This document analyzes the viability of solar photovoltaic water pumping systems for small-scale irrigation in Senegal compared to diesel and grid-connected options. It models water pumping for plot sizes of 0.1, 1, and 5 hectares, representing about 90% of Senegalese farmers. The modeling covers capital and operating costs for diesel, grid, and solar PV pumping systems over a 10-year period based on local irrigation needs and system parameters. The analysis seeks to understand the potential market opportunity for solar pumping in Senegal's agriculture sector.
This document discusses the design and aims of a project to develop a cost-effective solar-powered water pump (SDP) for use by small-scale farmers in developing countries. The SDP is intended to provide irrigation with low operating costs as an alternative to expensive diesel pumps. The project aims to (i) fabricate a demonstration model, (ii) study the effects of solar concentration on water production, and (iii) recommend using mirrors to enhance system performance. The scope is limited to developing a model for small-scale irrigation to demonstrate feasibility and application of solar energy for pumping needs.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Optimal Sizing and Economical Analysis of PV-Wind Hybrid Power System for Wat...IJECEIAES
In the present study three renewable power systems are proposed to select the most optimum one for powering an irrigation pumping system and a farmer’s house in two different locations in Sinai, Egypt. Abu-Rudies in south Sinai and El-Arish in north Sinai are the two selected locations. The three suggested power systems are; standalone photovoltaic (PV) system, standalone wind system and standalone PV-wind hybrid system. HOGA (Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms) simulation software tool based on genetic algorithm (GA) is used for sizing, optimization and economical evaluation of three suggested renewable power systems. Optimization of the power system is based on the components sizing and the operational strategy. The calculated maximum amount of water required for irrigating ten acres of olive per day is 170 m 3 . In terms of cost effectiveness, the optimal configurations are the hybrid PV-wind system and the standalone PV system for Abu-Rudies and El-Arish locations respectively. These systems are the most suitable than the others for the selected sites metrological data and the suggested electrical load.
This document discusses micro and small hydro energy systems. It examines the economics of small hydro power plants, including annual costs and cost per unit of generation. Measures to reduce costs include limiting the number of units and using simpler turbine designs. Pumps can also be used as turbines for microhydro plants, providing a low-cost option, though they have lower efficiency. Overall, while small hydro plants have higher costs per kW than large plants, they can provide power for individual villages in a cost-effective manner.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
Solar Powered Automatic Drip Irrigation System (SPADIS) using Wireless Sensor...IRJET Journal
This document describes a solar powered automatic drip irrigation system called SPADIS that was designed and tested in India. SPADIS uses solar panels, batteries, a microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, and a water pump integrated with a wireless sensor network to automatically irrigate crops. This provides water only when needed based on soil moisture readings, saving water and labor while improving agricultural yields. The system was tested on an 18 square meter plot in India and was found to meet irrigation needs while using less water than conventional irrigation methods.
The document discusses the use of biotechnology to improve energy efficiency at wastewater treatment plants. It provides details about a case study of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant (STP) that achieved significant energy savings and cost reductions by using a biotech product called Fermsept-S.
Before applying Fermsept-S, the STP was not meeting pollution control board limits for various parameters like BOD, COD and TSS. It also faced high operational costs including electricity costs to run aerators, costs of sludge removal and aerator repairs. After applying Fermsept-S, the plant was able to maintain parameters within legal limits and significantly reduce electricity costs by switching off aerators at
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the design and aims of a project to develop a cost-effective solar-powered water pump (SDP) for use by small-scale farmers in developing countries. The SDP is intended to provide irrigation with low operating costs as an alternative to expensive diesel pumps. The project aims to (i) fabricate a demonstration model, (ii) study the effects of solar concentration on water production, and (iii) recommend using mirrors to enhance system performance. The scope is limited to developing a model for small-scale irrigation to demonstrate feasibility and application of solar energy for pumping needs.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Optimal Sizing and Economical Analysis of PV-Wind Hybrid Power System for Wat...IJECEIAES
In the present study three renewable power systems are proposed to select the most optimum one for powering an irrigation pumping system and a farmer’s house in two different locations in Sinai, Egypt. Abu-Rudies in south Sinai and El-Arish in north Sinai are the two selected locations. The three suggested power systems are; standalone photovoltaic (PV) system, standalone wind system and standalone PV-wind hybrid system. HOGA (Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms) simulation software tool based on genetic algorithm (GA) is used for sizing, optimization and economical evaluation of three suggested renewable power systems. Optimization of the power system is based on the components sizing and the operational strategy. The calculated maximum amount of water required for irrigating ten acres of olive per day is 170 m 3 . In terms of cost effectiveness, the optimal configurations are the hybrid PV-wind system and the standalone PV system for Abu-Rudies and El-Arish locations respectively. These systems are the most suitable than the others for the selected sites metrological data and the suggested electrical load.
This document discusses micro and small hydro energy systems. It examines the economics of small hydro power plants, including annual costs and cost per unit of generation. Measures to reduce costs include limiting the number of units and using simpler turbine designs. Pumps can also be used as turbines for microhydro plants, providing a low-cost option, though they have lower efficiency. Overall, while small hydro plants have higher costs per kW than large plants, they can provide power for individual villages in a cost-effective manner.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
Solar Powered Automatic Drip Irrigation System (SPADIS) using Wireless Sensor...IRJET Journal
This document describes a solar powered automatic drip irrigation system called SPADIS that was designed and tested in India. SPADIS uses solar panels, batteries, a microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, and a water pump integrated with a wireless sensor network to automatically irrigate crops. This provides water only when needed based on soil moisture readings, saving water and labor while improving agricultural yields. The system was tested on an 18 square meter plot in India and was found to meet irrigation needs while using less water than conventional irrigation methods.
The document discusses the use of biotechnology to improve energy efficiency at wastewater treatment plants. It provides details about a case study of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant (STP) that achieved significant energy savings and cost reductions by using a biotech product called Fermsept-S.
Before applying Fermsept-S, the STP was not meeting pollution control board limits for various parameters like BOD, COD and TSS. It also faced high operational costs including electricity costs to run aerators, costs of sludge removal and aerator repairs. After applying Fermsept-S, the plant was able to maintain parameters within legal limits and significantly reduce electricity costs by switching off aerators at
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
This document summarizes research applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques to solve hydrothermal scheduling problems. Hydrothermal scheduling involves optimally coordinating hydroelectric and thermal power generation to minimize fuel costs while meeting demand and accounting for water availability constraints. Previous methods for solving these problems, such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, have drawbacks like long computation times. The document describes applying PSO and FPA to minimize fuel costs for 3-unit and 6-unit test systems, showing they can find near-optimal solutions faster than other methods while satisfying constraints. FPA, based on pollination in plants, is a new metaheuristic that effectively solves the optimization problem with better
Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industryIJECEIAES
In this paper the feasibility of energy saving by implementing flow regulation at constant load in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry is studied. As regulation strategy, the use of a variable speed drive in the hydraulic system is proposed. For the project evaluation, the Net Present Value and Payback Period techniques are used. Among the variables considered are the price of energy, the equipment useful life, financial data and those related to environmental impact. As a result, it was found that if only a commercial approach is considered, the energy saving strategy is profitable but not attractive, because investment is recovered in a period close to the useful life of technology. However, if a government focus that encourages the implementation of these energies saving strategies is considered, the investment of the project recovers in a short time.
This document discusses recommendations for promoting high-tech irrigation systems to support smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends reorienting agricultural policies and strategies around irrigation, integrating irrigation into agricultural value chains, and expanding research partnerships to commercialize technologies that optimize water productivity, support profitable small-scale farming, and increase farmer resilience. Key technologies proposed include rainwater harvesting, pumps, tube wells, drip irrigation, and ICT sensors. The use of solar power for pumps is highlighted as an opportunity to expand irrigation access. Addressing the high capital costs of systems through financing, manufacturing, and extension support is also discussed.
Solar Water Pump - a new Innovative ProjectANURAG BERA
This is our Project Work in our course "Application of Information Technology".Here we have discussed regarding Solar Water Pump implementation & it's utility in Modern Agricultural System
The document describes a proposed solar powered automatic irrigation system. The system aims to reduce human involvement in irrigation by automating the process based on soil moisture levels. It would use a microcontroller to monitor soil moisture and temperature sensors and control a water pump powered by a solar panel. The system is meant to optimize water usage for agriculture by only turning on the pump when the soil needs water, reducing waste and labor costs compared to traditional irrigation methods.
Market Challenges for Pumped Storage Hydropower Plantsijceronline
For power system development planning, a thorough valuation of each of its components is carried out with an objective to improve the system reliability and economy. This paper deals with energy storage technologies with particular emphasis placed on the pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHs). For the long-term development planning of a system with different generating facilities, PSHs still play the major role in the implementation of intermittent renewable energy sources into a future generation mix. For planning of a generation mix with PSHs we use the concept of “Levelized Cost of Electricity” (LCoE) to compare the economic indicators of a system in order to make a fair and unbiased selection of new plants intended to cover customer demands. Being based on the monetary indicators, the LCoE concept is able to help in making investment decisions in view of technology and size of any new generating sources proposed for a defined time horizon. Owing to their excellent operational flexibility PSHs may also be good players on the electricity markets, offering both, capacity and energy services.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Design, modeling and simulation of perturb and observe maximum power point t...IJECEIAES
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is considered one of the important factors in minimizing the installation costs and improving the efficiency of any photovoltaic water pumping system. The MPPT controller is specifically used to extract the maximum available power from the photovoltaic (PV) array. The maximum power can be achieved by using a specific algorithm. This work aims to raise awareness among farmers about the energy benefits available in the region of Meknes in Morocco, the economic gain and the environmental impact applied to the solar pumping system so that it can be generalized. To obtain the maximum power at each moment, a direct current (DC) water pump (SQF 0-6-2) powered by the solar panels (REC_330NP) through a buck converter was adapted. In addition, this study illustrates the theory of operation of the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and simulates the evaluation of this algorithm under different operating conditions (temperature and solar irradiation), and showed the advantages of this system that can operate at the optimal power regardless of disturbances.
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
solar based irrigation system for energy poverty alleviation.
advantages of using solar based irrigation,challenges faced , updates by indian government.
Intelligent Agricultural System with Weather MonitoringIJSRD
The embedded technology is now in its prime and wealth of knowledge available is mind blowing. Embedded project has new opportunities for the peasants and benefits them in various aspects. The system has been proposed to monitor the Weather and Control the Humidity of Agricultural Land. This Project Main objective is to control the Water Pump Motor whenever Soil Moisture Decreases below average level using Microcontroller. This Project also Monitor the Rain Possibilities and environmental Temperature. And a detail of weather condition has send to authorized Mobile number. Index Terms Solar Panel, Sensors, Cell phone, Microcontroller, GSM modem.
Intelligent Agricultural System with Weather MonitoringIJSRD
The embedded technology is now in its prime and wealth of knowledge available is mind blowing. Embedded project has new opportunities for the peasants and benefits them in various aspects. The system has been proposed to monitor the Weather and Control the Humidity of Agricultural Land. This Project Main objective is to control the Water Pump Motor whenever Soil Moisture Decreases below average level using Microcontroller. This Project also Monitor the Rain Possibilities and environmental Temperature. And a detail of weather condition has send to authorized Mobile number. Index Terms Solar Panel, Sensors, Cell phone, Microcontroller, GSM modem.
This document describes an automatic plant watering system that uses sensors to detect soil moisture levels and a microcontroller to control water supply. Key points:
- The system uses sensors to measure soil humidity in agricultural fields and supplies water when a field's moisture level drops below a threshold.
- A PIC16F877A microcontroller controls the water supply and which field receives water based on signals from the moisture sensors.
- The system aims to efficiently irrigate crops on a schedule tailored to each field's needs, reducing water waste compared to manual irrigation methods.
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino boardjournalBEEI
In recent years, the best system of irrigation is studied by reducing the wasted amount of water and electricity. Automatic irrigation is the use of a device to operate irrigation structures so the change of flow of water from one bay, or set of bays, to another can occur in the absence of the irrigator. In this work, automatic control system of solar irrigation implemented practically using Arduino board. This photovoltaic (PV) system is applied in the garden of Engineering Technical College- Mosul (city in Iraq). PV system can be adjusted by many regions in Iraq where it planned to connect on small part of land. Irrigation process is controlled depending on moisture sensor that connected to sense the soil moisture and giving data to Arduino read pin. According to the program that uploaded to Arduino, DC pump can be controlled as ON-state or OFF-state as respect to the soil moisture percentage ratio. Finally, the practical results are approximately similar to that obtained from proteus Arduino simulator.
HYDROPOWER ROLE IN STAND-ALONE AND MINI GRID TO POWER SOLUTION IN AFRICAIAEME Publication
Power generation is becoming an issue of concern in developing world, especially in
Africa. There is tremendous population growth in addition to a progressive rise in the use
of electronic devices which has contributed to a greater energy consumption and need.
The three focuses of the strategic electricity plan, namely, supply option, demand
management option and the demand forecasting option are being frustrated with load
shedding management options. Energy is available and enormous, but the challenge of
converting from its existing form to useful form in the form of electricity has to be
addressed if power for all is going to be a reality.
Hydropower (HP) is clean, available, reliable, adequate and renewable. It is
established that about 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. Engaging small
hydropower (SHP) schemes will go a long way solving the menace. Many developed
countries have installed stand-alone and mini grid system with great success. With the
enormous untapped potentials in Africa, it is time we localise installation of SHP, which
is cheaper and requires little technical know-how or skilled labour instead of depending
on large scale HP which takes years to install and also capital intensive even for nations
to handle.
IRJET- Residential Hydro Power GenerationIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed residential hydro power generation system to provide electricity for rural homes. It involves using the water pressure and flow from an elevated storage tank through household pipes to rotate a small-scale hydro turbine and generator. The system would include a turbine, generator, batteries for energy storage, and distribution of power to power lights, appliances, and other loads. The document provides details on estimating the available power based on head and flow rate, turbine design, generator and battery selection, and the overall working mechanism of using household water flow to generate useful electricity for homes.
The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array based water pumping system situated at Kota Rajasthan (25.18 N
and 75.83 E), India has been studied. A 2hp DC motor with 2200W (10 panels of each 225W) have been used
for discharge 30 m water head. The maximum discharge logged 163litre/minute between 11AM to 2PM at PV
power output between 75 to 85W/m2and the system is operating approximately 8 hours in the of November of
the winter season. The full day discharge has found 70995litre and it is more than the average discharge given
by the manufacturer at 50m depth. It is revealed that PV array based water pumping system is suitable and
feasible option for off-grid and drip irrigation system like the interior area of Kota, where clear sky days are
more than 250 in a year.
A Review Paper on Solar Panel Based Smart Irrigation System using GSM Moduleijtsrd
Solar powered smart irrigation systems are very useful for farmers.Solar energy has emerged as viable source of renewable energy over the past few decades and is now used for various applications such as emergency lighting, water heaters, and industrial application. It is a cheap source of energy. Thesystem consists of water pump which is solar powered with a moisture sensor used for automatic water flow control, light ambient sensor, Temperature sensorand GSM technology.It has mainly working in two modes i.e. manual mode and automatic mode. We have provide a switch which controls that modeIn this RF transmitter and RF receiver will be used to operate the overall system. A polar single axis solar panel tracker is implemented andit has an adjustable horizontal motor controlled axisandfixed vertical axis. If 2 to 3 degrees of misalignment happens then the tracker will correct its position and prevents wastage of power by continuously running motor. The light intensity of the two LDR is compared and according to the higher intensity of LDR the rotation of solar panel is decided and it is adjusted.To prevent the panel from rotating 360-° the stepper motor will have overturn triggers. Prof. Madhav Thigale | Aniket Gholap | Rohit Alate | Akash Padman"A Review Paper on Solar Panel Based Smart Irrigation System using GSM Module" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5804.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/5804/a-review-paper-on-solar-panel-based-smart-irrigation-system-using-gsm-module/prof-madhav-thigale
This document discusses financing mechanisms for India's solar energy market. It summarizes that while India's solar market has grown over 100-fold in the past 4 years to over 2.6 GW due to policies like feed-in tariffs and accelerated depreciation, continued growth will require more involvement from domestic lenders as international lenders currently dominate financing. It recommends that innovative financing policies and mechanisms are needed to lower costs and unlock priority sector lending and infrastructure funds to further drive solar energy adoption in India.
The document provides an analysis of business model scenarios for smallholder solar pump-based irrigation in Ethiopia. It begins with background on solar pump irrigation in Africa and Ethiopia. It then details the methodology used, including developing an adapted business model framework and conducting suitability mapping of high potential areas for solar pumps. The document analyzes the environmental, institutional, policy, regulatory, financial, and economic contexts. It presents three potential business model scenarios for scaling up solar pumps: individual purchase; out-grower or insurer scheme; and supplier model with bundled financing. It concludes with recommendations for further research.
More Related Content
Similar to GETinvest-Market-Insights_SEN_PV_MBC-Small-scale_2019.pdf
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
This document summarizes research applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques to solve hydrothermal scheduling problems. Hydrothermal scheduling involves optimally coordinating hydroelectric and thermal power generation to minimize fuel costs while meeting demand and accounting for water availability constraints. Previous methods for solving these problems, such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, have drawbacks like long computation times. The document describes applying PSO and FPA to minimize fuel costs for 3-unit and 6-unit test systems, showing they can find near-optimal solutions faster than other methods while satisfying constraints. FPA, based on pollination in plants, is a new metaheuristic that effectively solves the optimization problem with better
Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industryIJECEIAES
In this paper the feasibility of energy saving by implementing flow regulation at constant load in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry is studied. As regulation strategy, the use of a variable speed drive in the hydraulic system is proposed. For the project evaluation, the Net Present Value and Payback Period techniques are used. Among the variables considered are the price of energy, the equipment useful life, financial data and those related to environmental impact. As a result, it was found that if only a commercial approach is considered, the energy saving strategy is profitable but not attractive, because investment is recovered in a period close to the useful life of technology. However, if a government focus that encourages the implementation of these energies saving strategies is considered, the investment of the project recovers in a short time.
This document discusses recommendations for promoting high-tech irrigation systems to support smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends reorienting agricultural policies and strategies around irrigation, integrating irrigation into agricultural value chains, and expanding research partnerships to commercialize technologies that optimize water productivity, support profitable small-scale farming, and increase farmer resilience. Key technologies proposed include rainwater harvesting, pumps, tube wells, drip irrigation, and ICT sensors. The use of solar power for pumps is highlighted as an opportunity to expand irrigation access. Addressing the high capital costs of systems through financing, manufacturing, and extension support is also discussed.
Solar Water Pump - a new Innovative ProjectANURAG BERA
This is our Project Work in our course "Application of Information Technology".Here we have discussed regarding Solar Water Pump implementation & it's utility in Modern Agricultural System
The document describes a proposed solar powered automatic irrigation system. The system aims to reduce human involvement in irrigation by automating the process based on soil moisture levels. It would use a microcontroller to monitor soil moisture and temperature sensors and control a water pump powered by a solar panel. The system is meant to optimize water usage for agriculture by only turning on the pump when the soil needs water, reducing waste and labor costs compared to traditional irrigation methods.
Market Challenges for Pumped Storage Hydropower Plantsijceronline
For power system development planning, a thorough valuation of each of its components is carried out with an objective to improve the system reliability and economy. This paper deals with energy storage technologies with particular emphasis placed on the pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHs). For the long-term development planning of a system with different generating facilities, PSHs still play the major role in the implementation of intermittent renewable energy sources into a future generation mix. For planning of a generation mix with PSHs we use the concept of “Levelized Cost of Electricity” (LCoE) to compare the economic indicators of a system in order to make a fair and unbiased selection of new plants intended to cover customer demands. Being based on the monetary indicators, the LCoE concept is able to help in making investment decisions in view of technology and size of any new generating sources proposed for a defined time horizon. Owing to their excellent operational flexibility PSHs may also be good players on the electricity markets, offering both, capacity and energy services.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Design, modeling and simulation of perturb and observe maximum power point t...IJECEIAES
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is considered one of the important factors in minimizing the installation costs and improving the efficiency of any photovoltaic water pumping system. The MPPT controller is specifically used to extract the maximum available power from the photovoltaic (PV) array. The maximum power can be achieved by using a specific algorithm. This work aims to raise awareness among farmers about the energy benefits available in the region of Meknes in Morocco, the economic gain and the environmental impact applied to the solar pumping system so that it can be generalized. To obtain the maximum power at each moment, a direct current (DC) water pump (SQF 0-6-2) powered by the solar panels (REC_330NP) through a buck converter was adapted. In addition, this study illustrates the theory of operation of the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and simulates the evaluation of this algorithm under different operating conditions (temperature and solar irradiation), and showed the advantages of this system that can operate at the optimal power regardless of disturbances.
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
solar based irrigation system for energy poverty alleviation.
advantages of using solar based irrigation,challenges faced , updates by indian government.
Intelligent Agricultural System with Weather MonitoringIJSRD
The embedded technology is now in its prime and wealth of knowledge available is mind blowing. Embedded project has new opportunities for the peasants and benefits them in various aspects. The system has been proposed to monitor the Weather and Control the Humidity of Agricultural Land. This Project Main objective is to control the Water Pump Motor whenever Soil Moisture Decreases below average level using Microcontroller. This Project also Monitor the Rain Possibilities and environmental Temperature. And a detail of weather condition has send to authorized Mobile number. Index Terms Solar Panel, Sensors, Cell phone, Microcontroller, GSM modem.
Intelligent Agricultural System with Weather MonitoringIJSRD
The embedded technology is now in its prime and wealth of knowledge available is mind blowing. Embedded project has new opportunities for the peasants and benefits them in various aspects. The system has been proposed to monitor the Weather and Control the Humidity of Agricultural Land. This Project Main objective is to control the Water Pump Motor whenever Soil Moisture Decreases below average level using Microcontroller. This Project also Monitor the Rain Possibilities and environmental Temperature. And a detail of weather condition has send to authorized Mobile number. Index Terms Solar Panel, Sensors, Cell phone, Microcontroller, GSM modem.
This document describes an automatic plant watering system that uses sensors to detect soil moisture levels and a microcontroller to control water supply. Key points:
- The system uses sensors to measure soil humidity in agricultural fields and supplies water when a field's moisture level drops below a threshold.
- A PIC16F877A microcontroller controls the water supply and which field receives water based on signals from the moisture sensors.
- The system aims to efficiently irrigate crops on a schedule tailored to each field's needs, reducing water waste compared to manual irrigation methods.
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino boardjournalBEEI
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This document describes a proposed residential hydro power generation system to provide electricity for rural homes. It involves using the water pressure and flow from an elevated storage tank through household pipes to rotate a small-scale hydro turbine and generator. The system would include a turbine, generator, batteries for energy storage, and distribution of power to power lights, appliances, and other loads. The document provides details on estimating the available power based on head and flow rate, turbine design, generator and battery selection, and the overall working mechanism of using household water flow to generate useful electricity for homes.
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for discharge 30 m water head. The maximum discharge logged 163litre/minute between 11AM to 2PM at PV
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A Review Paper on Solar Panel Based Smart Irrigation System using GSM Moduleijtsrd
Solar powered smart irrigation systems are very useful for farmers.Solar energy has emerged as viable source of renewable energy over the past few decades and is now used for various applications such as emergency lighting, water heaters, and industrial application. It is a cheap source of energy. Thesystem consists of water pump which is solar powered with a moisture sensor used for automatic water flow control, light ambient sensor, Temperature sensorand GSM technology.It has mainly working in two modes i.e. manual mode and automatic mode. We have provide a switch which controls that modeIn this RF transmitter and RF receiver will be used to operate the overall system. A polar single axis solar panel tracker is implemented andit has an adjustable horizontal motor controlled axisandfixed vertical axis. If 2 to 3 degrees of misalignment happens then the tracker will correct its position and prevents wastage of power by continuously running motor. The light intensity of the two LDR is compared and according to the higher intensity of LDR the rotation of solar panel is decided and it is adjusted.To prevent the panel from rotating 360-° the stepper motor will have overturn triggers. Prof. Madhav Thigale | Aniket Gholap | Rohit Alate | Akash Padman"A Review Paper on Solar Panel Based Smart Irrigation System using GSM Module" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5804.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/5804/a-review-paper-on-solar-panel-based-smart-irrigation-system-using-gsm-module/prof-madhav-thigale
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1. GET.invest is supported by
Senegal: Renewable
Energy in Agricultural
Value Chains
Model Business Case: Solar
Photovoltaic Water Pumping for
Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme
with Low Water Demand
INTRODUCTION
This Model Business Case studies the viability of solar
photovoltaic (PV) powered water pumping investments for
irrigation compared to diesel and grid-connected options
in Senegal. The modelling covers water pumping systems
powered by diesel, grid electricity and PV for small-scale1
plot sizes of 0.1, 1 and 5 hectares (ha). This plot size range
represents about 90% of Senegalese farmers cultivating
plots below 5 ha2
and considering horticulture of relatively
low water demand crops such as peanuts, onions and
carrots. It is assumed that these schemes could be imple-
mented at the individual farmer or group level (5 ha), with
the latter applying a shared solar array and pump.
1) A second Model Business Case investigates the feasibility
of solar pumps for large-scale irrigation systems: 50 ha and
250 ha; accessible at www.get-invest.eu
2) Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA)
research
Globally, the solar irrigation market
has a significant potential for growth.
One recent study predicted a global increase
of installed units from around 120,000 in 2014 to
1.5 million by 2022.3
For Senegal, the accompanying
GET.invest Developer Guide estimated a market opportunity
of over EUR 554
million considering a significant expansion
of the area under irrigation.
The area of land in Senegal with relatively good potential
for irrigation is estimated at 497,500 ha and is concentrated
around the Senegal River in the north, the Niayes area in the
west and the Groundnut Basin in the centre. Until recently,
3) HYSTRA (2017) Reaching scale in energy access: Lessons from
Practitioners, at: www.hystra.com/a2e/ — accessed January
2019
4) Please refer to the accompanying Developer Guide for details;
accessible at www.get-invest.eu
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS
DEVELOPER GUIDE / MODEL BUSINESS CASE / CASE STUDY
2. 2
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
the total area under irrigation is estimated at 95,400 ha, includ-
ing 26,000 ha for horticulture and about 69,400 ha for cereals
being predominantly rice. The role of irrigation is fundamental
to agricultural production in the country with the FAO/IFC
(2016)5
stating that irrigated small scale (0.2 ha) plots utilising
surface water provide for 90% of the vegetables sold
at local markets.
Currently, for small-holder farmers in Senegal irrigating up to
a 2–3 ha surface area, diesel-powered lower capacity pumps
(<5 kilowatts (kW)) are widely used. Electric-powered pumps, on
the other hand, are generally of a higher capacity (50–90 kW)
and are mostly operating on existing and emerging medium
and large-scale agri-businesses. The daily operating expenditure
(OPEX) including fuel for a diesel pump on the small-scale plots
ranges between EUR 1.55/ha to EUR 2.63/ha. This is over 3 times
higher than the price of grid electricity, though grid access
remains limited with around 40% of rural households connect-
ed.6
Diesel also accounts for approximately one third of pumping
energy requirements of grid-connected farms due to frequent
power blackouts. Diesel systems are often paired with a hose7
,
pumping a large amount of water over a short period of time,
therefore resulting in significant runoff including of fertiliser and
diminishing crop yield and quality.
Within this context, Senegal’s abundant solar energy resource
combined with the falling price of PV panels and emerging
financing schemes may provide attractive conditions for
solar-powered irrigation for some farmers.
TARGET AUDIENCE
—
— Farmers and their associations, who are considering solar
pumping to lower operational costs among other potential
benefits
—
— Project developers and financiers, who may be interested
in an estimated solar-powered irrigation market of over
EUR 55 million and need to understand a potential future
client base
5) FAO/IFC (2016) Senegal Irrigation Market Brief , at: http://www.fao.
org/3/a-i5365e.pdf — accessed January 2019
6) The World Bank (No Date) Access to Electricity, % of Rural Population,
at: https://bit.ly/2QEo0Hk — accessed January 2019
7) More information on the irrigation methods can be found in Annex A
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
Annex A provides more details.
ASSUMPTIONS AND MAIN PARAMETERS
Three pumping alternatives are modelled supplying the three
plot sizes (0.1 ha, 1 ha and 5 ha) with an irrigation need of
between 63–70 m³/ha/day8
. This water need corresponds to
lower demand crops such as peanuts, watermelon, carrots,
crucifers (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage), onions and lettuce. Two
growing seasons per year, totalling 274 irrigation days between
March and November were assumed9
, with the specific irrigation
needs adjusted per season based on temperature and rainfall.10
Publicly available information about the most common pumps
in the Senegalese market was taken into account including
the specifications and costs. Suitable pumps are selected from
supplier catalogues to satisfy the needs of the estimated flow
rate and head for each of the profiles. A head of 30m is consid-
ered in order to allow for system losses and ensure the necessary
water pressure to run all available irrigation technologies (hose,
sprinkler & drip11
) and support systems containing water storage
tanks.
In order to ensure security of supply, the capacity of the accom-
panying solar PV array is dimensioned with relevance to the
pump. A pump requires a certain power to produce a desired
amount of pressure and flow. Therefore the PV array size has
to be optimised for the required amount of power. A higher
capacity PV system — while it increases the cost — will allow the
pump to start earlier and operate for longer periods during low
insolation conditions.
In general, water demand as well as the required dynamic head
is highly dependent on the local conditions and crops planted.
Even though all assumptions made reflect a typical situation
8) FAO (1986) Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Water Needs, at:
https://bit.ly/2TFqvea — accessed January 2019
9) While many farmers in Senegal use only one growing season, it is
expected that those with access to (improved) water pumping will
use two growing seasons. The impact of the number of irrigation days
is analysed in the “Sensitivity Analysis” section of this document
10) The climate data for Dakar is applied in this case as an average
representation for the country
11) More information on the listed irrigation methods can be found in
Annex A
3. 3
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
in Senegal, specific local conditions can vary significantly and
therefore influence the calculated results and financial viability.
Table 1 summarises the main system parameters used.
TABLE 1. Main layout parameters
INPUT PARAMETERS VALUES
Plot size (ha) 0.1 1 5
No. irrigation days 274 274 274
Irrigation demand (m³/ha/day) 70 70 70
Irrigation demand (m³/day) 7 70 350
Pump sizes (kW) 0.07 0.74 3.7
Dynamic head (m) 30 30 30
PV capacity (kWp) 0.9 0.87 4.3
INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS
The capital expenditure (CAPEX) in all cases covers the direct
cost of the pump. For the solar pump, the cost of the solar
array is included. The 0.1 ha plot case is specifically based on a
combined pump and PV panel unit. For electric pumps, the costs
associated with grid connection are not considered, though the
charge for connection to a low voltage line at the 0.1 ha plot is
considered. Import duty is not considered as the equipment is
readily available in Senegal. It is assumed that all three options
have similar costs for installation, logistics, transportation and
civil engineering works, hence these are excluded for comparison
purposes.12
For the operating expenditure (OPEX), solar pumps are subject
to a naturally low operating and maintenance (O&M) costs of
around 2% of CAPEX. Diesel pumps incur higher operating costs
at around 10% of CAPEX, in addition to fuel consumption costs
which specific to this model case range from EUR 1.20/litre (l)
to EUR 1.29/l depending on the system size.13
For electric pumps,
12) Although there are differences in cost, this approach was taken
for simplification. This Model Business Case serves to directly
compare the costs of alternative pumping options (solar, diesel and
grid-connected) for irrigation in Senegal
13) Diesel fuel prices have been adjusted from the national average
(EUR 0.92/l) to account for higher pricing and costs in rural and
remote areas
electricity from the grid is considered an operational cost. The
tariff for “Professional Use”(usage professional) applied by
Senelec14
and determined by the national regulator (CRSE —
Commission de régulation du sect EUR électrique) is utilised for
these calculations with no fixed charge being applicable for all
three plot sizes. The 5 ha plot falls under the medium consumer
category (UD-MP — usage professionel moyenne puissance),
with the small consumer rate (UD-PP — usage professionel
petite puissance) being applicable to the other two plot sizes.
Other tariffs could apply in cases where electricity is provided
by third party actors other than Senelec.
In general, replacement of pumping installations depends on
the reliability of the system and the operating environment
(e.g. water quality, diesel quality, direct exposure to sunlight,
excessive temperature) as well as the level of maintenance
performed. Based on sector knowledge and discussions with
pump suppliers, an estimated project lifetime of 10 years has
been assumed. No equipment replacement costs are foreseen
during the 10 years across the three scenarios.
Table 2 summarises the pumping system CAPEX and OPEX. As
expected, solar pumps require higher upfront investment while
incurring the lowest operating costs. Figure 1 compares the total
solar PV pump CAPEX with the cost per kW, showing the impact
of economies of scale.
TABLE 2. CAPEX and OPEX overview
INPUT PARAMETERS VALUES
Plot size (ha) 0.1 1 5
CAPEX (EUR) Diesel 300 800 1,500
PV 600 3,814 9,504
Grid 442 1,000 1,500
OPEX incl. fuel
(EUR/year)
Diesel 78 544 2,386
PV 12 82 216
Grid 23 169 794
14) Senelec is the national electricity company of Senegal (Société
nationale d'électricité du Sénégal). Please see the accompanying
Developer Guide; accessible at www.get-invest.eu for the Senelec
tariffs
4. 4
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
FIGURE 1. Solar PV pump cost (pump and PV array)
Financing15
scenarios
In this Model Business Case, no grant or concessional funding is
assumed. Please refer to the accompanying Case Studies where a
concessional financing scenario was studied. Table 3 summarises
the financial assumptions used in this Case:
TABLE 3. Financial assumptions
INPUT PARAMETERS VALUES
Plot Size (ha) 0.1 1 5
Debt/equity ratio % 80/20 50/50 50/50
Weighted average
cost of capital (WACC),
pre-tax, real
% 16 15 15
Interest rate, real16
% 15.7 12.5 12.5
15) Please refer to the accompanying Developer Guide; accessible at
www.get-invest.eu for more details on potential financing options
16) Based on average commercial bank nominal rates
INPUT PARAMETERS VALUES
Plot Size (ha) 0.1 1 5
Loan grace period months 6 12 12
Loan repayment
period
years 1.5 3 3
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE)17
and net present value
(NPV)18
of cost savings
Figure 3 summarises the results of LCOE calculations using the
pre-tax real weighted average cost of capital as the discount
rate. Table 3 summarises the NPV of saved costs of using solar PV
pumps against those powered by diesel and grid electricity, using
the pre-tax real weighted average cost of capital as the discount
rate. It is evident that investing in a solar PV pump is a better
option for the 0.1 ha and 5 ha irrigation scenarios compared
to diesel pump. For the 1 ha plot size, the diesel pump is more
attractive than the solar option despite the close LCOE values.
In reality, whether diesel or solar PV pumping is more attractive
would depend on the individual conditions of each farm and
further consideration should be given to the sensitivities
presented in this document.
On the other hand, compared to a grid-connected electric pump,
the cost advantage of solar pumps is less definitive. However, if
power service quality is considered and outages are factored in,
means of backup generation should be considered which might
tilt the cost advantage to the solar PV pump (see the sensitivity
analysis section for more information).
17) LCOE is used here as an indicator to compare the cost of electricity
of different options. LCEO is the ratio of lifetime costs to lifetime
electricity generation, both discounted back to a common year using
an appropriate discount rate
18) NPV is the difference between the present value of the project future
cash flows and initial investment. The present value is the current
worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given an
assumed discount rate representing the investment risk
0.1 ha
CAPEX (EUR) EUR/kW
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1 ha 5 ha
5. 5
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
FIGURE 2. LCOE (EUR/kWh) per pump alternative at
three plot sizes
TABLE 3. NPV of saved costs of using solar PV vs.
diesel and grid electricity pumps
0.1 ha
PLOT
1 ha
PLOT
5 ha
PLOT
NPV of saved costs
of using Solar PV
pump against:
(EUR)
Diesel pump 70 –346 4529
Grid-
powered
pump
–94 –2313 –4665
Break-even analysis
The break-even analysis of the cumulative total discounted
expenses (CAPEX and OPEX) is presented to illustrate the relative
economic feasibility of each scenario. Figure 3 summarises the
results. It is evident that PV pumps become more attractive
than diesel pumps within seven and five years respectively for
installations on 0.1 and 5 ha plot scenarios. For the 1 ha plot size
scenario, break-even of the solar pump is not reached across the
ten-year timeframe as modelled.
In general it can be observed, that solar irrigation pumps are
attractive due to the high fuel cost associated with the diesel
option. This is not the case for the 1 ha scenario which can be
explained by a relatively significant increase in initial investment
costs for the pump at this plot size. This is due the size of the
pump required to ensure supply of the water volume according
to the pumps available on the market. The net savings of the
solar PV system against the diesel option are further presented
as charts in Annex B.
FIGURE 3. Break-even of different pump alternatives
across the three plot sizes
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
1.77
1.60
1.38
0.92
1.00
0.46
0.71
0.50
0.28
Diesel Solar PV Grid
0.1 ha 1 ha 5 ha
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
0.1 ha plot
1 ha plot
EUR
Diesel pump Solar PV pump Grid pump
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year
EUR
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
EUR
Diesel pump Solar PV pump Grid pump
10
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
0.1 ha plot
1 ha plot
EUR
Diesel pump Solar PV pump Grid pump
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year
EUR
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
EUR
Diesel pump Solar PV pump Grid pump
10
6. 6
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
A sensitivity analysis was performed on two variables to test
the impact on the economic performance of the water pump
investment. The variables are:
—
— The number of growing seasons
—
— The price of solar PV module
Variable 1 — Effect of number of growing seasons on the
LCOE of the PV pump
The number of growing seasons (1 to 3)19
can significantly
impact the economic performance of solar irrigation pumps.
Electricity use and diesel fuel consumption increase with more
growing seasons, thus increasing the potential savings associ-
ated with solar PV pumps, and vice versa.
Figure 4 displays the solar irrigation pump LCOE for different
growing seasons scenarios with the previously reported LCOE
figures marked in green. It is clear that the solar option becomes
less economically attractive with shorter growing periods.
19) The scenarios are based on a tripartite growing year, whereby:
Season 1 (Dry and Hot — Contre-saison chaude), runs from March to
June, Season 2 (Wet — Hivernage) runs from July to November and
Season 3 (Dry and Cold — Contre-saison froide) runs from December to
February
FIGURE 4. LCOE of PV pumps with varying number of
growing seasons (Season 2/Season 1/Season 3)
LCOE (EUR/kWh)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.98
3.02
3.42
1.88
2.03
1.60
1.21
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
LCOE (EUR/kWh)
3.20
1.88
2.05
1.21
1.30
1.00
0.78
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
0
LCOE (EUR/kWh)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.98
3.02
3.42
1.88
2.03
1.60
1.21
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
LCOE (EUR/kWh)
3.20
1.88
2.05
1.21
1.30
1.00
0.78
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
0
9 10
Grid pump
9
5 ha plot
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year
EUR
Grid pump Diesel pump Solar PV pump Grid pump
10 10
LCOE (EUR/kWh)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.98
3.02
3.42
1.88
2.03
1.60
1.21
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
EUR/kWh
1.64
0.94
1.00
0.62
0.67
0.50
0.40
0/0/1
0/1/0
1/0/0
0/1/1
1/0/1
1/1/0
1/1/1
Seasonal
use
case
Small-scale group irrigation scheme (5 ha)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
7. 7
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
In order to gain a deeper appreciation for the significance of this
variable it is useful to highlight the impact of irrigation needs
across seasons and locations within the country. Considering the
same plot under cultivation in the southern city of Ziguinchor,
water needs per hectare decrease from an average of 63m3
/ha/
day to 55m3
/ha/day during the wet season (July to November).
Variable 2 — Effect of PV module price on LCOE of solar
pumps compared to diesel and grid-connected pumps
The costs associated with utilising a solar pump are directly
correlated with the upfront expenditure required to procure the
solar array. Despite global trends of declining solar PV costs, the
price of the panels secured by an individual investment could be
a critical variable. Therefore, the effect of the PV module price
on the solar pump LCOE has been tested through a sensitivity
analysis, with the results displayed against the fixed diesel and
grid-connected pump LCOE in Figure 5.
It can be seen that for the 1 ha case, a 30% reduction of PV panel
price against a static diesel LCOE results in a positive case. On the
0.1 ha plot20
, a less than 20% decrease in the PV pumping unit
price results in the solar option becoming attractive against the
grid-connected alternative. This is considering a static tariff and no
requirement for a back-up generator in the event of grid downtime.
FIGURE 5. Sensitivity of LCOE of solar PV pumps
based on the price of PV modules (EUR/W) compared
to the static LCOE of diesel and grid connected
pumps
20) The 0.1 ha scenario is based on a combined pump and PV panel unit
where the PV modules are not priced separately. Therefore, the
sensitivity test was performed on the pump unit cost
A note on backup diesel generation
In many cases, plot owners should consider the impact of backup
diesel generator due to grid downtime. In a case where grid
downtime is considered, the 5 ha plot grid-powered pump LCOE
increases from EUR 0.28/kWh to EUR 0.34/kWh (15% downtime)
and to EUR 0.43/kWh (30% downtime). This is compared to an
LCOE of EUR 0.50/kWh for the solar PV pump. The difference
between the solar PV and grid pump LCOE narrows even further
if costs for a new grid connection are considered.
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Price of solar PV pump (EUR)
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
LCOE
(EUR/kWh)
1.4
1.2
1.0
/kWh)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
(EUR/kWh)
7
5
0
7
0
0
6
5
0
6
0
0
5
5
0
5
0
0
4
5
0
4
0
0
3
5
0
3
0
0
2
5
0
0.5
0
Price of solar PV pump (EUR)
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
L
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Price of solar PV modules (EUR/W)
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
LCOE
(EUR/kWh)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
LCOE
(EUR/kWh)
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
7
5
0
7
0
0
6
5
0
6
0
0
5
5
0
5
0
0
4
5
0
4
0
0
3
5
0
3
0
0
2
5
0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Price of solar PV pump (EUR)
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
LCOE
(EUR/kWh)
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Price of solar PV modules (EUR/W)
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
LCOE
(EUR/kWh)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Price of solar PV modules (EUR/W)
Small-scale group irrigation scheme (5 ha)
LCOE
(EUR/kWh)
LCOE-Solar
LCOE-diesel
LCOE Grid electicity
Modelled pricing point
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
7
5
0
7
0
0
6
5
0
6
0
0
5
5
0
5
0
0
4
5
0
4
0
0
3
5
0
3
0
0
2
5
0
8. 8
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
KEY TAKEAWAYS
—
— An individual decision to invest in a solar powered irrigation
system is unique to each case. Careful consideration should
be given to critical factors such as water demands and
dynamic head requirements with regards to local conditions
and the crops planted. Further attention should be given
to the impact of the irrigation on future yields including
the potential for additional harvests and the method of
financing for the upfront investment.
—
— The upfront cost for solar irrigation pumps remain a
significant investment decision given the average farming
household income levels in Senegal. For the three plot sizes
modelled in this case, the approximate CAPEX requirements
covering the pump and solar array are EUR 600 (0.1ha),
EUR 3,800 (1ha) and EUR 9,500 (5ha).
—
— Investment in solar PV pumping technology can be
attractive when considering the discounted net savings
compared to diesel pumps across a ten-year timeframe on
plot sizes of 0.1ha — EUR 70 and 5 ha — EUR 4,529. This
is due to the solar pump low OPEX compared to the high
fuel costs associated with the diesel option. Break-even
analysis of the cumulative total discounted expenses (CAPEX
and OPEX) further supports this with PV pumps becoming
attractive within seven (0.1ha) and five (5ha) year time-
frames.
—
— The sensitivity analysis demonstrates the role of critical
parameters on the viability of different pumping alternatives:
a) The number of growing seasons (1 to 3) can signifi-
cantly impact the economic feasibility of solar irrigation
pumps. The PV pumps become more attractive with an
increase in growing seasons and therefore the utili-
sation rate. This is linked to the water needs for which
factors such as the crop and geographical location
(rainfall and temperature) are important;
b) A drop in solar panel prices by 30% makes solar
pumping attractive compared to a static LCOE for diesel
pumps on a 1 ha plot;
c) This trend applies for grid-connected pumps, where a
panel price decrease of 17% against current market rates
generates a positive outlook for solar on a 0.1 ha plot;
For grid-connected pumps, in general terms, electricity network
downtime and requirement for a backup diesel fuelled option
already swings the situation in favour of solar. For example, the
LCOE for a grid-connected pump on a 5 ha plot increases from
EUR 28/kWh to EUR 0.43/kWh considering 30% downtime
compared to EUR 0.50/kWh for the equivalent solar PV pump.
ANNEX A
Technology overview
Solar-powered irrigation is based on PV technology that converts
solar energy into electrical energy to run a Direct Current (DC) or
Alternating Current (AC) motor based pump. The technology is
similar to any other conventional water pumping system except
that the power source is solar energy.
A typical solar water-pumping unit (Figure 6) includes three main
components: the PV panels, the solar pump and the controller.
In addition, selected systems include storage facilities being
physical water storage methods (e.g. overhead tanks) and/or
energy storage i.e. batteries. However, due to their relatively
high cost, batteries are rarely used for storage compared to
their alternatives, i.e. overhead tanks, small irrigation dams or
canalisation systems (used for channelling water for example in
rice paddies).
Additional system components include the mounting structure,
wiring, piping and float switch. Often a lockable security
structure is used to house critical equipment, including for
example the pump and control panel, to protect against the risk
of vandalism and theft.
9. 9
GET.INVEST MARKET INSIGHTS — SENEGAL: RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS
MODEL BUSINESS CASE: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WATER PUMPING FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME WITH LOW WATER DEMAND
FIGURE 6. Schematic diagram of a PV surface pump21
Solar water pumps are classified into three types according to
their applications: submersible, surface and floating. A sub-
mersible pump draws water from deep wells, a surface pump
from shallow wells, springs, ponds, rivers or tanks, and a floating
pump from reservoirs being adjustable to the water height.
For utilising the pumped water three irrigation methods are
commonly applied: hose, sprinkler and drip.
The reason for irrigating is to provide water to crops in the field
with the aim of increasing yields. In this regard, hose irrigation
is inefficient in that only a limited amount of the water spread
onto the field is available to the growing crops. In comparison,
sprinkler irrigation has a higher efficiency, whilst of the three
drip irrigation is considered the most efficient. In water con-
sumption terms if the irrigation methods are directly compared
against the same outcome, with drip irrigation set at 100%,
sprinkling would require 133% and use of a hose 250%. The latter
figure indicating why hose systems are commonly paired with
the diesel driven pumps that allow for a high flow over a short
period of time.
21) Unknown creator, “Solar Water Pumping System”. Not licensed. Link:
https://greenlifesolution.in/solar-photovoltaics/solar-water-pumping-
system/ — accessed April 2019
ANNEX B
FIGURE 7. Net savings based on discounted costs of
Solar PV versus Diesel irrigation pumps
600
400
200
0
(200)
(400)
(600)
(800)
2,000
1,000
0
(1,000)
(2,000)
(3,000)
(4,000)
(5,000)
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
EUR
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
EUR
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
(2,000)
(4,000)
(6,000)
(8,000)
(10,000)
EUR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
600
400
200
0
(200)
(400)
(600)
(800)
2,000
1,000
0
(1,000)
(2,000)
(3,000)
(4,000)
(5,000)
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
EUR
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
EUR
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
(2,000)
(4,000)
(6,000)
(8,000)
(10,000)
EUR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
600
400
200
0
(200)
(400)
(600)
(800)
2,000
1,000
0
(1,000)
(2,000)
(3,000)
(4,000)
(5,000)
Micro-scale irrigation (0.1 ha)
EUR
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
EUR
Small-scale irrigation (1 ha)
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
Small-scale group irrigation scheme (5 ha)
Investment cost Saved cost — Diesel Net
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
(2,000)
(4,000)
(6,000)
(8,000)
(10,000)
EUR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10