http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership This presentation was made during Regional Conference on the Asian Soil Partnership that took place in Nanjing, China 08-11 Febraury 2012.The presentation was made by Yusuke Takata, Hiroshi Obara, Kazunori Kohyama, and Kazuyuki Yagi, and it presents The status, research progress, and new application of soil inventory in Japanese agricultural land. ©FAO: http://www.fao.org

1. The status, research progress, and
li ti f il i t inew application of soil inventory in
Japanese agricultural land
Yusuke Takata, Hiroshi Obara, Kazunori Kohyama, and Kazuyuki Yagi
National Institute for Agro‐Environmental Science (NIAES)
Contents
Hi t f ti l il
Researchers of our institute, as well as other soil
scientists in Japan, have actively contributed to
History of national soil survey program
and status of soil inventories
p , y
the activities of Asian soil science network over a
period of many years. Recently, many of these
activities are based on the East and Southeast
Application of soil inventory 1
- Agro-environmental indicators -
activities are based on the East and Southeast
Asia Federation of Soil Science and Society
（ESAFS） and its soil information WG is a good
example Therefore We hope that GSP Asian RSP
Application of soil inventory 2
- Status of utilization and demands of soil
example. Therefore, We hope that GSP Asian RSP
builds close collaboration with these existing
networks and contribute to the development of
ti t hi f t i bl t fStatus of utilization and demands of soil
information in Japan -
active partnership for sustainable management of
soil resources in Asia.

2. Agro-geological Maps (1:100,000)
History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land
(1885-1948)
Max Fesca
(1845-1919)
©Tokyo Univ.
Map unit
S il T t /Soil Texture/
Geological Condition

3. History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land
(1953-1978)
・Soil Survey for Improving Fertilizer application
(1953-1961)
Mainly in paddy field about 200 000 pedons were surveyed
・ Fundamental Soil Survey for Soil Fertility Conservation
(1959-1978)
Mainly in paddy field, about 200,000 pedons were surveyed.
(1959-1978)
Mainly in upland field, the survey density was 500m.
Summaries of Pedon dataset
(47 prefectures)
Cultivated soil maps (1:50,000)

4. Digitalized and updated cultivated soil maps (1: 50,000)
Digitalized soil inventory
Cultivated soil maps (1:50,000)
Benchmarked soil
pedon database
Digital soil map
Benchmarked soil dataset Updating soil-land map
(about 20,000sites)
・Soil Survey for Improving
Fertilizer application
F d t l S il S・ Fundamental Soil Survey
for Soil Fertility Conservation
Urban sprawl impacts on fertile soils

5. History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land
(1979-1999)
Basic Soil - Environment Monitoring
About 20,000 monitoring sites.
5 year interval (Since 1979)
Basic Soil - Environment Monitoring
Site information Soil profile description
5-year-interval (Since 1979)
800
・Site
・Latitude Longitude
・Soil type
・Sampling date
・Depth of horizons
・Color
・Structure
others
O5mg/100g)
600
P
Sampling date
others
Activity data
others
Soil properties
osphate(P2O
400
1979-
1984
Available P
Activity data
・Soil treatment
・Fertilizer application
C t ti
Soil properties
pH, EC, Soil texture, C
and N content, Bulk
density available P CEC
Location of stationary
it i it
ailablePho
200
1984-
1989-
1994-
A
・Crop rotation
・Irrigation/Drainage
others
density, available P, CEC,
Ex-cations, pF, Solid-
liquid-gaseous phase,
Hydraulic conductivity,
monitoring sites.
land use
greenhousepastureorcharduplandpaddy
Ava
0 1998
Paddy Upland Orchard Pasture Greenhouse
others

6. History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land
(1999-)
1) Soil survey program for monitoring soil function1) Soil survey program for monitoring soil function
(1999 - )
Downsizing of the Basic soil-environment monitoring
(Monitoring sites were decreased from 20 000 to 5 000)
2) A national soil survey program for monitoring soil
carbon content and soil management in Japan
(Monitoring sites were decreased from 20,000 to 5,000)
carbon content and soil management in Japan
(2008 - )
In order to monitor variations in soil carbon content of arable lands and
effects of agricultural management practices (3,500 monitoring sites)effects of agricultural management practices (3,500 monitoring sites)
・Developing the Comprehensive soil classification system
of Japan (seamless between cultivated and forest area)
・Upgrading a seamless digital soil map at scale 1: 250,000
using the Comprehensive soil classification system (also
WRB 2006 will be used)WRB 2006 will be used).

7. ContentsContents
History of national soil survey program
and status of soil inventoriesand status of soil inventories
Application of soil inventory 1
- Agro-environmental indicators -
Application of soil inventory 2Application of soil inventory 2
- Status of utilization and demands of soil
information in Japan -

8. Cultivated soil area in Japan
Soil Group Area (x1000 ha)No. of
1973 1992 2001
Gray Lowland
9
Fluvisols,
1275 1157 1072
Soil Group
(WRB)
Area (x1000 ha)
Soil Group
No. of
Soil Series
Group
y
soils
9
,
Gley soils
1275 1157 1072
Gley soils 7 Fluvisols 1027 908 848Gley soils 7 Fluvisols 1027 908 848
Andosols 5 Andosols 1007 944 879
Brown Forest
soils
3 Cambisols 483 426 362
soils
Wet Andosols 5
Gleyic
Andosols
384 419 397
Other soils
31 1498 1347 1231
Total 5675 5202 4790

9. Application of soil inventory in Japanese agricultural land 1
Agro-environmental indicators
Soil Erodibility Soil Carbon
Radioactive Cs
Concentration mapSoil Erodibility
(K) factor Map
Soil Carbon
Stock Map
Concentration map
(Aug. 2011)
Available Water
Content
Soil Nitrogen
Stock Map
Soil Temperature
Map

10. S il b t k
Categorical method
Soil carbon stock map
(delineated by categorical method)
In general, categorical method is
Soil carbon content (g/kg)
“Basic Soil-Environmental
Monitoring Project” data
used for delineation of soil carbon
and nitrogen stock at national scale.
Soil carbon content (g/kg)
Bulk density
0 cm
Calculating average value of carbon
and nitrogen stock by soil and/or land
use type
1cm
use type
But,
30 cm
Categorical method has an
i t l bi Low
30 cm
Averaging per soil series
group and land use type
(SSG LU categories) in
environmental bias.
Hi h
(SSG_LU categories) in
each 1cm layer.
High
60 SSG and 4 land use (paddy, upland, orchard, grassland)
240 SSG_LU categories

11. About 20,000 monitoring sites.
5-year-interval (Since 1979)
Basic Soil - Environment Monitoring Cultivated Soil Map (1:50,0000)
5 year interval (Since 1979)
Andosols
Wet Andosols
Brown Forest soils
Gray Lowland soils
Gley soils
Other Soil Groups
Digital Elevation Model (50m)Soil Temperature Map (1 km)

12. Environmental bias (Soil temperature)
Residuals (tC/ha)
M d l C t i l l
4
SCS
= Measured values – Categorical values
＊Residuals (tC/ha) > 0; Underestimation ＊Residuals (tC/ha) < 0; Overestimation
siduals
)
0
2
4
SCS a b c c
a b c c
a b c c
a b c bc
a a b ab
C l i U d ti t d
Both SCS and TN
erageRes
(tC/ha
‐4
‐2Cool region; Underestimated
Warm region; Overestimated
Av
‐6
0.1
TN a b b b a b b b a a b b a a b ab ab a b ab
Warm region; Overestimated
Residuals
ha)
‐0 2
‐0.1
0
AverageR
(tN/h
21－30cm
‐0.4
‐0.3
0.2
0－5cm 6－10cm 11－15cm 16－20cm
A
Frigid (0‐8 oC) Mesic (8‐15 oC)
Thermic (15‐22 oC) Hyperthermic (more than 22 oC)
Soil Temperature map
(resolution; 1km)

13. Environmental bias (Sloping Upland SCS – Landform)
ConvexConvex
Plane Steep Slope
Plane
ConcaveGentle Slope
3 - 8 degree
Concave
Gentle Slope
3 8 degree
0
‐2
Residuals
ha)
C it U d ti t d
Upland SCSUpland SCS2
‐4
AverageR
(tC/h
Concavity area; Underestimated
Convexity area; Overestimated
Categorical method overestimates
SCS in sloping upland field
Steep Slope
> 8 degree
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
‐6
A
Convexity area; Overestimated
In Steep slope
SCS in sloping upland field
> 8 degree
0
esiduals
a)
‐5
erageRe
(tC/ha
Digital elevation model
21‐30cm0‐5cm 6‐10cm 11‐15cm 16‐20cm
b ab a b ab a b ab a b ab a a a a‐10
Ave
Digital elevation model
(resolution; 50m)

14. Hybrid-kriging method
R id l = M d d t P di t d d t E 1Residuals = Measured data – Predicted data Eq.1
Predicted data was provided by Categorical Method
(SCS or TN Point data) (Map data)(Point data)
ResidualsMap = Ordinary kriging (Residuals) Eq.2
(Map data) (Point data)
SCS or TN_Map = Predicted data + ResidualsMap Eq.3
(Categorical) (Eq. 2; Map data)(Map data)
E 3 Eq.3Eq.3
E 1 Eq 2Eq.1 Eq.2
Residuals
SCS or TN map
(Categorical)
SCS or TN_Map
(Hybrid)
ResidualsMap

15. Comparison accuracy between Categorical method
and Hybrid kriging method.
15.0 1.5
E
E
SOC TN
5.0
10.0
0.5
1.0
RMSE
RMSE
0.0 0.0
R
R
-1 0
0.0 0.0
-3.0
-2.0
1.0
-0.2
-0.1
ME
ME
-4.0 -0.3
Categorical Hybrid-kriging
RMSE; Root mean square error, SQRT{1/N*Σ(mean error)2}
ME; Mean error, 1/N*Σ(Measured values – estimated values)
Categorical Hybrid kriging

16. SCS and TN Map (1989-1993)
SCS TN
468 Tg 34 Tg
SCS map TN map

17. Temporal variation of SCS (tC/ha) and
TN (tN/ha) in each land use typeTN (tN/ha) in each land use type
160
ha)
80
120
CS(tC/h
0
40
SC
0
15.0
a)
10.0
N(tN/ha
0.0
5.0
TN
Paddy fields Upland fields Grassland Orchard
0.0

18. ContentsContents
History of national soil survey program
and status of soil inventoriesand status of soil inventories
Application of soil inventory 1
- Agro-environmental indicators -
Application of soil inventory 2Application of soil inventory 2
- Status of utilization and demands of soil
information in Japan -

19. Application of soil inventory in Japan 2
Soil Information WEB Viewer
http://agrimesh dc affrc go jp/soil db/http://agrimesh.dc.affrc.go.jp/soil_db/

20. Soil series groups (code)Soil series groups (code)
Explanation of soilp
series groups
Soil surface DB
1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993

21. Who are the users of soil information?
Municipalities (3 6%)
National Federation of Agricultural
Cooperative Association (2.5%)
Hydrologist (0.7%) From Apr. 2010 to Jan. 2012
・Total visits：900,0000
Government
ministries (5.0%)
Municipalities (3.6%)
・Main users have accessed
in their office hours.
Prefectural
officesNational
・Prefectural offices
contains agricultural
Key demands of soil information in
Japanese agricultural landoffices
(30.4%)
National
institutes
(16.1%)
institutes and
consultantsAgronomic consulting
p g
PrivateUniversities
・Private companies
Environmental assessment
Educational materials
companies
(21.8%)
(19.9%) ・Private companies,
(1) IT
(2) Construction
(3) B d ti
Food safety
(3) Broadcasting
(4) Chemicals
(5) Foodstuffs

22. Development phase for iPhone applications
To link soil knowledge with sustainable soil management
Soil DB
Cloud Computing
C sequestration potential
Climate DB
Models
C sequestration potential
Irrigation timing
Improving fertilization
Etc.
・Location data
A ti it d t
・Effective outputs
・Activity data
・Soil test ID
Agronomic consulting
Environmental assessment
Key demands of soil information
Soil is
Environmental assessment
Food safety
Educational materials

23. Soil inventory Spatial analyze SCS Map TN map
Thank you very much for your attention.
I have been received a message from the administrative board
of Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutritionof Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

24. 社団
日本土壌肥料学会日本土壌肥料学会
Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
26‐10‐202, Hongo 6‐chome, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo, 113‐0033 Japan
社団
法人日本土壌肥料学会日本土壌肥料学会TEL +81‐3‐3815‐2085 FAX +81‐3‐3815‐6018 sfpoffice@jssspn.jp
February 6th, 2012
Dear Prof. Renfang SHEN and All the Participants to International Conferenceg p
“Advancing the Science and Technology of Soil Information in Asia —
Launch of the Global Soil Partnership’s Asia Soil Science Network and
GlobalSoilMap.net East Asia Node”:GlobalSoilMap.net East Asia Node :
The Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition is willing to join the
Asia Soil Science Network of the Global Soil Partnership CongratulationsAsia Soil Science Network of the Global Soil Partnership. Congratulations
on the successful and fruitful conference !
V b t i hVery best wishes
M. Nanzyo, Chair of the Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

25. Cultivated Soil Map (2001 version)
We are using it.
Andosols
Wet Andosols
Brown Forest soils
Gray Lowland soilsGray Lowland soils
Gley soils
Other Soil Groups

26. Temporal Variation of soil carbon and
Nitrogen content (Tg) in Agricultural landNitrogen content (Tg) in Agricultural land
480240
(Tg)
240
360
160
240
Carbon
0
120
240
0
60
SoilC
00
24 48
n(Tg)
8
16
16
32
Nitrogen
0
8
0
16
SoilN