This paper presents an study Soil Properties analysis for sustainable agriculture by GIS through 15 soil samples chemical characterization conducts to soil numerical classification and crops soil suitability that has the advantage to guide the practices of soil management is as follows: Soil Salinity: The results of electrical conductivity indicated that the studied soils were generally positioned into the very saline class that had an area of (3847.96 ha) representing (79.50 %). The soils assembled into five classes; non-saline (198.5 ha) and it is suitable for most crops, moderately saline (385.75ha), where crops salt-tolerant crops give yield with marginal reduction. Finally, strong saline (112.00 ha) that it is suitable just for high salt-tolerant crops but also with yield reduction. Soil Sodic: the non-sodic soil class occupied the majority of the studied area with 96.8 % (4689.18 ha). The sodic soil had only (151.27 ha) 13.12 %. calcium carbonate to moderately calcareous soil (2317.93 ha) 47.89% and calcareous soil (2522.51 ha)52.11%. Crops soil suitability (Wheat): (S1), (S2) and (NS2) It is as follows (4000.78ha) 82.65 %, 114.37ha 2.36 %, and 725.30ha 14.98% of the studied area, respectively. (Tomato): is as follows: (4190.85 ha) 86.58 % of the study area is highly suitable (S1) and (NS2) (649.61ha) 13.42 % is unsuitable represent respectively. (Olive): The majority of the study area 4081.04 ha (84.31 %) was classified as highly suitable soils (S1), potentially suitable class (NS1) is about 236.61ha (4.89 %) and unsuitable class (NS2) is about (522.81ha) 10.80 % respectively. Soil Management and Crops tolerance for soil parameters The GIS-ESP soil map divided the studied area into three categories of ESP tolerance crops soil; Extremely sensitive ESP crop (4164.65 ha), sensitive ESP crop (594.13 ha) and moderately tolerant crop (81.67 ha). The GIS-CaCO3 soil map divided the studied area into two categories of CaCO3 tolerance crops soil; Crops that tolerate a certain (1924.92 ha) and Crops which support high (2915.54 ha). EC tolerance crops soil; Sensitive (3835.38 ha), moderately (224.28ha), highly (650.86 ha) and very highly (129.93ha).
all the basics related to soil survey starting from the reason why do we need soil survey and what is history of surveys, their kinds objectives and all related details.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...Hamdi Zurqani
“The aim of this paper is to identify the change in saline soils (Sebkha) using Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques”.
all the basics related to soil survey starting from the reason why do we need soil survey and what is history of surveys, their kinds objectives and all related details.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...Hamdi Zurqani
“The aim of this paper is to identify the change in saline soils (Sebkha) using Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques”.
The document discusses the differences between land use and land cover. Land use refers to how humans use the land, such as for agriculture, settlements, or mining. Land cover refers to the physical attributes of the land surface, such as vegetation, water, or bare soil. The United States Geological Survey developed a widely used land use and land cover classification system in the 1970s that categorizes land into classes such as urban, agricultural, forest, water, and wetlands. The system was designed to be applied using remote sensing data and aims to achieve consistent land classifications.
Demarcation of ground water potential zones using remote sensing & gisDebabrata Nandi
The document presents a study on demarcating groundwater potential zones in North Orissa University, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study area experiences drought and water scarcity issues. The objectives are to understand aquifer nature and movement, and prepare a groundwater development plan. Various data layers like geology, soil, land use are integrated in GIS after assigning weights. The resulting map categorizes the area into very good, good, moderate and poor potential zones. The techniques minimize time and cost for quick decision making on sustainable water resource management.
This document discusses using GIS to evaluate and map soil erosion. It describes several GIS-based models used to estimate soil loss, including the Distributed soil erosion model, Modified USLE, Gully Surface Growth, and Gully Head Advance models. It also discusses how the RUSLE model has been integrated with GIS for soil loss estimation by using input raster files for rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic factors, crop management factors, and practice factors. Case studies are presented on evaluating soil erosion in Taita Hills, Kenya and mapping erosion risk in dam watersheds in Turkey, with findings that erosion risk decreased over time in some areas due to increased vegetation cover or conservation measures.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Wasteland assessment using remotesensing and gisaakvd
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map and assess wastelands in India. Approximately 63.85 million hectares of land in India, accounting for 20.17% of the total area, are classified as wastelands. Remote sensing data from satellites like Landsat, IRS, and SPOT are used to map wasteland types and changes over time. A classification system was developed to characterize wastelands based on attributes visible in remote sensing imagery like color, texture, and pattern. Mapping wastelands helps with management including reclamation through techniques like contour bunding and check dams. Remote sensing and GIS provide cost-effective and accurate methods for wasteland mapping, characterization, monitoring, and management
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Food production needs to double by 2050 without using more land, water or fertilizer. Improved soil fertility is key. Soil fertility maps are integral to land evaluation and planning. They are used in surveys, reports, assessments and more. Creating soil fertility maps involves soil sampling, analysis, and mapping using tools like GPS, remote sensing, photography, and GIS. Maps show soil indicators and help plan soil management. Kerala and other regions have soil testing labs and produce maps and soil health cards.
Land Resource Inventorization of Gujarat State: A Road MapDr R P Sharma
Land Resource Inventory of Gujarat.Land is the basic unit of all agricultural production
It is a scarce and in-expansible resource
Soil and water are the most valuable natural resources
Basic needs of food, feed and fibre for human beings
To be used very judiciously to meet the needs of growing population
For sustained quality of human life
For the foundation of agricultural development
Determination of Optimum Site for Artificial Recharge Aided Geographical Info...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and logical overlay functions to determine optimal sites for artificial groundwater recharge via flood distribution in the Sarpaniran plain in Iran. The researchers analyzed layers of slope, infiltration rate, geology, geomorphology, and land use to identify suitable regions. They found that 2.3% of the total area, or approximately 1,087 hectares, is suitable for flood distribution recharge. The study demonstrates that GIS is an effective tool for managing spatial data and evaluating criteria to select artificial recharge sites, given the many relevant factors and their variability over time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study that evaluated soil quality impacts from a reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Soil samples were collected from 24 locations near the Tandava Reservoir and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Spatial distribution maps of soil quality parameters like bulk density, moisture content, organic matter, pH, EC, nutrients, and a Soil Quality Index (SQI) were generated in a GIS. The SQI analysis found that 41.65% of samples were of good quality, 24% were average, and 33.36% were poor. Soil quality was generally better upstream than downstream of the reservoir, and some parameters like organic matter and nutrients were within permissible limits across the
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Assessment of groundwater potential zone in paschim medinipur district, west ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess groundwater potential zones in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. The study integrated data on land cover, drainage density, geomorphology, hydrogeology, soil, water levels and elevation to create a weighted overlay model. The results showed groundwater potential was highest in the eastern part of the district and some northern and southern pockets. Specifically, 8.08% of the study area was found to have very high potential, 11.99% high potential, and 17.72% moderate potential for groundwater. The study also suggested appropriate groundwater abstraction structures for each potential zone.
Land resource inventory of India for development of sustainable agricultural ...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses investment opportunities in agricultural research and land use planning in India using geospatial techniques. It summarizes the following key points:
1. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning of India has conducted land resource inventories of agricultural land on 1:10,000 scale to provide site-specific soil and land use information for planning.
2. This information is being used to develop customized soil-land use models and management practices to optimize agricultural productivity for different land holdings and improve livelihoods.
3. Case studies showcase how these plans have led to reduced soil degradation, increased employment, and improved incomes for farmers when implemented in different agro-climatic regions of India.
A STUDY OF FERTILITY STATUS OF SOIL AND NUTRIENTS RECOMMENDATIONS IN PANCHGAN...Malhari Survase
The existence of nutrients in soils and its balance determine the growth of plants. Fertility of soils is determined by various macro and micro nutrients available in the soil.In view of this the present study aims to analyse the fertility level of the soil with the help of N. P. & K. and to recommend essential nutrients wherever necessary in Panchganga Basin of south Maharashtra. The Panchganga Basin, a well watered and agriculturally developed region covers 45752.2 sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 (2.6 percent of state) population. The index values of N, P & K are collected from government soil survey and soil testing Laboratory, Kolhapur at village level. These index values of N. P. & K. are grouped into six categories and tahsil wise areas in percentage in concern category are computed and shown in tabular form. To recognised the fertility level of the soils composite index is computed with the help of NPK values and is grouped into five categories. Simultaneously village level fertility is shown with the help of choropleth maps prepared by using ARC-GIS software. Deficiency and sufficiency of soil nutrients are identified and specific nutrients are recommended wherever necessary. The analysis reveals that there is large variation in the distribution of macronutrients of the soil. It is observed that most of the areas of the study region are fertile in nature. Low and very low fertility of soil is noted in some pockets only. The physiography, climate and agricultural activities have greatly influenced the nutrients status of soil. Specific fertilizers and addition of organic matters are recommended for nutrients deficient areas which will help to keep the balance of nutrients and to restore the fertility of soils. Moreover, it is observed during the fieldwork that the anthropogenic influences are degrading the soils in the region which needs further investigations.
Status of Soil Resources in Lebanon By Roger FrancisFAO
This document summarizes the status of soil resources in Lebanon. It discusses early and more recent soil studies that mapped soils and examined properties like salinity, erosion, pollution, and degradation. Soil information has been updated, but natural factors like steep slopes and human activities like deforestation, improper agriculture, and quarrying continue to degrade soils. Challenges include a lack of policies to protect soils from sealing, salinity, contamination and erosion. Capacity building efforts are needed in soil monitoring, management, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Ivan Vasenev, from Timiryazev Academy – Russian Federation, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land use Land Cover change mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS: A case study...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze land use and land cover change in Gudur Mandal, Andhra Pradesh, India between 2000 and 2015. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was used to classify Landsat satellite imagery into six land cover classes for each time period. Results found significant decreases in cultivated crop land (-35.88%), water bodies (-92.70%), and forest (-77.59%) between 2000 and 2015, along with increases in residential area (30.76%) and uncultivated crop land (151.68%). The changes indicate threats to the local agriculture and greater management of water resources will be needed.
1) The study aimed to establish a baseline for monitoring land health over time in Cameroon, describe patterns of land degradation, and identify implications for sustainable agricultural intensification.
2) Soil samples were collected from smallholder farms using a stratified random sampling method and analyzed using laboratory and spectroscopic methods. Textural and carbon content analyses showed potential to support intensification, though slopes were steep in places.
3) Limitations including high acidity and erosion risk on slopes will require interventions like liming and conservation to enable sustainable intensification.
IRJET- Classification of Agricultural Land’s CapabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the classification of agricultural land capability. It provides background on different land classification systems used internationally. The study area is located in parts of Saharanpur and Hardwar districts of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand in India. Remote sensing data, topographical maps, and ground surveys were used to classify the agricultural land capability in the study area. The classification involved visual interpretation of remote sensing data at different scales, field surveys, and synthesis of interpreted data and field surveys. The classification accuracy compared to ground truth was found to be approximately 85%.
The document discusses the differences between land use and land cover. Land use refers to how humans use the land, such as for agriculture, settlements, or mining. Land cover refers to the physical attributes of the land surface, such as vegetation, water, or bare soil. The United States Geological Survey developed a widely used land use and land cover classification system in the 1970s that categorizes land into classes such as urban, agricultural, forest, water, and wetlands. The system was designed to be applied using remote sensing data and aims to achieve consistent land classifications.
Demarcation of ground water potential zones using remote sensing & gisDebabrata Nandi
The document presents a study on demarcating groundwater potential zones in North Orissa University, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study area experiences drought and water scarcity issues. The objectives are to understand aquifer nature and movement, and prepare a groundwater development plan. Various data layers like geology, soil, land use are integrated in GIS after assigning weights. The resulting map categorizes the area into very good, good, moderate and poor potential zones. The techniques minimize time and cost for quick decision making on sustainable water resource management.
This document discusses using GIS to evaluate and map soil erosion. It describes several GIS-based models used to estimate soil loss, including the Distributed soil erosion model, Modified USLE, Gully Surface Growth, and Gully Head Advance models. It also discusses how the RUSLE model has been integrated with GIS for soil loss estimation by using input raster files for rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic factors, crop management factors, and practice factors. Case studies are presented on evaluating soil erosion in Taita Hills, Kenya and mapping erosion risk in dam watersheds in Turkey, with findings that erosion risk decreased over time in some areas due to increased vegetation cover or conservation measures.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Wasteland assessment using remotesensing and gisaakvd
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map and assess wastelands in India. Approximately 63.85 million hectares of land in India, accounting for 20.17% of the total area, are classified as wastelands. Remote sensing data from satellites like Landsat, IRS, and SPOT are used to map wasteland types and changes over time. A classification system was developed to characterize wastelands based on attributes visible in remote sensing imagery like color, texture, and pattern. Mapping wastelands helps with management including reclamation through techniques like contour bunding and check dams. Remote sensing and GIS provide cost-effective and accurate methods for wasteland mapping, characterization, monitoring, and management
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Food production needs to double by 2050 without using more land, water or fertilizer. Improved soil fertility is key. Soil fertility maps are integral to land evaluation and planning. They are used in surveys, reports, assessments and more. Creating soil fertility maps involves soil sampling, analysis, and mapping using tools like GPS, remote sensing, photography, and GIS. Maps show soil indicators and help plan soil management. Kerala and other regions have soil testing labs and produce maps and soil health cards.
Land Resource Inventorization of Gujarat State: A Road MapDr R P Sharma
Land Resource Inventory of Gujarat.Land is the basic unit of all agricultural production
It is a scarce and in-expansible resource
Soil and water are the most valuable natural resources
Basic needs of food, feed and fibre for human beings
To be used very judiciously to meet the needs of growing population
For sustained quality of human life
For the foundation of agricultural development
Determination of Optimum Site for Artificial Recharge Aided Geographical Info...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and logical overlay functions to determine optimal sites for artificial groundwater recharge via flood distribution in the Sarpaniran plain in Iran. The researchers analyzed layers of slope, infiltration rate, geology, geomorphology, and land use to identify suitable regions. They found that 2.3% of the total area, or approximately 1,087 hectares, is suitable for flood distribution recharge. The study demonstrates that GIS is an effective tool for managing spatial data and evaluating criteria to select artificial recharge sites, given the many relevant factors and their variability over time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study that evaluated soil quality impacts from a reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Soil samples were collected from 24 locations near the Tandava Reservoir and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Spatial distribution maps of soil quality parameters like bulk density, moisture content, organic matter, pH, EC, nutrients, and a Soil Quality Index (SQI) were generated in a GIS. The SQI analysis found that 41.65% of samples were of good quality, 24% were average, and 33.36% were poor. Soil quality was generally better upstream than downstream of the reservoir, and some parameters like organic matter and nutrients were within permissible limits across the
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Assessment of groundwater potential zone in paschim medinipur district, west ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess groundwater potential zones in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. The study integrated data on land cover, drainage density, geomorphology, hydrogeology, soil, water levels and elevation to create a weighted overlay model. The results showed groundwater potential was highest in the eastern part of the district and some northern and southern pockets. Specifically, 8.08% of the study area was found to have very high potential, 11.99% high potential, and 17.72% moderate potential for groundwater. The study also suggested appropriate groundwater abstraction structures for each potential zone.
Land resource inventory of India for development of sustainable agricultural ...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses investment opportunities in agricultural research and land use planning in India using geospatial techniques. It summarizes the following key points:
1. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning of India has conducted land resource inventories of agricultural land on 1:10,000 scale to provide site-specific soil and land use information for planning.
2. This information is being used to develop customized soil-land use models and management practices to optimize agricultural productivity for different land holdings and improve livelihoods.
3. Case studies showcase how these plans have led to reduced soil degradation, increased employment, and improved incomes for farmers when implemented in different agro-climatic regions of India.
A STUDY OF FERTILITY STATUS OF SOIL AND NUTRIENTS RECOMMENDATIONS IN PANCHGAN...Malhari Survase
The existence of nutrients in soils and its balance determine the growth of plants. Fertility of soils is determined by various macro and micro nutrients available in the soil.In view of this the present study aims to analyse the fertility level of the soil with the help of N. P. & K. and to recommend essential nutrients wherever necessary in Panchganga Basin of south Maharashtra. The Panchganga Basin, a well watered and agriculturally developed region covers 45752.2 sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 (2.6 percent of state) population. The index values of N, P & K are collected from government soil survey and soil testing Laboratory, Kolhapur at village level. These index values of N. P. & K. are grouped into six categories and tahsil wise areas in percentage in concern category are computed and shown in tabular form. To recognised the fertility level of the soils composite index is computed with the help of NPK values and is grouped into five categories. Simultaneously village level fertility is shown with the help of choropleth maps prepared by using ARC-GIS software. Deficiency and sufficiency of soil nutrients are identified and specific nutrients are recommended wherever necessary. The analysis reveals that there is large variation in the distribution of macronutrients of the soil. It is observed that most of the areas of the study region are fertile in nature. Low and very low fertility of soil is noted in some pockets only. The physiography, climate and agricultural activities have greatly influenced the nutrients status of soil. Specific fertilizers and addition of organic matters are recommended for nutrients deficient areas which will help to keep the balance of nutrients and to restore the fertility of soils. Moreover, it is observed during the fieldwork that the anthropogenic influences are degrading the soils in the region which needs further investigations.
Status of Soil Resources in Lebanon By Roger FrancisFAO
This document summarizes the status of soil resources in Lebanon. It discusses early and more recent soil studies that mapped soils and examined properties like salinity, erosion, pollution, and degradation. Soil information has been updated, but natural factors like steep slopes and human activities like deforestation, improper agriculture, and quarrying continue to degrade soils. Challenges include a lack of policies to protect soils from sealing, salinity, contamination and erosion. Capacity building efforts are needed in soil monitoring, management, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Ivan Vasenev, from Timiryazev Academy – Russian Federation, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land use Land Cover change mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS: A case study...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze land use and land cover change in Gudur Mandal, Andhra Pradesh, India between 2000 and 2015. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was used to classify Landsat satellite imagery into six land cover classes for each time period. Results found significant decreases in cultivated crop land (-35.88%), water bodies (-92.70%), and forest (-77.59%) between 2000 and 2015, along with increases in residential area (30.76%) and uncultivated crop land (151.68%). The changes indicate threats to the local agriculture and greater management of water resources will be needed.
1) The study aimed to establish a baseline for monitoring land health over time in Cameroon, describe patterns of land degradation, and identify implications for sustainable agricultural intensification.
2) Soil samples were collected from smallholder farms using a stratified random sampling method and analyzed using laboratory and spectroscopic methods. Textural and carbon content analyses showed potential to support intensification, though slopes were steep in places.
3) Limitations including high acidity and erosion risk on slopes will require interventions like liming and conservation to enable sustainable intensification.
IRJET- Classification of Agricultural Land’s CapabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the classification of agricultural land capability. It provides background on different land classification systems used internationally. The study area is located in parts of Saharanpur and Hardwar districts of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand in India. Remote sensing data, topographical maps, and ground surveys were used to classify the agricultural land capability in the study area. The classification involved visual interpretation of remote sensing data at different scales, field surveys, and synthesis of interpreted data and field surveys. The classification accuracy compared to ground truth was found to be approximately 85%.
IRJET- Assessment of Farmers’ Perception Towards the Adoption of Soil and Wat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of soil and water conservation practices and soil quality in Kechabira Woreda, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) The most commonly used indigenous soil conservation practices by farmers were application of manure, indigenous tree planting, and crop rotation. Modern practices like grass strips and fanaya juu terraces were also widely adopted.
2) Farmers' adoption of conservation practices was influenced by demographic and farm characteristics.
3) Soil samples from plots using conservation practices for over 5 years had significantly higher moisture, organic carbon, nutrients compared to untreated plots, especially at lower slopes.
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
Presented by Abeyou Wale, Amy S Collick, David G Rossiter, Simon Langan and Tammo S. Steenhuis at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing techniques to monitor and map soil salinity in the Tuz Lake region of Turkey from 1990 to 2015. The study analyzed 25 Landsat satellite images from 1990, 2002, 2006, 2011 and 2015 to calculate soil salinity indices and generate salinity maps for each time period. Field measurements of soil electrical conductivity from 2002 were used to relate the satellite-derived indices to actual soil salinity. Land cover data from 2000-2006 and 2006-2012 was also analyzed to detect changes that could impact salinity levels. The results showed the salinity index that combined the blue and red bands had the best correlation to field measurements. The maps produced can help track changes in salt-affected areas
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to estimate soil attributes of Brazilian wet...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study of soils and characterization of its attributes are continually evolving, however, for the condition of wetlands, such information is still scarce and poorly distributed. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize spectrally the soils of a wetland area. On the study area were collected georeferenced soil samples and sent for chemical and physical analysis routine and then subjected to spectral evaluation. Were identified seven soil classes with hydromorphic characteristics in their spectral curves? The information contained in these curves then led the development of equations for soil attributes. Sand was the physical attribute of a better correlation with laboratory data and Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC), the chemical attributes that showed better results.
First meeting of the Editorial Board of the Soil Atlas of Asia, 12 - 15 March 2018, Quezon City, Philippines. The preparation of the Soil Atlas of Asia is sponsored by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC-EC).
This document discusses how integrated geophysical methods can improve agricultural practices in tropical environments. It reviews three commonly used geophysical methods: ground penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity, and electromagnetic induction. GPR measures dielectric properties related to soil water content. Electrical resistivity measures electrical conductivity, which correlates with soil properties like texture, drainage, salinity, and depth to clay layers. Electromagnetic induction provides large-scale, rapid surveys of apparent electrical conductivity before more detailed GPR or resistivity surveys. Together these non-invasive geophysical methods can map soil spatial variability, monitor soil moisture, identify saline areas, and delineate subsurface features to enhance soil management and agricultural productivity.
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GIS-Based Soil Properties Analysis for Sustainable Agriculture in Bani Waleed (Libya
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 1
GIS-Based Soil Properties Analysis for Sustainable Agriculture in
Bani Waleed (Libya)
Abdul Baset Egrira Salama
Department of Soil and water & Faculty of Agriculture, Bani Waleed University, Bani Waleed, Libya
Lecture, Bani Waleed University, Libya
Abstract— This paper presents an study Soil Properties analysis for sustainable agriculture by GIS through 15 soil samples
chemical characterization conducts to soil numerical classification and crops soil suitability that has the advantage to guide
the practices of soil management is as follows: Soil Salinity: The results of electrical conductivity indicated that the studied
soils were generally positioned into the very saline class that had an area of (3847.96 ha) representing (79.50 %). The soils
assembled into five classes; non-saline (198.5 ha) and it is suitable for most crops, moderately saline (385.75ha), where
crops salt-tolerant crops give yield with marginal reduction. Finally, strong saline (112.00 ha) that it is suitable just for high
salt-tolerant crops but also with yield reduction. Soil Sodic: the non-sodic soil class occupied the majority of the studied area
with 96.8 % (4689.18 ha). The sodic soil had only (151.27 ha) 13.12 %. calcium carbonate to moderately calcareous soil
(2317.93 ha) 47.89% and calcareous soil (2522.51 ha)52.11%. Crops soil suitability (Wheat): (S1), (S2) and (NS2) It is as
follows (4000.78ha) 82.65 %, 114.37ha 2.36 %, and 725.30ha 14.98% of the studied area, respectively. (Tomato): is as
follows: (4190.85 ha) 86.58 % of the study area is highly suitable (S1) and (NS2) (649.61ha) 13.42 % is unsuitable represent
respectively. (Olive): The majority of the study area 4081.04 ha (84.31 %) was classified as highly suitable soils (S1),
potentially suitable class (NS1) is about 236.61ha (4.89 %) and unsuitable class (NS2) is about (522.81ha) 10.80 %
respectively. Soil Management and Crops tolerance for soil parameters The GIS-ESP soil map divided the studied area into
three categories of ESP tolerance crops soil; Extremely sensitive ESP crop (4164.65 ha), sensitive ESP crop (594.13 ha) and
moderately tolerant crop (81.67 ha). The GIS-CaCO3 soil map divided the studied area into two categories of CaCO3
tolerance crops soil; Crops that tolerate a certain (1924.92 ha) and Crops which support high (2915.54 ha). EC tolerance
crops soil; Sensitive (3835.38 ha), moderately (224.28ha), highly (650.86 ha) and very highly (129.93ha).
Keywords— Sustainable Agriculture, GIS, Soil Suitability and Tolerant Crops.
I. INTRODUCTION
The main soil problems of Libyan agriculture are erosion and salinity. New tasks that have become a priority in the past few
years are the degradation of counter-land resources and the improvement of poor land management practices. About 1.75
million square kilometers in range. More than 95 percent of the country is desert. The arable areas cover an estimated 3.8
million hectares, just over 2 percent of the total area. The majority of cultivated land and pastures [1].Saline soils in Libya
cover about 52%, which is as follows: 12% in the north, 16.5% in the west and 23.4% in central Libya. [2]. Water and wind
erosion are also prevalent in western Libya (Jafara Plain and Jabal Nafusa) as a result of agricultural operations, and in the
Wattiyah region and the southwestern Jafara Plain[3].Agricultural soils are of great importance for increasing crop
production, protecting water and air, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and maintaining natural biodiversity and food
safety[4].The increase in the world's population is putting increasing pressure on natural resources [5,6]. This behavior of
exploitation leads to multiple environmental problems of land and water [7], Appropriate land-use and management
strategies must be needed to reduce the magnitude of negative human impacts [8,9]. Agricultural processes have an impact
on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils [10], resulting in environmental problems such as soil degradation
[11. Sustainable land management requires reliable information on the spatial distribution of soil characteristics that affect
both the landscape process and services [12,13].In the traditional soil study, soil properties are recorded in representative
locations throughout the entire mapping unit, which are chosen using both physiological and geophysical methods. Although
soil surveyors are well aware of the spatial variation of soil properties, traditionally prepared soil maps do not reflect them
because the soil units are limited in boundaries [14]. Nature the soil properties are highly variable spatially [15].The
traditional method of soil analysis and hence becoming expensive. Soil problems in Libya are: (1) improper agricultural
operations, such as not using deep tillage, (II) overgrazing. (Third) the conversion of rangelands to croplands in marginal
areas where rainfall is not sufficient to support crops in the long run; and (iv) urban and rural expansion at the expense of
arable land in Libya, large areas of soil have deteriorated due to profound irrigation with saline groundwater. The main target
aim of this study was to link the GIS- maps of soil to sustainable agriculture for soil.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 2
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area is situated between coordinates (455726.38E) and (3495270.93N). Fig (1) show the study area is located in
the northwest of Libya in the Bani Waleed region. The study area is extracted in WADY SEOFJEEN alongside to the
Southwest of Tripoli. It is bounded to the north Mediterranean Sea. study area covers about 4840.45 Hectare Fig (2). The
study was elaborated through four stages. The first stage was consecrated to build-up spatial database by processing of
topographic maps; (a) collection, digitizing and mosaicking of the topographic maps (b) mosaicking clipping the topographic
maps excerpt the studied area), by using the software of geographic information system (ArcGIS 10.3). The second stage was
consecrated to the fieldwork to collect the sample's soil at depth (0-80 cm). Laboratory work represented the third which
included that chemical characterization of soil samples. fig (1).
Building-up Spatial Database (topographic maps processing):
Building-up Spatial Database was built through the processes of maps collection, digitizing, mosaicking and Clipping. were
digitized by Arc-GIS10.3 software. The coordinate was converted from the geographic coordinates (Lat.–Long.) system to
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates system (Easting–Northing). The topographic map sheets, covering the
surrounding region, were merged together in one map to compose mosaic map. The mosaic was clipped to extract the study
area that has the coordinates (455726.38E and 3495270.93N) (the upper left corner), fig (1).
FIGURE 1. Location of studied area
2.1 Sampling and Analysis of Soil Samples
2.1.1 Soil Sampling
Fifteen soil samples depth (0-80cm) were collected to represent the root zone of the studied area. The samples were aired air
dried and crushed pass through 2 mm sieve to elaborate the different analysis. Soil sampling was carried out using the
random nested soil sampling design that covered an area Fig (2). Soil samples locations were determined by GPS.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 3
2.1.2 Soils Physical and Chemical Characterization:
Soil Physical Analysis
Texture was determined using sieves and Hydrometer method [16].
Soil Chemical Analysis
Salinity was measured at in the soil paste extract and pH of 1:2.5 soil suspension by EC meter and PH
[17], Sodium
Absorption Ration (SAR) was calculated from Ca, Mg, and Na soluble concentrations, soil organic matter content (OM%)
was determined by Walkely & Black method [17] and CaCO3% was determined using the pressure calcimeter method [17].
2.2 Land suitability evaluation
Rated Land suitability classes (Table 1) [18,19,20].The majority of both limitation and parametric methods use the FAO
(1976) framework for land suitability classification. In this framework, lands are classified into five classes ranging from
highly suitable to permanently not suitable considering the existing limitations for a specific use (FAO 1976).Land suitability
analysis is a very important technique for agricultural activities to deciding future cropping pattern, planning and activities. It
is determining appropriate crops for a specific piece of land according to its characteristics [21,22] and allows identification
of the limiting factors for the crop cultivation [23].
TABLE 1
LAND SUITABILITY CLASSES
Class Description Rating (%)
S1 Highly suitable 100 - 80
S2 Moderately suitable 80 - 60
S3 Marginally suitable 60 – 40
S4 Conditionally suitable 40 - 20
NS1 Potentially suitable 20 - 10
NS2 Actually unsuitable < 10
TABLE 2
REACTION CLASS TERMS AND THEIR RANGES IN EC, ESP, CACO3, OM AND PH [24]
Rating Class
EC( dS/m)
Nonsaline < 2
Very slightly saline 2 to < 4
Slightly saline 4 to < 8
Moderately saline 8 to < 16
Strongly saline ≥ 16
ESP%
Non- Sodic <15
Sodic >15
CaCO3 % CaCO3 %
Non Calcareous <15
Moderately Calcareous 15-20
Calcareous >20
OM%
very low <1
low 1–2.5
medium 2.5–5.0
high 5.0–10.0
very high >10.0
PH
strongly acidic <5.5
moderately acidic 5.5–6.2
neutral 6.2–7.0
moderately alkaline 7.0–7.8
strongly alkaline >7.8
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 4
Calcium carbonate - Calcium (Ca) is a common component in most soils. It is generally the most important cation (between
65 and 80 %) of the exchange complex, and most plants require it. It is only when too much (more than 5 %) free lime is
present in the root zone that it affects some plants. Hence, this is not toxicity in itself but a suboptimal concentration of free
calcium in the root zone due to either a natural weathering process of the underlying (carbonaceous) rock, or an accumulation
of calcium compounds from wind or water deposits [25].
TABLE 3
CROPS TOLERANCE AND CaCO3 SOIL PARAMETERS
Crops which support high amounts
of free CaCO3(>25%)
Crops that tolerate a certain amounts
of free CaCO3(5-25%)
Crops that are sensitive to
CaCO3(<25%)
Dates Barley Citrus tress
Olives Cotton Bananas
figs Maize Potato
Alfalfa Millets Cassava
wheat Rice Tea
------------------------------------------- Grapes Lupins
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Physical and chemical of the soil samples:
Fifteen soils samples (0-80 cm) were taken from the clipped agricultural area. Soils locations were determined by their UTM
coordinates table (4), fig (2). The results of particle size distribution classified the collected soil samples into four textural
classes table (5): Silty loam (samples 1 and 14) Sandy clay loam (samples 2and 3) Sandy loam (samples 4,5,6,7,8,10,11 and
13), loam (samples 9,12 and 15).
TABLE 4
UTM COORDINATES OF SOIL SAMPLES
No (Sam) Soil Samples coordinates (UTM)
Easting Northing
1 445854.144 3488195.231
2 448034.696 3490781.467
3 446209.118 3492404.203
4 447907.92 3492759.177
5 447755.788 3493114.15
6 445524.526 3493570.545
7 449074.262 3493291.637
8 449987.051 3493139.506
9 451204.103 3491592.835
10 451508.366 3491212.506
11 451330.879 3490578.625
12 450925.195 3490654.69
13 451381.59 3489285.507
14 451356.235 3488423.428
15 450342.024 3488550.204
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
Page | 5
FIGURE 2: Studied area and soil samples locations
3.2 Soil Chemical Characteristic
This tables (2 and 5) showed that the samples were distributed into five pH, salinity and OM classes and into two ESP
classes, and into three CaCO3 classes with summarizes some soil chemical characteristics of soil samples. It is as follows:
(pH) as criterion, classified the soil samples: The high pH values obviously indicated that the soils are strongly alkaline ones.
The maximal pH value was 8to represent strongly alkaline soil that had pH values > 7.8 (sample 9 and 15). (saline) as
criterion, classified the soil samples: Nonsaline soils: (samples 1,2,3 and 14),Very slightly saline (samples 4,10,11 and 13),
Slightly saline soils : ( samples 9,12 and 15 ), Strongly saline soils : ( samples 5,6,7 and 8 (OM) as criterion, classified the
soil samples: very low:(samples 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15), low sample 1). (ESP) as criterion, classified the soil
samples: Non- Sodic:(samples 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,13 and 14 ), Sodic: (samples 7,9,12 and 15 ). (CaCO3) as criterion,
classified the soil samples: Moderately Calcareous: (samples 4,8,10,11,13 and 15), Calcareous: (samples 1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12 and
14).
TABLE 5
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL SAMPLES
Samples
No
pH EC
dS/m
Soluble Ions ( meq / L) ESP
%
CaCO3(% (
OM
(%(
Textural Class
Ca+2
Mg+2
Na+
K+
Cl-
SO4
-2
1 7.5 1.4 12 13 8 5.1 18 16.6 8 41 1.16 Silty loam
2 7.8 1 2 2.2 6 0.6 5 3 3.6 20 0.5 Sandy clay loam
3 7.8 1 2.6 2.1 5.9 0.6 5 5.3 3.7 20 0.5 Sandy clay loam
4 7.5 2 10 4.8 3 1.5 10 5.2 6 16.3 0.5 Sandy loam
5 7.6 17 55 32 77 1.8 168 11 14 30 0.5 Sandy loam
6 7.6 17 55.8 33 76 1.7 169 10.4 13.8 30 0.9 Sandy loam
7 7.7 46 140 71 209 2 394 19.6 25 28 0.9 Sandy loam
8 7.6 17 56 33 78 1.8 398 12 14 16 0.6 Sandy loam
9 8 7 35 27 37 0.9 40 24.4 19 25 0.7 loam
10 7.5 2 10 5 4 1.5 5.3 5.6 7 16.2 1.5 Sandy loam
11 7.5 2 10.5 4.9 3.5 1.7 5 5 6 16 0.5 Sandy loam
12 8 7 35.8 26.8 38 1.9 39.8 24 19 25 0.6 loam
13 7.5 2 11 4.5 3 0.9 10 5 6.5 15.5 0.8 Sandy loam
14 7.5 1.4 12 13.5 8 5 17 15 8.5 42 0.4 Silty loam
15 8 7 35 27.5 37 0.8 41 24 19 17 0.7 loam
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3.3 Soil Univariate Chemical Classification for sustainable agriculture
The studied soils were chemically classified basing separately on the thresholds of pH, EC, ESP and CaCO3 that are the most
effective factors on soil production: Soil Salinity: The results of electrical conductivity indicated that the studied soils were
generally positioned into the very saline class that had an area of (3847.96 ha) representing (79.50 %). The soils assembled
into five classes; nonsaline (198.5 ha) and it is suitable for most crops, moderately saline (385.75ha), where crops salt-
tolerant crops give yield with marginal reduction. Finally, strong saline (112.00 ha) that it is suitable just for high salt-
tolerant crops but also with yield reduction (Table 6 and Figure 3).
TABLE 6
UNIVARIATE SOIL CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Soil
chemical
Criteria
Thresholds
Soil
Chemical
Classes
Soil
chemical
Criteria
Thresholds
Soil
Chemical
Classes
Area(ha)
Exchangeable
Sodium
Percentage
(ESP) %
< 15
Non-Sodic
Electrical
Conductivity
(EC) ds/m
< 2 Nonsaline 198.5
2 to < 4 Very slightly saline 3847.96
>15 Non-Sodic
4 to < 8 Slightly saline 296.96
8 to < 16 Moderately saline 385.75
≥ 16 Strongly saline 112.00
CaCO3 15-20
Moderately
Calcareous
Area(ha)
2317.93
CaCO3>20 Calcareous 2522.51
FIGURE 3. EC ds/m FIGURE 4. Soil ESP %
FIGURE 5. CaCO3 %
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Soil Sodic: Results showed for (Table 7 and Figure 4). The non-sodic soil class occupied the majority of the studied area
with 96.8 % (4689.18 ha). The sodic soil had only (151.27 ha) 13.12 %.
Calcium Carbonate Content: Calcium carbonate of the study area had different forms such as powder, nodules,
concretions, and hard layers. Calcium carbonate in calcareous soil gives it one of the important morphological phenomena,
which is the surface crust. Results showed for (Table 7 and Figure 5) The study area was to classified into two classes
according to the percentage of calcium carbonate to moderately calcareous soil (2317.93 ha) 47.89% and calcareous soil
(2522.51 ha) 52.11% .
Land evaluation for Suitable crops:
(Cereals crop Wheat): The data indicated that the studied soil conditionally suitable for wheat crop. The class of
conditionally suitable (S1) Highly suitable soils, (S2) low degree of soil suitability and (NS2) unsuitable represent It is as
follows 4000.78 ha 82.65 %, 114.37 ha 2.36 %, and 725.30 ha 14.98% of the studied area, respectively (Table 1 and Figure
6).
FIGURE 6. Soil suitability classes for wheat crop
Vegetables (Tomato): The results of this study are suitable for tomato plantation is as follows: 4190.85 ha 86.58 % of the
study area is highly suitable (S1) and (NS2) 649.61 ha 13.42 % is unsuitable represent respectively (Table 1 and Figure 7).
FIGURE 7. Soil suitability classes for tomato crop
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Perennial crop (Olive): The results of this study showed that the region is meanly suitable for olive plantation (Table 1and
Figure 8). The majority of the study area 4081.04 ha (84.31 %) was classified as highly suitable soils (S1), potentially
suitable class (NS1) is about 236.61ha (4.89 %) and actually unsuitable class (NS2) is about 522.81ha (10.80 %)
respectively.
FIGURE 8. Soil suitability classes for olive crop
Soil Management and Crops tolerance for soil parameters (Basing on soil chemical univariate classification): Soil ESP
Problem: Selected to reduce the problem of soil ESP (Table 8) .GIS-ESP soil classification was elaborated by assignment
ESP thresholds of tolerant crop range (Table 8) to GIS-ESP soil map (Figure 9). The GIS-ESP soil map divided the studied
area into three categories of ESP tolerance crops soil; extremely sensitive ESP crop (4164.65ha), sensitive ESP crop (594.13
ha) and moderately tolerant crop (81.67 ha)
Soil CaCO3 Problem: GIS-CaCO3 soil classification was elaborated by assignment CaCO3 thresholds of tolerant crop
range (Table3) to the GIS-CaCO3 soil map (Figure 10). The GIS-CaCO3 soil map divided the studied area into two
categories of CaCO3 tolerance crops soil; Crops that tolerate a certain (1924.92 ha) and Crops which support high (2915.54
ha).
Soil EC Problem: EC as shown in figure 11. This map involved four classes of EC tolerance crops soil range (Table7):
Sensitive (3835.38 ha), moderately (224.28ha), highly (650.86 ha) and very highly (129.93ha).
FIGURE 9. ESP Crops Tolerant FIGURE 10. CaCO3 Crops Tolerant
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FIGURE 11. EC Crops Tolerant
TABLE 7
CROPS TOLERANCE AND EC SOIL PARAMETERS
Mapping
Unit
EC Crop Tolerance
EC (dS/m) tolerant
crop range
1
Sensitive EC crops: (Field crops) Sunflower, Soybean, Faba bean, Lins,
(Vegetable crops) Sweet corn, Lettuce, Onion, Eggplant, Carrot, (Fruit crops)
Date, Olive, Peach , Orange, Grapes
1 - 4
2
Moderately EC tolerant crops: only field crops Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet,
Grain sorghum, Wheat
4-8
3 EC tolerant crops: No crops have 0 % yield reduction 8-16
4 Highly EC tolerant crops: No crops have 0 % yield reduction 16-32
TABLE 8
SELECTION ESP CROPS TOLERANT
Soil
Chemical
Classes
ESP Crop Tolerance
ESP (dS/m) tolerant
crop range
Non-Sodic
Extremely sensitive ESP Crops (ESP = 2-10) ; Nuts , Citrus, Avocado
Sensitive ESP crops ( ESP = 10-20); Beans Moderately tolerant ( ESP =
20-40); Clover
<15
Sodic
Tolerant crops ( ESP = (40-60) ; Wheat, Cotton , Alfalfa , Barely , Tomato,
Beets Most tolerant crops ( ESP > 60); Tall wheat grass , Rhodes grass
>15
IV. CONCLUSION
Soil Properties analysis for sustainable agriculture led to soil classification that guide accurately and quantitatively the
practices of soil management. Comprehensive analytical approach of soil by GIS evaluation of the processes of soil
classification, soil suitability for crop Hence land suitability analysis outputs reliable information related to crop opportunity
and reduction; it provides a significant contribution to land use reliably and economically. Farmers can use soil suitability
information to choose crops suitable for their soil, as well as an accurate database and guide maps for decision-makers. The
suitability of the soil for crops It mainly determines the characteristics of the soil and crop yield, EC, ESP, and CaCO3 crop
tolerance. After the limit Or eliminate the factors that limit the soil in the area studied Maybe grown wheat, Olives and
tomatoes. Some Selected crops such as olives and Tomatoes It is recommended to grow it in the study area. Most Marginally
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-1, January- 2020]
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suitable land with severe restraint factors Such as EC, ESP, and CaCO3 It is located in the northern upper part of the study
area. Through digital maps, the study area where salinity is mostly low, as well as Sodic, calcium carbonate is high, and this
indicates that the soil has some obstacles that hinder the agricultural process, While as it is suitable for wheat crop by
82.62%, tomato crop by 86.58% and olive crop by 84.31%. Assignment ESP thresholds of tolerant crop range Extremely
sensitive 86.03%, CaCO3 of tolerant crop range 60.23%, EC tolerance crops soil Sensitive 79.24%.
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