GIST.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•5 views
This document discusses gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). It defines GISTs as mesenchymal neoplasms that originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal in the gut wall. The majority of GISTs have a mutation in either the KIT or PDGFRA gene. KIT mutations are present in around 95% of cases and result in uncontrolled KIT signaling. Treatment involves surgical resection with adjuvant imatinib therapy for higher risk cases. For advanced or imatinib-resistant GISTs, other tyrosine kinase inhibitors like sunitinib may be used.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST).pptx
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). It discusses that GISTs are rare mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that arise from interstitial cells of Cajal. Key points summarized are:
- GISTs most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine in patients ages 60-65. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, imaging, and genetic testing.
- Surgical resection is the main treatment for localized GISTs. Factors like tumor size, location, and mitotic rate determine prognosis and risk of recurrence.
- For high-risk cases, the drug imatinib can be given after surgery to reduce recurrence rates or before
Gist
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) including their definition, epidemiology, etiology, molecular pathogenesis, genetic classification, anatomy, pathology, screening, diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, risk stratification, management of localized, advanced, inoperable, and metastatic disease, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, response evaluation, and follow up. GISTs are rare mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract that are driven by mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes. Surgery is the main treatment for localized disease while advanced disease is treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Endocrine pancreatic tumour
PANCREATIC TUMOUR, GASTRINOMA, INSULINOMA, SOMASTATINOMA, VIPOMA, PPOMA, NON-FUCTIONAL PANCREATIC TUMOUR, ISLET CELLS, GLUCAGONOMA, PANCREATECTOMY, CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY, ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC TUMOURS
Gastrointerstinal stromal tumor (GIST) recent advances and differential diagn...
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), including:
- GISTs arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract and are defined by activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA.
- Common symptoms are nonspecific but most GISTs are found in the stomach.
- Immunohistochemistry shows positivity for CD117 in 95% of cases, as well as DOG1, CD34, and protein kinase C theta.
- Risk stratification systems exist to determine malignant potential and guide treatment, which frequently involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare sarcomas that arise from the gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly found in the stomach, they represent 0.2% of gastrointestinal tumors. While often asymptomatic, they can present with bleeding, pain, or obstruction. Diagnosis involves imaging such as endoscopy or CT scan followed by biopsy showing immunohistochemistry positive for CD117 in 95% of cases. Treatment involves surgical resection with clear margins although adjuvant therapy with imatinib is often used for higher risk tumors. Outcomes have improved greatly in the past two decades with 5-year survival rates now over 50% with appropriate treatment.
Gastro intestinal stromal tumor(GIST)-PATHOLOGY
mesenchymal tumor of stomach,gastro intestinal stomal tumor ,pathology,cd117spindle and epitheloid tyme,grading and staging
TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS
This document discusses tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are drugs that target tyrosine kinases. It begins by introducing tyrosine kinases and their role in cell signaling pathways. It then describes several important tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including BCR-ABL inhibitors like imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib; EGFR inhibitors like gefitinib and erlotinib; and VEGF inhibitors like sunitinib and sorafenib. For each drug, it provides information on mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, toxicity profiles, and FDA-approved indications. The document concludes by discussing mechanisms of resistance to BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors.
Neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas
The document discusses neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (PNETs). It provides information on:
1) PNETs are rare tumors that originate from neuroendocrine cells in the pancreas. They can be functional, secreting hormones like insulin, or non-functional.
2) Functional PNETs include insulinomas, gastrinomas, VIPomas, and glucagonomas. They are generally detected earlier due to hormone secretion symptoms.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection if possible. For advanced disease, options include chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and controlling hormone symptoms medically.
Recommended
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST).pptx
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). It discusses that GISTs are rare mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that arise from interstitial cells of Cajal. Key points summarized are:
- GISTs most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine in patients ages 60-65. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, imaging, and genetic testing.
- Surgical resection is the main treatment for localized GISTs. Factors like tumor size, location, and mitotic rate determine prognosis and risk of recurrence.
- For high-risk cases, the drug imatinib can be given after surgery to reduce recurrence rates or before
Gist
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) including their definition, epidemiology, etiology, molecular pathogenesis, genetic classification, anatomy, pathology, screening, diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, risk stratification, management of localized, advanced, inoperable, and metastatic disease, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, response evaluation, and follow up. GISTs are rare mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract that are driven by mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes. Surgery is the main treatment for localized disease while advanced disease is treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Endocrine pancreatic tumour
PANCREATIC TUMOUR, GASTRINOMA, INSULINOMA, SOMASTATINOMA, VIPOMA, PPOMA, NON-FUCTIONAL PANCREATIC TUMOUR, ISLET CELLS, GLUCAGONOMA, PANCREATECTOMY, CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY, ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC TUMOURS
Gastrointerstinal stromal tumor (GIST) recent advances and differential diagn...
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), including:
- GISTs arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract and are defined by activating mutations in KIT or PDGFRA.
- Common symptoms are nonspecific but most GISTs are found in the stomach.
- Immunohistochemistry shows positivity for CD117 in 95% of cases, as well as DOG1, CD34, and protein kinase C theta.
- Risk stratification systems exist to determine malignant potential and guide treatment, which frequently involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare sarcomas that arise from the gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly found in the stomach, they represent 0.2% of gastrointestinal tumors. While often asymptomatic, they can present with bleeding, pain, or obstruction. Diagnosis involves imaging such as endoscopy or CT scan followed by biopsy showing immunohistochemistry positive for CD117 in 95% of cases. Treatment involves surgical resection with clear margins although adjuvant therapy with imatinib is often used for higher risk tumors. Outcomes have improved greatly in the past two decades with 5-year survival rates now over 50% with appropriate treatment.
Gastro intestinal stromal tumor(GIST)-PATHOLOGY
mesenchymal tumor of stomach,gastro intestinal stomal tumor ,pathology,cd117spindle and epitheloid tyme,grading and staging
TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS
This document discusses tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are drugs that target tyrosine kinases. It begins by introducing tyrosine kinases and their role in cell signaling pathways. It then describes several important tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including BCR-ABL inhibitors like imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib; EGFR inhibitors like gefitinib and erlotinib; and VEGF inhibitors like sunitinib and sorafenib. For each drug, it provides information on mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, toxicity profiles, and FDA-approved indications. The document concludes by discussing mechanisms of resistance to BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors.
Neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas
The document discusses neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (PNETs). It provides information on:
1) PNETs are rare tumors that originate from neuroendocrine cells in the pancreas. They can be functional, secreting hormones like insulin, or non-functional.
2) Functional PNETs include insulinomas, gastrinomas, VIPomas, and glucagonomas. They are generally detected earlier due to hormone secretion symptoms.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection if possible. For advanced disease, options include chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and controlling hormone symptoms medically.
Treatment of ibd
IBD Therapy discusses treatments for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. 5-aminosalicylates are first-line treatments for mild to moderate disease. Corticosteroids are effective for inducing remission but not maintaining it. Immunosuppressants like azathioprine and methotrexate are used when steroids cannot be tapered. Anti-TNF antibodies like infliximab are effective for severe disease refractory to other therapies. Nutritional supplementation is important for patients with Crohn's disease due to potential deficiencies from the condition.
GVHD - tutorial.pptx
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation where donor T cells attack the recipient's organs, most commonly affecting the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. It is classified as either acute or chronic GvHD depending on time of onset post-transplant. Acute GvHD presents within 100 days as a rash, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction while chronic GvHD appears after 100 days with skin sclerosis, lichenoid eruptions, and other organ involvement. Treatment involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or other agents depending on GvHD severity and organ systems affected
GVHD - tutorial.pptx
This document provides information about graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and management. GVHD is a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation where donor T cells attack the recipient's organs. It can be acute (occurring within 100 days of transplant) or chronic (after 100 days). The main organs affected are the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Risk factors include HLA mismatch and donor/recipient gender combinations. Management involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or other agents depending on the severity.
THE gist OF GIST
GIST tumors arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. They are typically positive for CD117 and CD34 markers. The majority of GISTs have mutations in genes like KIT or PDGFRA. Treatment involves surgical resection, though imatinib therapy can be used for advanced cases. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, mitotic rate, and location within the GI tract.
Gist
Information about GIST by Dr Dhaval Mangukiya.
Details of Epidemiology, Classification and Molecular genesis, Prognostic factors, Diagnosis, Management, Followup.
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
Uterine fibroids
fibroids, newer techniques in fibroid, fibroid in pregnancy, types of fibroid, HIFU, myomectomy, fertility conservation surgery,
Endocrine tumors of git
This document discusses endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, known as carcinoid tumors and pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). It covers their classification, characteristics, locations, secretory products, diagnostic tests and treatments. Key points include that carcinoid tumors arise from enterochromaffin cells and PETs arise from islet cells in the pancreas. Diagnosis involves measuring hormone levels and imaging tests. Treatments include surgery, somatostatin analogs, and other drugs depending on the specific tumor type and symptoms.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours ppt
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. Pathogenic mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes drive tumor growth in most GISTs. GISTs most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine. Microscopically, GISTs demonstrate spindle or epithelioid cell morphologies and strongly express KIT (CD117). Surgical resection is the primary treatment, while the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is effective for advanced or metastatic disease. Tumor size, mitotic rate, and site determine prognosis, with small intestinal GISTs having the worst outcomes.
Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours
The document discusses the anatomy, risk factors, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). GISTs most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine and symptoms can include abdominal pain or fullness. Treatment involves surgical resection of localized tumors along with targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib for advanced or recurrent GISTs.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
This document summarizes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a rare hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by tumors of the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and pituitary gland. MEN1 is caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Diagnosis involves identifying biochemical abnormalities and tumors associated with MEN1. Management focuses on surgery to remove tumors, with the goal of preventing complications from hormone hypersecretion. Lifelong screening is required due to the high risk of recurrent and multiple tumors developing over time.
NeuroEndocrineTumours PANCREAS full.pptx
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
Neuroendocrine tumors
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) originate from diffuse endocrine system cells and can occur in various organs like the lungs, GI tract, and pancreas. NETs are typically slow growing and account for about 1-2% of GI malignancies. The World Health Organization classifies NETs based on differentiation and invasiveness. Treatment involves surgical resection when possible as well as somatostatin analogs, interferon, and chemotherapy depending on the tumor type and stage. Diagnosis relies on biomarkers, imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and octreotide scans, as well as biopsy. NETs require a multidisciplinary approach and have the potential for long
Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Imatinib is the first FDA approved targeted protein kinase inhibitor for chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. It binds to and inactivates the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Dasatinib and nilotinib are also BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for CML. Gefitinib, erlotinib and lapatinib inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and are approved for various cancers. Sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, and vatalanib inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and are approved for renal cell carcinoma and other cancers. These oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors are important targeted cancer therapies.
Nephrotic syndrom
Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular capillary wall that increases permeability and allows large molecules like albumin to pass into the urine. The main types are minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous glomerulonephritis. Treatment involves managing edema, restricting protein intake, and potentially using steroids, immunosuppressants, or diuretics depending on the specific cause and severity. Complications can include infection, thrombosis, hyperlipidemia, and end-stage renal disease if left untreated.
Screening of antiobesity 23may2012
This document discusses screening methods for anti-obesity drugs using animal models. It outlines the need for new anti-obesity drugs given the growing obesity epidemic and lack of new FDA-approved drugs. Ideal animal models replicate human obesity pathophysiology through representative genetics, environment, and behaviors. No single model exists, so different models are used including diet-induced, genetic, viral-induced, and transgenic models. Parameters assessed include food intake, weight, adipose tissue, and metabolic markers. In vitro assays also study targets like uncoupling proteins and neuropeptides using cell and tissue samples. Animal models provide insights despite limitations but human clinical trials remain necessary.
Neuroendocrine tumors (Gastroduodenal)
This document discusses neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic system, focusing on gastric and duodenal NETs. It covers the molecular pathogenesis, classification, biomarkers, imaging techniques, and treatment approaches for gastroenteropancreatic NETs. Key points include that gastric NETs are classified into three types, duodenal NETs can originate from gastrinomas or somatostatinomas, and biomarkers like chromogranin A, 5-HIAA, and pancreastatin can help in diagnosis along with localization techniques like endoscopic ultrasound, CT, MRI, and somatostatin receptor imaging.
Cancer gallbladder
This document summarizes information about gallbladder cancer, including:
1. It increases with age and is more common in women and certain populations. Risk factors include gallstones, polyps, and infections.
2. Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage due to non-specific symptoms. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to stage and plan treatment.
3. Surgery is the main treatment and depends on the stage - ranging from simple cholecystectomy for early stages to hepatic resection for advanced stages. Prognosis is poor with only 5% 5-year survival due to late diagnosis and aggressive nature.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).pptx
This document discusses the history and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). It notes that GISTs were originally misclassified until 1983 when they were identified as distinct tumors. Treatment progressed slowly until 1998 when the association between GISTs and c-KIT was discovered, leading to the development of imatinib in 2001. Imatinib was approved for metastatic/unresectable GIST in 2002 and as adjuvant therapy for high-risk GIST in 2008 and 2012. The document discusses risk assessment tools and provides guidelines for adjuvant imatinib therapy for intermediate-high risk GIST of 3 years duration. It also discusses neoadjuvant imatinib and subsequent treatment options including sunitinib
Management of Neoplasms of Small Intestine.pptx
A presentation for general surgery residents for University examinations
Models of liver carcinogenesis
This document discusses liver carcinogenesis and the use of rat and mouse models. It provides an overview of carcinogenesis as a multistage process involving initiation, promotion, and progression. It then focuses on rodent hepatocarcinogenesis, describing the progression from foci of altered hepatocytes to adenomas to carcinomas. Several animal models used to study hepatocarcinogenesis are outlined, including chemically induced and genetically engineered models. Factors that influence tumor development like age, sex, and strain differences in rodents are also summarized.
kebo110.pptx
1) The document discusses the cell cycle, which includes interphase and the M phase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for division.
2) The M phase is when the cell divides, known as mitosis, which has four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these stages the chromosomes condense and align, separate, and decondense respectively.
3) Cell division, along with DNA replication and growth, must be coordinated through the cell cycle to ensure daughter cells receive intact genomes. The cycle allows a single cell to multiply into millions through repeated growth and division.
Immobilization devices.pptx
The document discusses principles and methods of immobilization in radiotherapy. It describes the role of immobilization in reducing geometric uncertainties and lists the ideal properties of an immobilization device. The history of immobilization devices is explored, from early uses of plastic cups and masking tapes to today's body conformal devices and stereotactic equipment. Various head and neck immobilization tools are presented, including thermoplastic molds, base plates, and accessories like mouth bites. Body conformal devices like alpha cradles and vacuum-lock bags are explained. Immobilization methods for specific treatment sites like breast, prostate, and intracranial regions are outlined.
More Related Content
Similar to GIST.pptx
Treatment of ibd
IBD Therapy discusses treatments for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. 5-aminosalicylates are first-line treatments for mild to moderate disease. Corticosteroids are effective for inducing remission but not maintaining it. Immunosuppressants like azathioprine and methotrexate are used when steroids cannot be tapered. Anti-TNF antibodies like infliximab are effective for severe disease refractory to other therapies. Nutritional supplementation is important for patients with Crohn's disease due to potential deficiencies from the condition.
GVHD - tutorial.pptx
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation where donor T cells attack the recipient's organs, most commonly affecting the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. It is classified as either acute or chronic GvHD depending on time of onset post-transplant. Acute GvHD presents within 100 days as a rash, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction while chronic GvHD appears after 100 days with skin sclerosis, lichenoid eruptions, and other organ involvement. Treatment involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or other agents depending on GvHD severity and organ systems affected
GVHD - tutorial.pptx
This document provides information about graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and management. GVHD is a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation where donor T cells attack the recipient's organs. It can be acute (occurring within 100 days of transplant) or chronic (after 100 days). The main organs affected are the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Risk factors include HLA mismatch and donor/recipient gender combinations. Management involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or other agents depending on the severity.
THE gist OF GIST
GIST tumors arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. They are typically positive for CD117 and CD34 markers. The majority of GISTs have mutations in genes like KIT or PDGFRA. Treatment involves surgical resection, though imatinib therapy can be used for advanced cases. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, mitotic rate, and location within the GI tract.
Gist
Information about GIST by Dr Dhaval Mangukiya.
Details of Epidemiology, Classification and Molecular genesis, Prognostic factors, Diagnosis, Management, Followup.
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
Uterine fibroids
fibroids, newer techniques in fibroid, fibroid in pregnancy, types of fibroid, HIFU, myomectomy, fertility conservation surgery,
Endocrine tumors of git
This document discusses endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, known as carcinoid tumors and pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). It covers their classification, characteristics, locations, secretory products, diagnostic tests and treatments. Key points include that carcinoid tumors arise from enterochromaffin cells and PETs arise from islet cells in the pancreas. Diagnosis involves measuring hormone levels and imaging tests. Treatments include surgery, somatostatin analogs, and other drugs depending on the specific tumor type and symptoms.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours ppt
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. Pathogenic mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes drive tumor growth in most GISTs. GISTs most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine. Microscopically, GISTs demonstrate spindle or epithelioid cell morphologies and strongly express KIT (CD117). Surgical resection is the primary treatment, while the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is effective for advanced or metastatic disease. Tumor size, mitotic rate, and site determine prognosis, with small intestinal GISTs having the worst outcomes.
Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours
The document discusses the anatomy, risk factors, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). GISTs most commonly occur in the stomach and small intestine and symptoms can include abdominal pain or fullness. Treatment involves surgical resection of localized tumors along with targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib for advanced or recurrent GISTs.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
This document summarizes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a rare hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by tumors of the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and pituitary gland. MEN1 is caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Diagnosis involves identifying biochemical abnormalities and tumors associated with MEN1. Management focuses on surgery to remove tumors, with the goal of preventing complications from hormone hypersecretion. Lifelong screening is required due to the high risk of recurrent and multiple tumors developing over time.
NeuroEndocrineTumours PANCREAS full.pptx
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
Neuroendocrine tumors
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) originate from diffuse endocrine system cells and can occur in various organs like the lungs, GI tract, and pancreas. NETs are typically slow growing and account for about 1-2% of GI malignancies. The World Health Organization classifies NETs based on differentiation and invasiveness. Treatment involves surgical resection when possible as well as somatostatin analogs, interferon, and chemotherapy depending on the tumor type and stage. Diagnosis relies on biomarkers, imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and octreotide scans, as well as biopsy. NETs require a multidisciplinary approach and have the potential for long
Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Imatinib is the first FDA approved targeted protein kinase inhibitor for chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. It binds to and inactivates the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Dasatinib and nilotinib are also BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for CML. Gefitinib, erlotinib and lapatinib inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and are approved for various cancers. Sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, and vatalanib inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and are approved for renal cell carcinoma and other cancers. These oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors are important targeted cancer therapies.
Nephrotic syndrom
Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular capillary wall that increases permeability and allows large molecules like albumin to pass into the urine. The main types are minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous glomerulonephritis. Treatment involves managing edema, restricting protein intake, and potentially using steroids, immunosuppressants, or diuretics depending on the specific cause and severity. Complications can include infection, thrombosis, hyperlipidemia, and end-stage renal disease if left untreated.
Screening of antiobesity 23may2012
This document discusses screening methods for anti-obesity drugs using animal models. It outlines the need for new anti-obesity drugs given the growing obesity epidemic and lack of new FDA-approved drugs. Ideal animal models replicate human obesity pathophysiology through representative genetics, environment, and behaviors. No single model exists, so different models are used including diet-induced, genetic, viral-induced, and transgenic models. Parameters assessed include food intake, weight, adipose tissue, and metabolic markers. In vitro assays also study targets like uncoupling proteins and neuropeptides using cell and tissue samples. Animal models provide insights despite limitations but human clinical trials remain necessary.
Neuroendocrine tumors (Gastroduodenal)
This document discusses neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic system, focusing on gastric and duodenal NETs. It covers the molecular pathogenesis, classification, biomarkers, imaging techniques, and treatment approaches for gastroenteropancreatic NETs. Key points include that gastric NETs are classified into three types, duodenal NETs can originate from gastrinomas or somatostatinomas, and biomarkers like chromogranin A, 5-HIAA, and pancreastatin can help in diagnosis along with localization techniques like endoscopic ultrasound, CT, MRI, and somatostatin receptor imaging.
Cancer gallbladder
This document summarizes information about gallbladder cancer, including:
1. It increases with age and is more common in women and certain populations. Risk factors include gallstones, polyps, and infections.
2. Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage due to non-specific symptoms. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to stage and plan treatment.
3. Surgery is the main treatment and depends on the stage - ranging from simple cholecystectomy for early stages to hepatic resection for advanced stages. Prognosis is poor with only 5% 5-year survival due to late diagnosis and aggressive nature.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).pptx
This document discusses the history and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). It notes that GISTs were originally misclassified until 1983 when they were identified as distinct tumors. Treatment progressed slowly until 1998 when the association between GISTs and c-KIT was discovered, leading to the development of imatinib in 2001. Imatinib was approved for metastatic/unresectable GIST in 2002 and as adjuvant therapy for high-risk GIST in 2008 and 2012. The document discusses risk assessment tools and provides guidelines for adjuvant imatinib therapy for intermediate-high risk GIST of 3 years duration. It also discusses neoadjuvant imatinib and subsequent treatment options including sunitinib
Management of Neoplasms of Small Intestine.pptx
A presentation for general surgery residents for University examinations
Models of liver carcinogenesis
This document discusses liver carcinogenesis and the use of rat and mouse models. It provides an overview of carcinogenesis as a multistage process involving initiation, promotion, and progression. It then focuses on rodent hepatocarcinogenesis, describing the progression from foci of altered hepatocytes to adenomas to carcinomas. Several animal models used to study hepatocarcinogenesis are outlined, including chemically induced and genetically engineered models. Factors that influence tumor development like age, sex, and strain differences in rodents are also summarized.
Similar to GIST.pptx (20)
More from adityasingla007
kebo110.pptx
1) The document discusses the cell cycle, which includes interphase and the M phase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for division.
2) The M phase is when the cell divides, known as mitosis, which has four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these stages the chromosomes condense and align, separate, and decondense respectively.
3) Cell division, along with DNA replication and growth, must be coordinated through the cell cycle to ensure daughter cells receive intact genomes. The cycle allows a single cell to multiply into millions through repeated growth and division.
Immobilization devices.pptx
The document discusses principles and methods of immobilization in radiotherapy. It describes the role of immobilization in reducing geometric uncertainties and lists the ideal properties of an immobilization device. The history of immobilization devices is explored, from early uses of plastic cups and masking tapes to today's body conformal devices and stereotactic equipment. Various head and neck immobilization tools are presented, including thermoplastic molds, base plates, and accessories like mouth bites. Body conformal devices like alpha cradles and vacuum-lock bags are explained. Immobilization methods for specific treatment sites like breast, prostate, and intracranial regions are outlined.
CHEMOTHERAPY.pptx
This document discusses cytotoxic drugs and the origins of chemotherapy. It provides information on various classes of cytotoxic drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and mitotic inhibitors. Key events in the development of chemotherapy are noted, such as the observation that nitrogen mustards caused bone marrow destruction in WWII, which led to their application against Hodgkin's disease. The mechanisms of cytotoxic drugs and their effects on the cell cycle are also summarized.
BT.pptx
This document discusses brachytherapy techniques for treating carcinoma of the cervix. It describes the advantages of brachytherapy including its ability to deliver high radiation doses to tumors while sparing surrounding normal tissues. Several historical brachytherapy systems are summarized, including the Stockholm, Paris, and Manchester systems. The Manchester system defines dosimetry points A and B and provides rules for standardized applicator placement and radioactive source loading to achieve consistent dose distributions.
Brachytherapy.pptx
Radioisotopes such as cesium-137, iridium-192, and gold-198 have replaced radium in brachytherapy sources. Brachytherapy involves placing sealed radioactive sources close to or inside a tumor and can be delivered at low, medium, or high dose rates. Key factors in choosing radioisotopes include half-life, radiation output, specific activity, and photon energy. Proper selection of radioisotopes and dose rates optimizes treatment effectiveness while minimizing radiation exposure.
Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Pathology, Staging of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias....
Plasma cell dyscrasias are a spectrum of monoclonal gammopathies involving overproduction of myeloma proteins by plasma cells. Key points include:
- Plasma cells normally secrete antibodies but in plasma cell dyscrasias a clone overproduces a single antibody type.
- Risk factors include radiation exposure and genetic predispositions. Cytogenetic abnormalities involving immunoglobulin loci and cell cycle genes contribute to pathogenesis.
- Presentations include bone pain, fatigue, infections due to anemia or renal impairment. Investigations show monoclonal protein and clonal bone marrow plasma cells.
- Multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), and smoldering
LATE EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY.pptx
This document discusses the late effects of radiotherapy. It notes that while radiotherapy effectively treats cancer by damaging DNA in cancer cells, it can also affect normal cells, leading to both acute and late effects. Late effects occur more than 3 months after treatment and involve tissues with slow turnover rates. Common late effects include fibrosis, atrophy, necrosis, vascular damage, and secondary malignancies. The document outlines late effects for various organs and tissues. It emphasizes the importance of prevention strategies like treatment planning and education to minimize complications and improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
colorectal class.pptx
Colorectal cancer begins in the inner lining of the colon or rectum and can spread deeper into the wall of the colon/rectum and to other parts of the body. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Symptoms often include changes in bowel habits and bleeding. Screening is recommended regularly beginning at age 50. Treatment depends on the stage and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Prognosis depends on tumor stage and extent at diagnosis.
chemo for study day finshed_.pptx
This document provides information on principles of chemotherapy. It discusses how chemotherapy works by damaging rapidly dividing cells like cancer cells, outlines the cell cycle and phases cells go through when dividing, and explains how chemotherapy targets specific phases to kill cancer cells. It also describes common side effects of chemotherapy like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, bone marrow depression leading to neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. The document discusses approaches to managing these side effects.
brachytherapy class.pptx
Brachytherapy involves placing small radioactive sources inside or near a tumor. It allows a high radiation dose to be delivered to the tumor while sparing surrounding normal tissues. There are several types of brachytherapy classified by source placement (interstitial, intracavitary), loading pattern (pre-loading, after-loading), dose rate (LDR, HDR), and duration of implant (temporary, permanent). Common radioactive sources used include cesium-137, iridium-192, and iodine-125 seeds. Brachytherapy provides advantages of high tumor control with minimal side effects due to rapid dose fall-off and short treatment times.
CA VULVA.pptx
Vulvar cancer is a rare malignancy that represents less than 1% of cancers in women. It occurs most commonly in two age groups - younger women who smoke and are HPV-positive, and older women who may have epithelial dystrophies as risk factors. Lymphatic drainage is primarily to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, with potential spread to deep femoral and pelvic nodes. Positive lymph nodes, particularly those over 5mm or with extracapsular spread, are the strongest prognostic factors and reduce 5-year survival by 50%. Surgical margins of at least 8mm are also important to reduce the risk of local recurrence after resection. Radiation may help reduce recurrence risk when margins are close. Distant metastases generally occur
CA.ORAL CAVITY FINAL.pdf
1. Carcinoma of the oral cavity is most commonly found on the tongue, floor of mouth, and lips. It spreads locally and via lymphatics, most often to cervical lymph nodes. Distant metastases occur in 15-20% of cases, most commonly to lungs.
2. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, biopsy of the lesion and lymph nodes, imaging like OPG, CT/MRI to assess bone and lymph node involvement. Staging helps determine prognosis and management.
3. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy depending on stage. Close surveillance is needed due to high risk of recurrence and second primary cancers.
RADIATION PROTECTION - PRINCIPLES.pptx
The document discusses radiation and its effects on the human body. It provides information on deterministic effects, which have a threshold dose below which no effect is observable, and severity increases with dose. Examples of deterministic effects like cataracts and sterility are given along with their dose thresholds. International standards from organizations like ICRP, IAEA, and UNSCEAR are mentioned. Occupational and public dose limits are provided. Methods of measuring radiation exposure through film, TLD and electronic dosimeters are listed. Information is also given on calculating effective dose and the tissues and organs considered. Background radiation exposures from cosmic, terrestrial and internal sources are detailed. Finally, fatal accident rates per million workers are shown for different occupations along with the radiation
AML.pptx
- The document provides information on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), including its etiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and treatment.
- AML arises from the abnormal clonal expansion of immature myeloid precursors in the bone marrow that have impaired differentiation. It is diagnosed based on finding at least 20% myeloid blasts in the bone marrow.
- Classification involves cytogenetic and molecular testing to identify recurrent genetic abnormalities that inform prognosis and treatment approach.
RT Techinques in Hodgkins lymphoma.pptx
Radiation therapy has evolved significantly in its use and techniques for managing Hodgkin lymphoma over the past century. Early approaches used low dose X-rays to treat only involved lymph node regions, but this led to high recurrence rates. Later approaches in the 1950s used extended field radiation therapy to treat both involved and adjacent uninvolved lymph node regions, improving outcomes. However, this also increased long-term toxicity risks. More recent decades have seen a shift to involved node radiation therapy and combined modality treatment with chemotherapy to improve cure rates while reducing radiation doses and volumes to minimize side effects like secondary cancers. Ongoing clinical trials continue refining therapies to maximize benefit and safety.
JC_Preopanc.pptx
This randomized controlled trial compared preoperative chemoradiotherapy to immediate surgery for resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. It found no significant difference in overall survival between the two groups based on intention-to-treat analysis. However, the preoperative chemoradiotherapy group had higher R0 resection rates and more favorable pathological outcomes. Compliance with preoperative treatment was also better. For borderline resectable disease specifically, preoperative chemoradiotherapy showed a prolonged overall survival compared to immediate surgery.
MACHNC.pptx
Concomitant chemotherapy provides the greatest benefit for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer according to the MACHNC 2021 meta-analysis. It improves 5-year overall survival by 6.5% and event-free survival by 5.8%, with the greatest decrease in locoregional failure rates. Induction chemotherapy provides smaller benefits of 2.2% for overall survival and 1.45% for event-free survival, as well as a significant decrease in distant failure rates. Adjuvant chemotherapy does not improve survival and increases 120-day mortality. Cisplatin-based regimens are preferred for concomitant and induction chemotherapy. This may be the final MACHNC analysis as no new patients have been
JC.pptx
This study retrospectively analyzed exclusive radiotherapy (ERT), surgery, and both as local regional therapies (LRT) for denovo metastatic breast cancer patients. It found that both ERT and surgery plus radiotherapy (BMT) were associated with improved overall survival compared to no LRT or surgery alone. ERT showed similar overall survival as BMT and could be an acceptable alternative to avoid invasive surgeries. However, the study had limitations as a retrospective analysis and larger prospective studies are still needed to provide stronger evidence and guidelines on the role of LRT like ERT for metastatic breast cancer.
Hypofractionation in carcinoma breast
Hypofractionation delivers a full course of radiation treatment over a shorter period by using larger daily doses compared to conventional fractionation. Several trials have shown hypofractionation to be as effective as conventional fractionation for early stage breast cancer patients, with acceptable toxicity and cosmetic outcomes. Hypofractionation schedules of 42.9Gy/13#/5wk and 39Gy/13#/5wk were found to have 10-year local relapse rates of 9.6% and 14.8% respectively in one trial, comparable to the conventional dose of 50Gy/25#/5wk which had a rate of 12.1%. Other trials have also found hypofractionation to have similar rates of locoregional
Role of brca, her2 neu and newer agents
1) BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes whose mutations significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Testing for BRCA mutations can help determine appropriate cancer screening and prevention strategies.
2) The HER2 receptor promotes cancer cell growth in around 20-30% of breast cancers. Drugs like trastuzumab, pertuzumab, lapatinib, and T-DM1 target HER2 and have improved outcomes for HER2-positive breast cancer.
3) Newer agents for breast cancer treatment include CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, everolimus, neratinib and immunotherapies which are being used alone or in combination with other drugs for
More from adityasingla007 (20)
Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Pathology, Staging of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias....
Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Pathology, Staging of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias....
Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Recently uploaded (20)
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
GIST.pptx
- 2. DEFINITION • Stromal or mesenchymal neoplasms • GIST and Mesenchymal GI neoplasm GIST Mesenchymal GI neoplasm Stomach/small intestine Soft tissues KIT/ PDGFRA mutation Lipomas/liposarcomas/leimyo ma,desmoid tumor/shwanomas
- 3. ORIGIN • Interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) • Wall of gut • Subepithelial origin
- 5. INHERITANCE • Only 5% have familial autosomal dominant • NF1, Carney Stratakis Syndrome • KIT/PGFRA mutation KIT MUTATION PDGFRA MUTATION Skin hyperpigmentation, dysphagia, paragangliomas Intestinal fibromatosis and inflammatory fibroid polyp
- 6. CD117 • Previously considered to be originated from smooth muscles • IHC differed from leiomyomas, LMS • CD117 specific for GIST • Other spindle cell tumors don’t carry
- 7. KIT MUTATION • 95% KIT mutation • Both in sporadic and hereditary cases • KIT Mutation- ligand independent function of KIT • CD 117 KIT protein • 4-5% have KIT protein but do not have KIT mutation • These respond poorly to imatinib • For imatinib sensitivity, KIT mutation should be absent
- 8. PGFRA MUTATION • KIT wild are more likely to have PDGFRA mutation • Some are sensitive to imatinib • Some are sensitive to avapritinib, ripretinib
- 9. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS • 10-15% - No KIT/PDGFRA mutation • Wild type GIST • NF-1, Carney stratakis syndrome, carney triad • Localised to stomach • Younger population especially pediatric age • Loss of SDH enzyme function • Don’t respond to imatinib
- 10. PROGNOSIS • T> 5CM, MESENTRIC FAT INFILTRATION, ULCERATION, LN likely to metastasize • Gastric and and small bowel tumors >10cm with low mitotic count and < 5cm with high mitosis- high chances of metastasis
- 11. LOCAL TRATMENT
- 12. TREATMENT • If borderline resection , Imatinib can be offered • R0 resection- 3 yr of imatinib( SSSG XVIII trial) • Adjuvant for high risk
- 14. IMATINIB DURATION • 3 YEARS • 6-12 months as NACT • 400 mg / day • Can be increased till 800mg/day
- 15. 2nd LINE • SUNITINIB • 50 mg daily for 4 weeks with 2 weeks gap • 37.5mg daily • Regorafenib- • RIPETINIB • NILOTINIB • SORAFINIB • PAZOPANIB