This document describes a methodology for developing a GIS-based semi-automated model to extract suitable sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The model incorporates seven geosystem variables - lithology, lineament density, depth to bedrock, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, and water level - as spatial GIS databases. These are classified as favorable or unfavorable for recharge. The variables are overlaid and integrated to prioritize areas based on the number of favorable variables coinciding. Suitable recharge sites are then identified by selecting areas within the highest priority zones that also have deep water levels. The methodology and software tool developed could help identify recharge sites more quickly to support emergency response or drought management.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
• The purpose of this project was to apply GIS and remote sensing methods to determine the spatial extent and level of pollution at mining sites in order to develop or implement the best approach and technique in prevention and reclamation.
• Two case studies were analyzed to understand the importance of remediation and the human, ecological, and socio-cultural impacts of acid mine drainage.
Mapping the Wind Power Density and Weibull Parameters for Some Libyan Citiesinventionjournals
In order to introduce a well-informed decision regarding positioning of wind farm projects, prior intensive data collection, processing, and analysis are required. In this paper, wind data of twenty-five Libyan cities has been collected, processed, and analyzed to determine Weibull distribution parameters and the wind energy density for each of the twenty-five cities. The study is based on a recorded historical data from NASA of air temperature, barometric pressure, and wind speed for ten years along the period from January 1 st, 2005 to December 31st, 2014. The data used are the daily average values for each of the three parameters. Three methods have been used to estimate Weibull parameters namely: 1) the power density method, 2) the maximum likelihood method, and 3) the moment method. The goodness-of-fit for each method is, then, compared using the mean absolute error and the root mean square error methods. Lack of information regarding wind energy surveys for this particular region was one of the key factors in conducting such a comprehensive analysis.
identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensingtp jayamohan
the identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensing.The study is conducted in the Muvattupuzha block.The various parameters used are geology,geomorphology,rainfall,soil type,etc.
The Presentation gives the overview of the process necessary for accomplishing the task for the preparation of Ground water movements and identification carried out by Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission project.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
• The purpose of this project was to apply GIS and remote sensing methods to determine the spatial extent and level of pollution at mining sites in order to develop or implement the best approach and technique in prevention and reclamation.
• Two case studies were analyzed to understand the importance of remediation and the human, ecological, and socio-cultural impacts of acid mine drainage.
Mapping the Wind Power Density and Weibull Parameters for Some Libyan Citiesinventionjournals
In order to introduce a well-informed decision regarding positioning of wind farm projects, prior intensive data collection, processing, and analysis are required. In this paper, wind data of twenty-five Libyan cities has been collected, processed, and analyzed to determine Weibull distribution parameters and the wind energy density for each of the twenty-five cities. The study is based on a recorded historical data from NASA of air temperature, barometric pressure, and wind speed for ten years along the period from January 1 st, 2005 to December 31st, 2014. The data used are the daily average values for each of the three parameters. Three methods have been used to estimate Weibull parameters namely: 1) the power density method, 2) the maximum likelihood method, and 3) the moment method. The goodness-of-fit for each method is, then, compared using the mean absolute error and the root mean square error methods. Lack of information regarding wind energy surveys for this particular region was one of the key factors in conducting such a comprehensive analysis.
identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensingtp jayamohan
the identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensing.The study is conducted in the Muvattupuzha block.The various parameters used are geology,geomorphology,rainfall,soil type,etc.
The Presentation gives the overview of the process necessary for accomplishing the task for the preparation of Ground water movements and identification carried out by Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission project.
“Cadastral Maps for Socio-Economic Data Visualization and Integration for Lan...irjes
The impact of mining and mineral extraction activities can be significant on the surrounding land,
water and air bodies, in any operational area. The environmental degradation ranges from localized surface and
ground water contamination to the damaging effects of airborne pollutants on the regional ecosystem; which
need the properly designed geospatial database. The monitoring of these environmental impacts requires a userfriendly
and cost effective method to quantify the land cover changes over large time periods. Now-a-days, it
has become compulsory to use the remote sensing techniques for regular monitoring of these environmental
hazards in-and-around the mining areas using cadastral map. This paper provides a case study on the use of
geospatial techniques for environmental monitoring in the mining areas.
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing applications in EngineeringAmira Abdallah
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing became one of the most important types of
science for Engineers in many ways and methods to apply in various fields,
especially in civil engineering applications.
In this report, I shall pay attention to these applications and discuss one of them in
details (Suez Canal area development Project)
Land Use/Cover change Evaluation of Gibe III Dam in Southern Ethiopia by ayel...Space science
This article is worked by Ayele Akirso Adugna when he was AAU Graguate class student for his course project of Natural resource Mapping and monitoring in the year 2020, In Ethiopia.
Identification Of Ground Water Potential Zones In Tamil Nadu By Remote Sensin...IJERA Editor
A case study was conducted to find out the groundwater potential zones in Salem, Erode and Namakkal districts, Tamil Nadu, India with an aerial extent of 360.60 km2. The thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use / land cover and drainage map were prepared for the study area. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated from the 10 m interval contour lines (which is derived from SOI, Toposheet 1:25000 scale) and obtained the slope (%) of the study area. The groundwater potential zones were obtained by overlaying all the thematic maps in terms of weighted overlay methods using the spatial analysis tool in Arc GIS 9.3. During weighted overlay analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to the influence such as soil −25%, geomorphology − 25%, land use/land cover −25%, slope − 15%, lineament − 5% and drainage / streams − 5% and find out the potential zones in terms of good, moderate and poor zones with the area of 49.70 km2, 261.61 km2 and 46.04 km2 respectively. The potential zone wise study area was overlaid with village boundary map and the village wise groundwater potential zones with three categories such as good, moderate and poor zones were obtained. This GIS based output result was validated by conducting field survey by randomly selecting wells in different villages using GPS instruments. The coordinates of each well location were obtained by GPS and plotted in the GIS platform and it was clearly shown that the well coordinates were exactly seated with the classified zones.
Role of remote sensing and gis in infrastructural plan and identifying ecolog...PRADEEP M.S
The .ppt has made for to present and get Master of Science degree on Applied Geography and Geoinformatics from Central University of Karnataka Kalaburgi.
Efficiency and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information ...nitinrane33
In this review paper, the potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for sustainable groundwater management and development is explored. Recent literature on the use of RS and GIS in groundwater resource management is analyzed, evaluating the efficiency and capability of these technologies throughout various stages of groundwater management. Challenges and limitations associated with their use are also highlighted, with potential solutions proposed to overcome them. Ultimately, the review concludes that RS and GIS are powerful tools for sustainable groundwater management and development, with significant benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time-efficiency. However, more research is needed to improve their integration in groundwater management and address current limitations. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the potential of RS and GIS in sustainable groundwater management and development.
“Cadastral Maps for Socio-Economic Data Visualization and Integration for Lan...irjes
The impact of mining and mineral extraction activities can be significant on the surrounding land,
water and air bodies, in any operational area. The environmental degradation ranges from localized surface and
ground water contamination to the damaging effects of airborne pollutants on the regional ecosystem; which
need the properly designed geospatial database. The monitoring of these environmental impacts requires a userfriendly
and cost effective method to quantify the land cover changes over large time periods. Now-a-days, it
has become compulsory to use the remote sensing techniques for regular monitoring of these environmental
hazards in-and-around the mining areas using cadastral map. This paper provides a case study on the use of
geospatial techniques for environmental monitoring in the mining areas.
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing applications in EngineeringAmira Abdallah
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing became one of the most important types of
science for Engineers in many ways and methods to apply in various fields,
especially in civil engineering applications.
In this report, I shall pay attention to these applications and discuss one of them in
details (Suez Canal area development Project)
Land Use/Cover change Evaluation of Gibe III Dam in Southern Ethiopia by ayel...Space science
This article is worked by Ayele Akirso Adugna when he was AAU Graguate class student for his course project of Natural resource Mapping and monitoring in the year 2020, In Ethiopia.
Identification Of Ground Water Potential Zones In Tamil Nadu By Remote Sensin...IJERA Editor
A case study was conducted to find out the groundwater potential zones in Salem, Erode and Namakkal districts, Tamil Nadu, India with an aerial extent of 360.60 km2. The thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use / land cover and drainage map were prepared for the study area. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated from the 10 m interval contour lines (which is derived from SOI, Toposheet 1:25000 scale) and obtained the slope (%) of the study area. The groundwater potential zones were obtained by overlaying all the thematic maps in terms of weighted overlay methods using the spatial analysis tool in Arc GIS 9.3. During weighted overlay analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to the influence such as soil −25%, geomorphology − 25%, land use/land cover −25%, slope − 15%, lineament − 5% and drainage / streams − 5% and find out the potential zones in terms of good, moderate and poor zones with the area of 49.70 km2, 261.61 km2 and 46.04 km2 respectively. The potential zone wise study area was overlaid with village boundary map and the village wise groundwater potential zones with three categories such as good, moderate and poor zones were obtained. This GIS based output result was validated by conducting field survey by randomly selecting wells in different villages using GPS instruments. The coordinates of each well location were obtained by GPS and plotted in the GIS platform and it was clearly shown that the well coordinates were exactly seated with the classified zones.
Role of remote sensing and gis in infrastructural plan and identifying ecolog...PRADEEP M.S
The .ppt has made for to present and get Master of Science degree on Applied Geography and Geoinformatics from Central University of Karnataka Kalaburgi.
Efficiency and Capability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information ...nitinrane33
In this review paper, the potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for sustainable groundwater management and development is explored. Recent literature on the use of RS and GIS in groundwater resource management is analyzed, evaluating the efficiency and capability of these technologies throughout various stages of groundwater management. Challenges and limitations associated with their use are also highlighted, with potential solutions proposed to overcome them. Ultimately, the review concludes that RS and GIS are powerful tools for sustainable groundwater management and development, with significant benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time-efficiency. However, more research is needed to improve their integration in groundwater management and address current limitations. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the potential of RS and GIS in sustainable groundwater management and development.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study is carried out to identify the groundwater potential recharge zones in Multan, Pakistan by using Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. In Multan district (Punjab, Pakistan), the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional ground water resources. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change is an accelerating phenomenon on the surface of earth driven by anthropogenic activities including urban expansion, deforestation, and climatic variations. Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of water table as well as its quality. Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources. In order to address these issues Geographic information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are the most efficient methods for the identification and detection of Land Use patterns. All of these techniques are used for mapping and identification of groundwater potential analysis. This groundwater potential information will be useful for the effective identification of appropriate locations for extraction of water. This study should be done to delineate groundwater potential recharge zones by using different thematic layers that were overlaid in ArcGIS. In the overlay analysis, the weights (for various thematic layers) are allocated based on a review of published literature or by expert opinion. The assigned weights are then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The potential recharge map thus obtained and divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge.
Wetland and Water Bodies Atlas of Jammu and kashmirShakil Romshoo
This Atlas is prepared at 1: 50, 000 scale based on remote sensing and detailed fieldwork. The Atlas was developed by my research group with financial support of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction of Sites for Artificial Recharge
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.6, Issue 5 (May 2016), PP -48-54
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
48
GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction of Sites for Artificial
Recharge
1
D Gayathri, 2
C J Kumanan, 3
SM Ramasamy
1
Research Scholar, Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
2
Emeritus Professor, Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
3
Geospatial Chair Professor, Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University,Tiruchirappalli
Abstract: The artificial recharge has emerged as the only alternative to restore the alarmingly falling water
table. Hence, various nations including India have embarked into major programs on artificial recharge. But
maximum benefits can be achieved if only the sites are selected on geological and other terrain conditions. But
many a times, as these structures are to be constructed on emergency basis, the scientific protocols could not be
followed. To get over this, a computer model was developed on GIS based semi-automated extraction of
artificial recharge sites. In this model, a set of seven geosystem variables/maps which control the overall
infiltration were prepared and converted into spatial GIS databases showing the favorable (pervious) and
unfavorable (impervious) zones for artificial recharge, imported to a specially written software in VB.NET
called RECHARGE. The program has been written in such a way that the user can retrieve these geosystem
maps from the computer showing only the favorable areas, integrate them and on the basis of number of
variables coincided, suitable sites on various priorities for recharge can be displayed in the computer by
following the tutored protocol provided in the software. This will be an useful tool, and further detailed studies
would bring out generic software to benefit the larger cross section of the countries.
Keywords: Artificial, Automated, Extraction, GIS, Recharge, Semi.
I. Introduction
The unprecedented population explosion has led to the conditionthat the available surface water
resources have become too inadequate to cope up to the demands of the human beings. This has further led to
the massive mining of the groundwater reservoirs which started causing faster depletion of the water table in
many parts of the world. While such population explosion has also triggered the contamination of the surface
water resources adding further scarcity of the surface water resources, the massive exploitation of the coastal
aquifers have led to the intrusion of the sea water into the potable coastal aquifers. Hence the planners, scientists
and technocrats from all over the world have unanimously converged their philosophies towards restoring the
fast falling groundwater table through artificial recharge schemes. The Indian sub-continent too is not an
exception to this phenomenon and both Government of India and the federal Governments have embarked into
artificial recharge schemes and plans.
But the artificial recharge itself is very complex, because the sites should be suitably selected so that
the water being impounded for recharge must be quickly transmitted into the sub soil and the deeper part of the
aquifer systems. The recent studies carried out around the world ([1], [2], [3]) and in India ([4], [5], [6]) show
that varied geological parameters are to be considered for selecting suitable sites. The study carried out by [7]
has brought out detailed information on how the suitable geological parameters can be identified and optimally
amalgamated using GIS techniques to select not only the suitable sites for recharge but also in detecting site
specific techniques of artificial recharge viz; percolation ponds, check dams, pitting, induced recharging, etc.
However, the Government systems are constrained to select the sites for recharge in a shortest span of time and
get it implemented in war footing when the heavy rainfall are forecast or drought situations are to be managed.
So theneed has come to develop techniques to select suitable sites for recharge and how the executors can select
optimum techniques according to the site conditions. The coming in of Remote Sensing and GIS technologies
are vested with adequate virtues to achieve this.
Keeping these constraints and needs of selecting suitable sites in quick span of time in mind, a GIS
based semi-automated technique was developed to extract the suitable sites for artificial recharge by taking
Pudukkottai district, India as the study area (Fig.1)
2. GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Artificial Recharge
49
Figure 1 Study area – Pudukkottai district
II. Methodology In Brief
To achieve this objective a methodology was developed (Fig. 2)and for the same various thematic
maps were generated on the geosystems viz; lithology, lineament density, depth to bed rock, geomorphology,
slope, drainage density and water level as basic units.As this is an experimental cum demonstrative study,
minimum, but all important geosystem parameters were taken as input data. These data sets were generated by
collecting data from government and research institutions and also by updating some of the data using Indian
Remote Sensing satellite data. Then these 7 thematic maps were converted into spatial GIS databases using
ArcGIS. Further, depending upon the credentials of the sub variables of each of these seven geo system
databases these were classified into two groups as favorable and unfavorable polygons in GIS as far as the
artificial recharge is concerned. Then a special software was designed in VB .NET with Arcobjects to select the
favorable zones in six geosystem parameters (except water level), integrate them using GIS overlay function
menu of ArcGIS, prioritize the favorablezones into 3 categories, integrate such priority areas with water level
data and finally identify the suitable zones for recharge. This can be accomplished by the user by clicking the
Recharge main menu, and the software will display all the six geosystem layers, and on clicking them one after
the other it will filter out the favorablezones in each individually. Then on clicking the menu “Data integration”
the software will integrate such six favorablezones. Then on clicking Priority area-I the software will identify
the polygons where more than four geosystem parameters have coincided in such an integrated layer. Then on
further clicking the menu “Suitable area” it will integrate the Priority area I with GIS data water level and
wherever the water level is deep within such Priority area-I, it will identify and mark as suitable area for
recharge.
Figure 2 Methodology
3. GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Artificial Recharge
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III. Generation Of Spatial GIS Databases On Geosystems
Various databases have been generated for selecting the suitable sites for artificial recharge, as briefed below
1.1 Lithology
The rock types are of the important parameters controlling the porosity and imperviousness of the
terrain. So a detailed lithological map was prepared from the map published by the Geological Surveyof India
[8] and spatial GIS database was generated on the same. The area exposes the hard crystalline rock viz;
gneisses, pink granite, charnockite, calcgranulites belonging to the Precambrian period; sandstone of the Mio-
Pliocene period; and the fluvial and marine sediments of the Quaternary period.Depending upon their porosity,
the weathered gneisses, sandstones, laterites, fluvial and fluvio marine landforms were buffered out as favorable
areas{1}for artificial recharge leaving remaining rock types (sub variables of the main variable lithology) as un
favorable areas{2} and the vector based GIS database was generated showing these two polygon classes (Fig.
3A).
Figure 3 Spatial GIS databases on geological / terrain / hydrological systems showing favorable {1} and
unfavorable {2} zones for recharge. (A) Lithology (B) Lineament Density (C) Depth to Bed Rock (D)
Geomorphology (E) Slope (F) Drainage Density (G) Water Level
1.2 Lineaments
The area has undergone extensive deformation both during the Precambrianperiod[9], [10] and during
the Quaternary period, the later related to the phenomenon of post collision tectonics [11], [12]. These
technonism have developed fractures, that are expressed as lineaments in satellite data with polymodal
orientation and amongst these the lineamentswith open geometry were interpreted using IRS satellite data and
lineament map was prepared. From the lineament map,lineament density diagram was prepared by counting the
total length of the lineaments per 1 sq.km area, plotting them in the respective grid centers and contouring them
[13]. Such lineament density varied roughly from 100 m to more than 1500 m / sq.km. Based on the dynamic
range these values, the study area was grouped into two grades as low (<750 m) and high (>750 m) and spatial
GIS databases was generated showing the zones of high density as favorableareas{1} and the low density zones
as unfavorableareas{2} as the areas of high lineament density can act as path ways for the quick infiltration of
surface water into the sub soil system. The spatial GIS data showing such favourableandunfavorablezones in
lineament density is shown inFig. 3B.
1.3 Depth To Bed Rock
The StateGroundwater Directorate, Public Works Department, Government of India has conducted grid
pattern geophysical resistivity survey and archived the data with them. From their archives, the resistivity data
were collected for the study area, analyzed and the depth to bed rock contours were drawn for the study area.
From the dynamic range of the depth to bed rock values, the study area has been divided into two classes i.e.
less than 9 m and more than 9 m of depth to bed rock. In thesethe former was marked as unfavorablezone{2}
and the later zone as favourable{1}, because the storage capacity of the aquifer depends upon this.The same is
shown in the Fig. 3C.
4. GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Artificial Recharge
51
1.4 Geomorphology
Geomorphology is yet another rgeosystem parameter controlling the porosity of the terrain systems.In
the study area, the crystalline and the sedimentary formations have undergone physio-chemical disintegration
during the Quaternary period and developeda hierarchy of land forms. In the area while the Precambrian rocks
have resultedinto linear ridges and pediments, the sedimentaryrocks like Mio-Pliocene sandstone has been
geomorphologically evolved intopediplains and lateritic plains. The flood plains, deltaic plains and beach ridges
have formed the flat landforms with adequate porosity. These were interpreted by taking the basic
geomorphology map [12] and updating it. From the same the pediments and laterite plains of the Mio-Pliocene
sandstone, flood plains, deltaic plain and beach ridges were buffered as favorableareas {1} and remaining
western crystalline as unfavorable areas{2}for recharge and spatial GIS database was generated showing these
two classes as far as geomorphology is concerned (Fig. 3D)
1.5 Slope
The slope of the terrain is again an important parameter as it only either slows down the flow of water
and facilitating recharge in case of less slope and accelerates the flow and reduces the recharge in case of high
slope. So the slope map was prepared by using the distance between the two adjacent 20 meters contours on
1:50,000 scale toposheet and accordingly the area was classified into 7 zones of slopes such as, 1-3%, 3-5%, 5-
10%, 10-15%, 15-35%, and >35% and amongst these 7 zones of slopes, the areas falling in< 3% slope were
buffered as favorable areas{1}for recharge and remaining areas as unfavorable zones{2} and GIS database was
generated (Fig. 3E).
1.6 Drainage Density
Similar to slope, the drainage density isalsoa vital parameter for artificial recharge. This is because
wherever the drainage density is high it indicates the clayeysoils or the impervious geological formations like
shale, mudstone etc. In contrast the areas of low drainage density suggest high porous rocks / terrain conditions.
So to include this vital parameter also in the site selection process, all the drainages were drawn from the
topographic sheets of Survey of India, total length of drainages in meters per 1 sq.km grid were counted, plotted
in the respective grid centers and drainage density contour map was prepared. Then from the dynamic range of
drainage density values of the zones of<500 m/1 sq. km were identified as favorable areas and more than 500
meters as unfavorable areas respectively due to drainage density minima in the former case and drainage density
maxima in the latter case. Such classified GIS database on drainage density showing favorable zones{1}and
unfavorable zones{2}are shown in Fig. 3F.
1.7 Water Level
Water level is a mandatory parameter in selecting suitable sites for artificial recharge. The State
Groundwater Directorate, Public Works Department of Government of Indiais collecting monthly water level
data from the already identified observation wells and maintains the same in their archives. The same was
collected for all theobservation wells numbering over 58from Pudukkottai district for the period from 1970 to
2001 and areaveragedsuch 360 monthly values for each well independently, plotted in the respective well
locations and contoured. It shows that the groundwater level has varied from 1 meter to 10 meters. From the
contours the zones where groundwater level was deeper than 6 m were identified as favorable areas for recharge
because in the zones of comparatively deeper water levels only water can get stored. So spatial GIS database
was accordingly generated showing the zones of deeper levels as favorable {1} and shallow water levels as
unfavorable zones {2}and shown Fig. 3G.
IV. Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Recharge
After generating the above data bases on various geosystems, a special software program was written
in VB .NET with Arc Objects called “RECHARGE”. In that, a domain area was created as “Input data” in
which all the 7 spatial databases (Figure 3A – 3G) were imported.
1.8 Selection of Input Data
Now for selecting the suitable area for artificial recharge, the user has to click the icon “Recharge” in
the Computer in which the above GIS databases and the software is loaded. Then the main frame will appear
showing Input data, Data integration, Recharge sites, Print, Help and Exit in the top main menu bar (Fig.
4). Then on clicking the „Input data‟ option in the main menu (1, Fig. 4), a pull down menu will appear showing
the 6geosystem maps such as Lithology maxima, Lineament density maxima, Depth to bed rock maxima,
Geomorphology maxima, Slope Minima, and Drainage density minima. On clicking the Lithology maxima (2,
Fig. 4), the software will browse the input data from the domain identified as the lithological layer and display it
in the central display frame (A, Fig. 4) showing the favorable(colored zones) and unfavorable zones (uncloured)
5. GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Artificial Recharge
52
and simultaneously, the favorable areas filtered out for artificial recharge will be displayed in the small box
shown in the right side (B, Fig.4). Similarly, on clicking the other geo system maps like Lineament density
maxima, depth to bed rock maxima, geomorphology maxima, slope minima and drainage density minima, these
will be displayed in display area (A, Fig. 4) and their respective favorable areas in box (B,Fig.4).
Figure 4Semi automated extraction of areas favorable or recharge for lithology data
1.9 Data Integration
Nextly, on clicking the „Data integration‟ option in the main menu bar (1, Fig.5), the software will
analyze all the favorable zones mapped in the above 6 GIS databases on geosystems and superpose these layers
one over the other using add function menu of ArcGIS (A, Fig. 5). Such an integrated layer will have multiples
of polygons loaded with 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 geosystem variables from which prioritization can be done.Such
prioritization will be based on the number of variables loaded in them viz; more than 4 geosystem
variablesloaded zones as Priority-I, 2 to 3 as Priority-II and one variableloaded zone as Priority – III (B, Fig.5)
Figure5GIS layer showing all the six geosystem layers overlaid on over the other (A); Prioritized area I - III (B)
6. GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Artificial Recharge
53
1.10Prioritization of Recharge Sites
To extract such priority areas, from the integrated data, the user has to click the „Recharge sites‟ option
in the main menu bar (1, Fig.6). Then a pull down menu will appear showing Priority I, II and III. Then on
clicking the Priority-I (2, Fig.6) the areas where more than 4 geosystem variables are loaded will be filtered out
from Figure 5 and displayed in the display area (A, Fig.6). Within the priority area,the suitable site should be
selected and this will depend on the Water Level data which is the mandatory variable in site selection process.
To do so, on clicking suitable area (3, Fig.6) the GIS data showing the deeper water level zones (B, Fig.6) will
be superposed over the priority-I area and wherever the deeper zones of water levelsare there, those areas will be
buffered out as suitable areas for recharge and displayed (C, Fig.6). In fact, this will be the best area for artificial
recharge in priority area I whereas since water level will be shallow in the remaining areas of Priority I, recharge
will not be that encouraging though other conditions favorable.
Similarly, by following the same protocol, the suitable sites can be identified for Priority-II and
Priority-III also by clicking the appropriate options in the menu.
Figure6 Recharge module showing the Priority area I (A), Zones of deeper water level (B) and the suitable area
(C)
The suitable area selected for priority area II by following the similar protocol is shown in Fig. 7
Figure 7Recharge module showing the Priority area II (A), Zones of deeper water level (B) and the suitable area
(C)
1.11Identification of geosystem dataloaded into prioritized areas
In addition, the user can also see the geosystem variables loaded in the suitable areas selected in the
priority areas so identified. Because, for example, in the selected areas of the Priority-I any of the four or five or
all the six geosystem variables might have been loaded. In order to broadly identify the type of artificial
recharge mechanisms like percolation ponding, check damming, pitting, furrowing etc., the user may like to see
the type of geosystem variables loaded in Priority area I selected. To do so, the user has to click the identity icon
7. GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction Of Sites For Artificial Recharge
54
in the tool bar (1, Fig.8) which is just below the main menu and take the cursor to the particular polygon and
click it, then the geosystem variables loaded will be displayed in a separate identify results window(2, Fig. 8).
Figure 8Recharge module showing the combinations of geosystem variables loaded in suitable areas selected
for recharge.
V. Discussion And Conclusion
As discussed above, the artificial recharge has been unanimously accepted as the only option to restore
the depleting water table. Many a times, as such recharge schemes are executed on emergency basis, selection of
suitable sites on scientific criterion emerges as a major issue. Under this scenario, the site selection by using GIS
based automated extraction technology will definitely be a boon. In this method, the user can to quickly
vectorize the favorablezones in different geosystem related parameters, import them in the computer and keep
on clicking it following the protocol. Then it will automatically lead to the suitable sites. As this study has been
done for demonstrative purposes and highlight the possibility of such tools, the involvement of minimum
variables may appear to be a limitation. But the study with more number of user specific geosystem variables
will yield tangible results and can be conveniently applied in all areas.
References
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