This document discusses global warming and the Kyoto Protocol. It begins by outlining the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and some impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, sea levels, and effects on agriculture, forests, water resources, coastal areas, and human health. It then explains key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol including the greenhouse gases it covers, the global warming potential measure, and emissions reduction targets for different countries. The document also summarizes the Kyoto Protocol's implementation mechanisms like joint implementation, emissions trading, and the Clean Development Mechanism which allows developing countries to undertake emissions reduction projects.

1. GLOBALE WARMING
&
KYOTO PROTOCOL
1992: UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change(UNFCCC)
Cihan University – Erbil
Nov. 2018
Mahmoud I.Mahmoud (MASCE)
Assistant Professor & Consulting Engineer
Civil Engineering Department

15. CLIMATE CHANGE
Less visual but with major impact
> Temperature increase
> Sea level rise
> More rain
Agriculture and food security
Crop yields, irrigation demands...
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
Species and natural areas
Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...
Consequences of
climate change:
ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 15 / 48

20. • Greenhouse gases (GHGs): KP Annex A
– Carbon dioxide (CO2
)
– Methane (CH4
)
– Nitrous Oxide (N2
O)
– Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
– Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
– Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6
)
• Importance of each gas is based on Global
Warming Potential (GWP)
Kyoto Protocol

21. The (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different
gases. A measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a
given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). The larger
the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time
period. The time period usually used for GWPs is 100 years.

22. • Ratio of global warming, from one unit mass of a GHG to that of
one unit mass of CO2
over a period of time
– Carbon dioxide (CO2
) 1 [baseline]
– Methane (CH4
) 21
– Nitrous oxide (N2
O) 310
– HFC-23 11,700
– HFC-125 2,800
– HFC-134a 1,300
– HFC-143a 3,800
– HFC-152a 140
– HFC-227ea 2,900
– HFC-236fa 6,300
– HFC-4310mee 1,300
– CF4
6,500
– C2
F6 9,200
– C4
F10
7,000
– C6
F14
7,400
– SF6
23,900

23. Commitments: Annex B
Country Target – 1990*
EU-15 -8%
US** -7%
Canada -6%
Japan -6%
Russian
Federation
0
Norway +1%
Australia +8%
Iceland +10%
**US does not
intend to ratify
the Protocol.

31. Kyoto Protocol:
Implementation Mechanisms
• Joint Implementation
– activities implemented jointly between
developed/EIT (economy in transition)country
Parties (ERUs=emission reduction units)
• Emissions trading
– can be used as supplementary to actions to meet
reduction commitments (AAUs=assigned amount
unites)
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
– developing country Parties can volunteer to reduce
emissions via joint activities with developed Parties
(CERs =certified emis. Red.)

32. Clean Development Mechanism
CDM

33. CDM was designed to meet
a dual objective:
1- help developed countries fulfill their commitments to reduce
emissions,
2- assist developing countries in achieving sustainable
development.
CDM projects earn tradable, saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits
that can be used by industrialized countries to meet a part of their emission
reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
Benefits of CDM projects include investment in climate change
mitigation projects in developing countries, transfer of technology, as
well as improvement in the livelihood of communities by creation of
employment or increased economic activity. .

34. What is the Kyoto Protocol: Main
Elements
• The Kyoto Protocol consist of four main
elements:
• 1. Commitments
A. Specific emissions commitments
B. General commitments
• 2. Implementation
A. Domestic policies and measures
B. Land use, land-use change and forestry sector
C. Joint implementation
D. Clean development mechanism
E. Emissions trading

35. 3. Compliance
A. Facilitative Branch
B. Enforcement Branch
4. Minimizing impacts on developing
countries
A. Adaptation Fund

36. Commitments: General
• All Parties to the Protocol are subject to a set
of general commitments :
• Taking steps to improve the quality of
emissions data.
• Promoting environmentally-friendly technology
transfer.
• Supporting climate change education, training
and public awareness.
• Cooperating on international climate
observation.

37. One notable exception is the United
States, which releases more greenhouse
gases than any other nation and accounts
for more than
25 percent of those generated by humans
worldwide.

39. Examples
Renewable Resources Non-Renewable

42. The basics of Global Temperature Measurement
Earth’s temperature, scientists combine measurements from the air above land
and the ocean surface collected by ships, buoys and sometimes satellites,
Each land and ocean station is compared daily to what is ‘normal’ for that location
and time, typically the long-term average over a 30-year period. The differences
are called an ‘anomalies’ and they help scientists evaluate how temperature is
changing over time.

44. From where do air pollutants come?
Air pollution in China

45. From where do air pollutants come?
Air pollution in China