable reference in wireless applications which cover worldwide interoperability for
microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and other applications. Gain of 10dB is
achieved for antenna array.
2009 EuCAP-Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent WLAN APSaou-Wen Su
This document summarizes a presentation on designing a hybrid monopole and dipole antenna for concurrent 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) access points. It discusses how multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology uses multiple antennas to increase wireless data throughput. It then describes the design considerations and challenges for creating a single-feed antenna that can operate at both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz simultaneously. The presentation evaluates prototypes and application examples of the antenna integrated into wireless access points and routers.
The document presents a study on reducing the size and increasing the bandwidth of a rectangular printed antenna. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is modified by cutting unequal narrow slits at the patch edges. Simulation results show the antenna size is reduced by 43.38% and bandwidth is enhanced to 13.78%. Multiple resonant frequencies and impedance bandwidth are achieved between 8.44-9.69 GHz. The antenna efficiency and gain are also evaluated through simulation at different frequencies, demonstrating the design's effectiveness as a compact broadband antenna.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
A multiple C-shaped microstrip patch antenna system is presented to provide wide coverage for wireless applications. The system consists of five C-shaped patch antennas fed by a coplanar waveguide network. The antennas and feeding network are fabricated on an FR4 substrate that is 1.6mm thick with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Modeling and simulation using HFSS electromagnetic simulator shows the system provides multiple resonance frequencies at 2.4GHz for applications such as DCS, MCS, WLAN, and WiMAX. Simulation results demonstrate return losses of 20dB at 6.7GHz, 10dB at 4.4GHz and 14dB at 1.8GHz, obtaining frequency bands of 1.7-
This document summarizes the design and study of a compact and wideband microstrip U-slot patch antenna for Wi-Max applications. The antenna was designed to operate in the 5.25GHz Wi-Max band with very low return loss. Design formulas are provided to calculate the dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Simulation results show the return loss is below -30dB from 5.15GHz to 5.85GHz, meeting the bandwidth requirements. The proposed antenna design achieves wideband operation using a 3-layer substrate with total thickness of 1.6mm.
The document presents the design of a broadband psi-shaped antenna that covers multiple frequency bands including Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax and satellite communications. Three antenna designs are proposed with different slot configurations to reduce return loss and achieve coverage in the desired frequency bands. Simulation results show that the third design with dual nested split-ring slots achieves good impedance matching across frequency bands of 2.8 GHz, 6.9 GHz and 7 GHz for various wireless applications.
Very-Low-Cost Copper-Wire Antenna for 2.4-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A very-low-cost copper-wire antenna, easily fabricated by bending a single 70-mm-long copper wire two times, for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz band (2400-2484 MHz) is presented. The antenna has a very simple structure and is easily fed by using a 50- mini-coaxial cable. A prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions 40 mm x 5 mm is constructed and tested.
Integration of Internal 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX Antennas for Palm-Sized Mobile...Saou-Wen Su
Two promising, internal, shorted monopole antennas for 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX operation are combined in an arrangement with minimized mutual coupling for palm-sized mobile applications. The two stamped, metal-plate antennas with a 2 mm gap therein between can be integrated into a compact configuration and are then mounted near one side of the system circuit board. With the suitable shorting locations and arrangement of the two antennas, good isolation (S21 < –20 dB) between the two ports can easily be obtained. Analysis of placing a CCD shielding cylinder between the two antennas and the two shorting strips joined to form a shorting wall are also conducted. Detailed designs of the two antennas are described, and the results thereof are discussed.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
Compact Paper-Clip-Shaped Wire Antenna for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A compact dual-WLAN-band antenna, in the shape of a paper clip, is presented. The antenna can easily be manufactured by bending few times a single copper wire with a length of about 65 mm, and operates in the 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands in the WLAN environment. In addition to the simple configuration, the antenna is easily fed by 50- mini-coaxial cable, which allows it flexibility in a defined location for installation. An experimental prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions about 5 mm x 23.5 mm is constructed, tested, and demonstrated.
Compact Vertical Patch Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new compact patch antenna, which is arranged perpendicular to a circular ground plane, for WLAN operation is presented. The antenna consists mainly of one driven patch and one shorted parasitic patch, which both wind along two concentric circles. A constructed prototype covering the 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated. Good broadside radiation characteristics are obtained across the operating bands. Details of the proposed patch antenna and experimental results are presented and discussed.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This technical report describes the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna using CST simulation software. The key steps included:
1) Calculating the antenna dimensions using standard formulas based on the given parameters of 3GHz frequency, 2.33 permittivity, 0.508mm substrate thickness.
2) Simulating the antenna in CST to analyze the S-parameters, radiation pattern, return loss. The results showed a return loss above -10dB, indicating room for improvement.
3) Etching defected ground structures (DGS) on the patch and ground plane to perturb the current and modify the transmission characteristics.
4) Simulating the modified antenna, which showed significantly improved results with a return
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SYMMETRIC SLITS ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAjmicro
In this paper, a basic linearly polarised microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is
proposed. We have modified the basic microstrip square patch antenna with rectangular shape slits, V
shape slits and truncated corners to achieve circular polarization. Basically we have designed five
different antennas to meet the specification. The various antennas have been simulated, fabricated and the
performance has been tested on network analyser (Agilent Technologies: N9912A, SNMY51464189,
ROHDE & SCHWARZ: ZVL13, 9 KHz to 13.6GHz,). The simulated and tested performance shows close
agreement with each other. The various structures used in this study are microstrip square patch radiator,
microstrip square patch radiator with truncated corner, rectangular slits, truncated corner with
rectangular slits and V shape slits. The experiment results show rectangular slits with truncated corners in
the main square patch and rectangular slits in the main square patch provide better performance with
respect to the antenna parameters. Designed antenna is compact and provides circular polarization at the
required operating frequency of 2.4GHz with improved bandwidth and gain. The use of circularly
polarized antennas presents an attractive solution to achieve this polarization match which allows for
more flexibility in the angle between transmitting and receiving antennas. It gives the following
advantages such as reduction in the effect of multipath reflections, decrease in transmission losses,
enhancement of weather penetration and allowing any orientation to the communication system
Multi Slot Uwb Antennas to Minimize the Interferences from Wlan & X-Band Appl...IOSRJECE
This document describes the design and simulation of multiple slot ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antennas to minimize interference from wireless local area network (WLAN) and X-band applications. The reference antenna is a rectangular patch antenna on an FR4 substrate with a bandwidth of 3.42-11.7 GHz. Slots are added to the patch and feedline to reject the WLAN and X-band frequencies. A hexagonal patch antenna is also proposed with better return loss and band rejection characteristics. Simulations show the antennas achieve good impedance matching across the UWB band while effectively rejecting the unwanted frequencies. Measurements confirm the simulated antenna performance.
1) O Parque Nacional de Itatiaia é o primeiro parque nacional do Brasil, fundado em 1937 para proteger a biodiversidade da região que abriga a Floresta Atlântica e ecossistemas de altitude.
2) O parque possui trilhas, um centro de visitantes com exposições sobre a fauna, flora e história da região, além de realizar atividades educativas.
3) As escolas podem agendar visitas guiadas para conhecer melhor o bioma Mata Atlântica por meio desta importante unidade de conservação.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
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Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
This document describes a printed coplanar two-antenna element designed for dual-band WLAN operation at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz for use in a MIMO system. The element consists of a planar inverted-F antenna for the 5 GHz band and a monopole antenna for the 2.4 GHz band, both printed on the same substrate with a shared ground plane. Two separate feeds are used to excite the antennas without requiring an external switch. When two of these elements are arranged with a spacing of 10 mm, the resulting four-antenna MIMO system achieves good isolation between all antenna pairs across both operating bands.
Low-Cost Flat Metal-Plate Dipole Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A low-cost, one-piece, flat-plate dipole antenna for dual WLAN band operation is presented. The dipole antenna is rectangular in shape with the dimensions 10 mm × 37 mm and fed by 50-ohm mini-coaxial cable. By cutting two L-shaped slits in each radiating arm, two dipole arms are obtained, which form a larger dipole and a smaller dipole antennas for the 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation respectively. The dipole arms are further short-circuited, making it possible for the antenna to be fabricated by stamping a single, flat metal plate only. The impedance bandwidth for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation is with VSWR below 1.5 and good omnidirectional radiation patterns are also observed.
This document describes the design and analysis of a hexagonal fractal antenna for ultra-wideband applications from 3-10.6 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. It was fed by a 50-ohm microstrip line. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results showed return loss below -10dB, VSWR below 2, and omnidirectional radiation patterns over the frequency band. Removing triangular patterns from the hexagonal patch increased the effective current path length and bandwidth of the antenna. The hexagonal fractal antenna design achieved good performance for UWB applications.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITERATIVE SQUARE RING FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR DUAL BAND...jmicro
In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless
application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and
gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of
fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band
which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of -33dB, -
16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed
width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better
performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.
Bandwidth enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using slotsIOSR Journals
In this paper, a new design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) without slot, with slots
and array is proposed and analyzed. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. The
simulated results for return loss, radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed. The bandwidth of
proposed antenna is 2.4GHz-5.9GHz for VSWR(voltage standing wave ratio)<2><-
10dB return loss as an acceptable reference in wireless applications which cover worldwide interoperability for
microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and other applications. Gain of 10dB is
achieved for antenna array.
2009 EuCAP-Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent WLAN APSaou-Wen Su
This document summarizes a presentation on designing a hybrid monopole and dipole antenna for concurrent 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) access points. It discusses how multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology uses multiple antennas to increase wireless data throughput. It then describes the design considerations and challenges for creating a single-feed antenna that can operate at both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz simultaneously. The presentation evaluates prototypes and application examples of the antenna integrated into wireless access points and routers.
The document presents a study on reducing the size and increasing the bandwidth of a rectangular printed antenna. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is modified by cutting unequal narrow slits at the patch edges. Simulation results show the antenna size is reduced by 43.38% and bandwidth is enhanced to 13.78%. Multiple resonant frequencies and impedance bandwidth are achieved between 8.44-9.69 GHz. The antenna efficiency and gain are also evaluated through simulation at different frequencies, demonstrating the design's effectiveness as a compact broadband antenna.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
A multiple C-shaped microstrip patch antenna system is presented to provide wide coverage for wireless applications. The system consists of five C-shaped patch antennas fed by a coplanar waveguide network. The antennas and feeding network are fabricated on an FR4 substrate that is 1.6mm thick with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Modeling and simulation using HFSS electromagnetic simulator shows the system provides multiple resonance frequencies at 2.4GHz for applications such as DCS, MCS, WLAN, and WiMAX. Simulation results demonstrate return losses of 20dB at 6.7GHz, 10dB at 4.4GHz and 14dB at 1.8GHz, obtaining frequency bands of 1.7-
This document summarizes the design and study of a compact and wideband microstrip U-slot patch antenna for Wi-Max applications. The antenna was designed to operate in the 5.25GHz Wi-Max band with very low return loss. Design formulas are provided to calculate the dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Simulation results show the return loss is below -30dB from 5.15GHz to 5.85GHz, meeting the bandwidth requirements. The proposed antenna design achieves wideband operation using a 3-layer substrate with total thickness of 1.6mm.
The document presents the design of a broadband psi-shaped antenna that covers multiple frequency bands including Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax and satellite communications. Three antenna designs are proposed with different slot configurations to reduce return loss and achieve coverage in the desired frequency bands. Simulation results show that the third design with dual nested split-ring slots achieves good impedance matching across frequency bands of 2.8 GHz, 6.9 GHz and 7 GHz for various wireless applications.
Very-Low-Cost Copper-Wire Antenna for 2.4-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A very-low-cost copper-wire antenna, easily fabricated by bending a single 70-mm-long copper wire two times, for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz band (2400-2484 MHz) is presented. The antenna has a very simple structure and is easily fed by using a 50- mini-coaxial cable. A prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions 40 mm x 5 mm is constructed and tested.
Integration of Internal 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX Antennas for Palm-Sized Mobile...Saou-Wen Su
Two promising, internal, shorted monopole antennas for 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX operation are combined in an arrangement with minimized mutual coupling for palm-sized mobile applications. The two stamped, metal-plate antennas with a 2 mm gap therein between can be integrated into a compact configuration and are then mounted near one side of the system circuit board. With the suitable shorting locations and arrangement of the two antennas, good isolation (S21 < –20 dB) between the two ports can easily be obtained. Analysis of placing a CCD shielding cylinder between the two antennas and the two shorting strips joined to form a shorting wall are also conducted. Detailed designs of the two antennas are described, and the results thereof are discussed.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
Compact Paper-Clip-Shaped Wire Antenna for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A compact dual-WLAN-band antenna, in the shape of a paper clip, is presented. The antenna can easily be manufactured by bending few times a single copper wire with a length of about 65 mm, and operates in the 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands in the WLAN environment. In addition to the simple configuration, the antenna is easily fed by 50- mini-coaxial cable, which allows it flexibility in a defined location for installation. An experimental prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions about 5 mm x 23.5 mm is constructed, tested, and demonstrated.
Compact Vertical Patch Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A new compact patch antenna, which is arranged perpendicular to a circular ground plane, for WLAN operation is presented. The antenna consists mainly of one driven patch and one shorted parasitic patch, which both wind along two concentric circles. A constructed prototype covering the 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated. Good broadside radiation characteristics are obtained across the operating bands. Details of the proposed patch antenna and experimental results are presented and discussed.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This technical report describes the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna using CST simulation software. The key steps included:
1) Calculating the antenna dimensions using standard formulas based on the given parameters of 3GHz frequency, 2.33 permittivity, 0.508mm substrate thickness.
2) Simulating the antenna in CST to analyze the S-parameters, radiation pattern, return loss. The results showed a return loss above -10dB, indicating room for improvement.
3) Etching defected ground structures (DGS) on the patch and ground plane to perturb the current and modify the transmission characteristics.
4) Simulating the modified antenna, which showed significantly improved results with a return
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SYMMETRIC SLITS ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAjmicro
In this paper, a basic linearly polarised microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is
proposed. We have modified the basic microstrip square patch antenna with rectangular shape slits, V
shape slits and truncated corners to achieve circular polarization. Basically we have designed five
different antennas to meet the specification. The various antennas have been simulated, fabricated and the
performance has been tested on network analyser (Agilent Technologies: N9912A, SNMY51464189,
ROHDE & SCHWARZ: ZVL13, 9 KHz to 13.6GHz,). The simulated and tested performance shows close
agreement with each other. The various structures used in this study are microstrip square patch radiator,
microstrip square patch radiator with truncated corner, rectangular slits, truncated corner with
rectangular slits and V shape slits. The experiment results show rectangular slits with truncated corners in
the main square patch and rectangular slits in the main square patch provide better performance with
respect to the antenna parameters. Designed antenna is compact and provides circular polarization at the
required operating frequency of 2.4GHz with improved bandwidth and gain. The use of circularly
polarized antennas presents an attractive solution to achieve this polarization match which allows for
more flexibility in the angle between transmitting and receiving antennas. It gives the following
advantages such as reduction in the effect of multipath reflections, decrease in transmission losses,
enhancement of weather penetration and allowing any orientation to the communication system
Multi Slot Uwb Antennas to Minimize the Interferences from Wlan & X-Band Appl...IOSRJECE
This document describes the design and simulation of multiple slot ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antennas to minimize interference from wireless local area network (WLAN) and X-band applications. The reference antenna is a rectangular patch antenna on an FR4 substrate with a bandwidth of 3.42-11.7 GHz. Slots are added to the patch and feedline to reject the WLAN and X-band frequencies. A hexagonal patch antenna is also proposed with better return loss and band rejection characteristics. Simulations show the antennas achieve good impedance matching across the UWB band while effectively rejecting the unwanted frequencies. Measurements confirm the simulated antenna performance.
1) O Parque Nacional de Itatiaia é o primeiro parque nacional do Brasil, fundado em 1937 para proteger a biodiversidade da região que abriga a Floresta Atlântica e ecossistemas de altitude.
2) O parque possui trilhas, um centro de visitantes com exposições sobre a fauna, flora e história da região, além de realizar atividades educativas.
3) As escolas podem agendar visitas guiadas para conhecer melhor o bioma Mata Atlântica por meio desta importante unidade de conservação.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
Efficient Design of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for High Frequency ApplicationsIJERA Editor
A wideband published slot antenna appropriate for wireless code division multiple access (WCDMA) and
sustaining the international interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications is planned here. The
antenna is fractal line fed and its construction is based on fractal geometry where the resonance frequency of
antenna is dropped by applying iteration methods. Fractal antennas are the most suited for aerospace and UWB
applications because of their low profile, light weight and low power handling capacity. They can be designed in
a variety of shapes in order to obtain enhanced gain and bandwidth, dual band and circular polarization to even
ultra-wideband operation. For the simulation process ANSOFT HFSS (high frequency structure simulator) has
been used. The effect of antenna dimensions and substrate parameters on the performance of antenna have been
discussed. The antenna has been designed using the Arlon substrate with relative permittivity of 1.3 and a
substrate of Sierpinski Carpet shaped placed on it. Feed used is the fractal line feed. The designed antenna is a
low profile, small size and multiband antenna since it can be operated at different frequencies within the
frequency range of 4.3GHz to 11GHz. It includes the frequencies used for wireless WCDMA application and
used to receive and transmit a high-frequency signal.
REVIEW OF FRACTAL TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X BANDIJEEE
This paper on fractal techniques for designing microstrip antenna exhibits details of fractal geometries developed to get multiband behavior of patch resonator antenna. In this paper the review on various techniques of compactness by fractal geometry on microstrip patch antenna for X band used for satellite communication and radar application are presented.
This document describes the design and analysis of a slot fractal antenna using the Koch curve. The antenna is designed using iterations of the Koch curve applied to the slot geometry of the antenna. The antenna is simulated using HFSS software. The results show that applying two iterations of the Koch curve to the slot antenna design produces good return loss across multiple bands from 2GHz to 10GHz, making it suitable for wireless applications. The antenna is printed on an FR4 substrate that is 1.6mm thick with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Simulated results for the base design and designs with one and two iterations indicate that two iterations provides the best return loss performance.
Design Study of a Miniaturized Multi-layered Antenna-in-package for 2.4 GHZ ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a novel miniaturization technique to enhance the radiation properties of small multi-layer patch antenna used in packaged circuits. The multilayered antenna design is composed of three layers with different shapes. An enhancement on the radiation properties has been obtained by optimizing the geometry of the radiated element and the parasitic conductor of the middle layer. The whole design has been implemented on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, thickness of 1.6 mm and Copper thickness of 5 m. The first layer is a driven element while second and the third layer are parasitic patch elements. The optimized multilayer antenna has a very small size of . Considering the small size of the antenna, a detailed study of the parameter affecting the radiation has been considered to force the antenna to operate at 2.4 GHz band. Miniaturization techniques based on the current distribution have been also taken into account to shift down the resonant frequency and reduces more and more the antenna size at the designed operating frequency. The miniaturized antenna maintains performant radiation characteristics in terms of reflexion coefficient, bandwidth and directivity. All developed antennas are simulated using the commercial Electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio software. Achieved results demonstrate a good performance with low cost and compact size
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Repeated Plus Shape Slot Fractal Antenna For WiMAX/WLAN Applicationijsrd.com
This paper describes a repeated plus shaped slot fractal antenna .This antenna show multiband behavior due to self similarity in their structure. Proposed Antenna achieves wide bandwidth ranging from 2.20 GHz to 3.51 GHz. This antenna utilized dielectric substrate which has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm. Proposed antenna show percentages bandwidth 45 and it offer gain 3.05dBi, directivity 3.32dBi and antenna efficiency 93.98% at resonant frequency 2.41 GHz. So this plus shape slot fractal antenna shows various applications for WiMAX/WLAN.
A Novel Low Cost Fractal Antenna Structure for ISM and WiMAX ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Different fractal structures have been widely used in many antennas designs for various applications. A fractal antenna is used for miniaturization and multiband operation. This paper presents a design of a dual-band fractal antenna fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate with a volume of 70x60x1.6mm3, resonates at 2.42-2.62GHz and 3.40-3.65GHz with a return loss less than -10dB. The design and simulation process is carried out by using CST-MW studio electromagnetic solver. Simulation results show that the resulting antenna exhibits an interesting dual frequency resonant behavior making it suitable for dual band communication systems including the ISM and WiMAX applications. Concerning the fabrication and measurement of the final prototype of this antenna, a good agreement is found between simulation and measurement results for both frequency bands.
Miniaturized Minkowski-Island Fractal Microstrip Antenna Fed by Proximity Cou...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposed a new design of Minkowski Island microstrip antenna fed by proximity coupling with partial ground plane. The design was consisted of two layers of substrate, on the top substrate was the antenna patch and on the bottom substrate was the proximity feed line and the partial ground. At the first stage, the normal square patch antenna was mainly designed. Then, the Minkowski patch antenna was designed using 1st iteration technique and 2nd iteration technique. The Minkowski fractal shape slot was embedded in the center of the patch to form a Minkowski Island patch antenna. Using the Minkowski Island fractal technique, the dimension of the patch can be reduced up to 58.7%. The proximity feed line in this design was used to increase the impedance bandwidth, and from the measurement the impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna was 240 MHz with return loss of -24.54 dB and VSWR of 1.126.
Design of octagon shape microstrip patch antenna for multiband applicationvishant choudhary
This document describes the design of an octagon-shaped microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications. Three antenna designs are presented: a simple rectangular patch, a patch with a single octagonal slot, and a patch with five symmetrical octagonal slots. Simulation results show that the number of resonant bands increases from three bands for the rectangular patch to six bands for the patch with five slots. Parameters like return loss, directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency are evaluated to analyze the multiband performance for wireless applications like WLAN. The addition of slots improves the bandwidth and radiation characteristics of the antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Review Paper on Different Shapes of Fractal Antenna and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document reviews different shapes of fractal antennas and their applications. It discusses fractal antennas based on the Sierpinski carpet, Koch curve, Sierpinski gasket, and Minkowski loop fractal geometries. Fractal antennas offer advantages like multiband operation, compact size, and wide bandwidth. They find applications in areas like mobile devices, RFID, building communications, and telemetrics. The document concludes that the Sierpinski carpet shape is widely used as it allows a single antenna to operate at multiple frequencies and that specific fractal geometries are suitable for different applications.
Different Multilayer Substrate Approaches to Improve Array Antenna Characteri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to investigate deeply in multi-layer substrate technique as a way of improving the characteristics of patch array antenna for electronic scanning radar application. The basic array antenna consists of 8 patches mounted on a FR-4 substrate and operating at 3 GHz frequency. The feeding technique is microstrip technology. This structure has some disadvantages as a poor gain and a narrow bandwidth. In fact, the obtained gain value does not exceed 7 dB which could be explained by the lossy nature of the FR4 substrate. On the other side, the narrow bandwidth is caused by the microstrip limitations. For this reason, the technique of multi-layer substrate is proposed in this paper. Many approaches are investigated and the distance between the layers is studied. The design and simulations of each approach are performed under the tool Advanced Design System of Keysight Company. A comparison between simulation results of all approaches including simulation results of the basic array antenna will be analyzed.
Antenna is the most important part of wireless communication. The recent growth in this industry makes the antenna more advanced and reliable. In various fields we need the use of highly characteristics antennas and these characteristics are based upon some parameters like bandwidth, gain, directivity etc. As compared to other antennas microstrip antenna can make possible to achieve the required characteristics for efficient communication because they are easily to fabricate and reduces the cost also. To make the microstrip antenna more advanced it use defected ground structure (DGS). The DGS structures are introduce to improve the performance of planar array antenna in terms of return loss, gain, directivity and voltage standing wave ratio. The goal of this paper is to understand the mathematical terms of antenna and feeding techniques so that it possible to know how to make the Microstrip antenna with DGS as more highly characterized antenna.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITERATIVE SQUARE RING FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR DUAL BAND...jmicro
In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless
application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and
gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of
fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band
which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of -33dB, -
16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed
width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better
performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.
The document reviews fractal geometries for wireless applications. It discusses fractal antennas using Sierpinski gasket, Sierpinski carpet, Koch curve, and Hilbert curve shapes. These fractal antennas have multiband behavior, compact size and support multiple frequencies. The document provides examples of fractal antennas for applications such as UWB devices, aeronautical navigation and wireless power transmission systems. It concludes fractal antennas are well suited for wireless communication due to their ability to operate at multiple frequencies while maintaining a small size.
This document describes a modified Sierpinski fractal circular antenna designed for wireless automotive applications. The antenna structure is based on a complementary Sierpinski triangle surrounded by a circular patch. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna has good wideband characteristics and can effectively support WLAN applications at 2.4GHz. The antenna's performance at the 3rd and 5th iterations is analyzed and compared in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, radiation patterns and efficiency. The results indicate that increasing the number of iterations improves the antenna's return loss and gain while maintaining multiband capabilities.
Size Reduction and Gain Enhancement of a Microstrip Antenna using Partially D...IJECEIAES
Microwave engineers have been known to designedly created defects in the shape of carved out patterns on the ground plane of microstrip circuits and transmission lines for a long time, although their implementations to the antennas are comparatively new. The term Defected Ground Structure (DGS), precisely means a single or finite number of defects. At the beginning, DGS was employed underneath printed feed lines to suppress higher harmonics. Then DGS was directly integrated with antennas to improve the radiation characteristics, gain and to suppress mutual coupling between adjacent elements. Since then, the DGS techniques have been explored extensively and have led to many possible applications in the communication industry. The objective of this paper is to design and investigate microstrip patch antenna that operates at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g/n, ,Zigbee, Wireless HART, Bluetooth and several proprietary technologies that operate in the 2.4 GHz band. The design of the proposed antenna involves using partially Defected Ground Structure and circular/cross slots and compare it to the traditional microstrip patch antenna. The results show improvement in both the gain of 3.45 dB and the S11 response of -22.3 dB along with reduction in the overall dimensions of the antenna. As a conclusion, the performance of the antenna has been improved through the incorporation with the DGS and slots structures regarding the S11 response and the gain. The proposed antenna become more compact. Finally, the radiation pattern of proposed antenna has remained directional in spite of adding slots on the ground plane.
Modified Sierpinski Gasket for Wi-Fi and WLAN ApplicationsIJERA Editor
This document describes the design and simulation of a modified Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN applications. Fractal antennas can provide multiband operation and miniaturization. The designed antenna uses a Sierpinski gasket fractal placed on an Arlon substrate with a line feed. Simulations show the antenna operates in the frequency ranges of 1.75-2.65 GHz and 5.7-7.65 GHz, covering Wi-Fi and WLAN bands. Return loss is below -15 dB and radiation patterns indicate good gain within the operating bands, confirming multiband performance for wireless applications. The fractal design approach allows for a small, low profile antenna suitable for integrated systems
Modified Sierpinski Gasket for Wi-Fi and WLAN ApplicationsIJERA Editor
The hasty growth of wireless technologies has drawn new demands for integrated components including antennas and antenna on chip is a new mantra in the area of antenna research. Various techniques have been suggested by researchers for the miniaturization of microstrip patch antennas with multiband characteristics. Numerous antennas for multiband operation have been studied and designed for communication and radar systems. One of the solutions for the multiband characteristics is the fractal antenna. The Fractal antennas are based on the concept of fractal geometries. They can be designed in a variety of shapes in order to obtain enhanced gain and bandwidth, dual band and circular polarization to even ultra-wideband operation. In this paper, the fractal antenna has been designed using the Arlon substrate with relative permittivity of 1.3 and a substrate of Sierpinski gasket shaped placed on it. Feed used is the line feed. The designed antenna is a low profile, small size and multiband antenna since it can be operated at different frequencies within the frequency range of (1.75 – 2.65) and (5.7 – 7.65) GHz. It includes the frequencies used for wireless WLAN application and used to receive and transmit a high-frequency signal.
This document describes the design and simulation of a square microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications at 2.6 GHz. The antenna was designed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Key parameters of the antenna include a patch size of 41.2mm x 41.2mm, substrate size of 100mm x 90mm made from Rogers RT duroid 5880 dielectric material. An inset feed technique was used with a feed width of 1.8mm and length of 20mm. Simulation results showed a gain of 11.5dB and return loss of -32.11dB at the resonant frequency. Radiation patterns exhibited maximum gain in the broadside direction of 1.87dBi. The proposed antenna design achieved good
1. Sarita Bajaj, Ajay Kaushik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.023-026
Analysis Of The Patch Antenna Based On The Sierpinski Fractal
Sarita Bajaj*, Ajay Kaushik**
* MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana (India),
**MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana (India)
ABSTRACT
There has been an ever growing demand packed into small areas [2]. Since the electrical
for antenna designs that possesses compact size, lengths play such an important role in antenna design,
low profile and multiband features. Recently the this efficient packing can be used as a viable
possibility of developing antenna designs that miniaturization technique. In other words Fractals are
exploit in some way the properties of fractals to broken or irregular fragments, generally shaped
achieve these goals, at least in part, has attracted a composed of multiple copies of themselves at
lot of attention. Fractal antennas have useful different scales [3]. This fractal geometry, which has
applications in cellular telephone and microwave been used to model complex objects found in nature
communications. Video conferencing, streaming such as clouds and coastlines, has space filling
video are main applications that require high properties. This space filling properties is useful to
data rates to have high bandwidth. But as size of minimize the size of antenna. The space-filling
antenna reduces bandwidth support also reduces. property of fractals tends to fill the area occupied by
So it is required to have small size with high the antenna as order of iteration is increased.
bandwidth. Fractal antennas are proposed in In recent years, a lot of studies have done in
literature for different applications as it is the area of fractal techniques and fractal antenna
compact and also has good bandwidth. Fractals structures like dipole [4], monopole [5], and patch
found widespread use in many branches of science [6]. Some of these techniques are useful in reducing
and engineering in a relatively short time. Recent the size of the antenna, while other used to design
progress in the study of fractal antennas suggests antenna having multiband characteristics. These are
some attractive solutions for using a single small low profile antennas with moderate gain and can be
antenna operating in several frequency bands. made operative at multiple frequency bands and
The term fractal, which means broken or hence are multi-functional.
irregular fragments, was originally given by Some of the common fractal geometries that
Mandelbrot to describe a family of complex have been found to be useful in developing new
shapes that possess an inherent self-similarity in multiband antennas are Sierpinski gasket [7-8],
their geometrical structure. In this paper various Minkowski square loop [9-10], hexagonal [11] and
types of fractal antennas like sierpinski gasket, Koch [12]. Sierpinski gasket is one of the earliest
Koch and hexagonal are studied and their structures of fractal geometry. A miniaturization of
capabilities in SHF and UHF band are discussed. loop antenna using the fractal technique is known as
Minkowski square loop antenna. A hexagonal
Keywords: fractal antenna, hexagonal, Koch, antenna is suitable for design an antenna of superior
microstrip antenna, microwave, sierpinski gasket. characteristic and allows flexibility in matching
multiband operations in which a large frequency
1. INTRODUCTION separation is required [11].
One of the prevailing trends in modern
wireless mobile devices is a continuing decrease in 2. SIERPINSKI GASKET ANTENNA
physical size. In addition, as integration of multiple The construction procedure of this fractal
wireless technologies becomes possible, the wireless begins with an equilateral triangle contained in the
device will operate at multiple frequency bands. A plane, as illustrated in Stage 0 of Figure 1. The next
reduction in physical size and multi-band capability step in the construction process (Stage 1) is to
are thus important design requirements for antennas remove the central triangle with vertices that are
in future wireless devices. Fractal geometry antennas located at the midpoints of the sides of the original
are being studied in order to answer those triangle [13]. This process is then repeated for the
requirements. The term of the fractal geometries was three remaining triangles, as illustrated in Stage 2 of
originally coined by Mandelbrot to describe a family Figure. The Sierpinski-gasket fractal is generated by
of complex shapes that have self - similarity or self - carrying out this iterative process an infinite number
affinity in their geometrical structures [1]. Fractals of times.
represent a class of geometry with very unique
proper- ties that can be enticing for antenna
designers. Fractals are space-filling contours,
meaning electrically large features can be efficiently
23 | P a g e
2. Sarita Bajaj, Ajay Kaushik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.023-026
Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2
Figure 1: Example of Sierpinski-gasket fractal
antenna
It is interesting to note that the band number,
n, and the iteration, k, are interchangeable. In other
words, band zero and the 0th iteration correspond to Figure 3: Dimensions used for designing Sierpinski
the fundamental resonance of the antenna. The first Gasket Fractal Antenna
band and the first fractal iteration correspond to the
log-periodic resonant frequency. Therefore, after the Substrate dielectric constants use to be in
first iteration, two resonant frequencies are available. range 2.2 ≤ εr≤ 12. We always prefer substrate whose
This is valid for higher fractal iterations. In general, dielectric constant is in the lower end of the range
the antenna radiates in two distinct bands for single because they provide better efficiency. In case of
fractal iteration, three bands for double fractal sierpinski gasket fractal antenna the material used for
iteration, and so on. substrate is FR4_epoxy.
3. RESULT ANALYSIS OF SIERPINSKI
GASKET FRACTAL ANTENNA
The sierpinski gasket patch fractal antenna
with 2nd iteration is shown in figure 2. The antenna is
designed and simulated using simulation tool Ansoft
HFSS.
Figure 4: Properties of substrate used in designing
Hexagonal Fractal antenna
Figure 5 shows the return loss as a function
of frequency which shows the multiband behavior of
the antenna having return loss less than -10dB
because below -10dB return loss, reflections are
negligible.
Figure 2: Sierpinski Fractal Antenna with second
iteration
The dimensions of substrate used in
proposed antenna are shown in figure 3. The side
length and height of the largest triangle of the
sierpinski gasket fractal antenna is taken as 26mm
and 22.6mm respectively.
Figure 5: Frequency versus Return loss for
Sierpinski Fractal antenna
24 | P a g e
3. Sarita Bajaj, Ajay Kaushik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.023-026
Table I : Frequencies and their corresponding Return
Losses
Name X Y
m1 21.9158 -10.2815
m2 22.7996 -10.0912
m3 22.5050 -11.2442
m4 26.8257 -10.2443
m5 28.6914 -10.3995
m6 27.7094 -16.4597
m7 32.3246 -10.2109
m8 34.3868 -10.3828
m9 33.5030 -15.5826
Fig 6: Radiation Pattern.
m10 37.6273 -10.3141
m11 39.3948 -10.2893 4. CONCLUSION
Sierpinski gasket patch antenna shows less
m12 38.5110 -13.4857 than -10dB return loss which is required for efficient
m13 43.7154 -15.7307 operation for frequency bands 22.5050GHz,
27.7094GHz, 33.5030GHz, 38.5110GHz,
m14 44.4028 -7.9440
43.7154GHz with return loss -11.2442dB, -
16.4597dB, -15.5826dB, --13.4857dB and -15.7307
VSWR is standing wave ratio that tells respectively. VSWR in these frequency bands are
about the impedance mismatch. . Increasing in also in the required region i.e. below 2. These
VSWR indicates an increase in mismatch between
multibands are used by different technologies, so
the antenna and the transmission line. A decrease single antenna works for different technologies.
VSWR means good matching with minimum VSWR
is one. It is always desirable for VSWR to be always
less than 2. We can see in the figure that all the
REFERENCES
resonated frequency band have VSWR below 2. 1. B.B. Madelbrot, “The Fractal Geometry of
Figure 6 shows corresponding VSWR vs. frequency. Nature”, New York: W.H. Freeman, 1983.
2. John P. Gianvittoio and Yahya Rahmat-
Samii,” Fractal Antennas: A Novel Antenna
Miniaturization Technique, and
Applications”, IEEE Antenna’s and
Propagation Magazine, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp:
20-21, February 2002.
3. C.T.P. Song, Peter S. Hall and H. Ghafouri-
Shiraz , “Shorted Fractal Sierpinski
Monopole Antenna” proceedings of the
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