In the present study three renewable power systems are proposed to select the most optimum one for powering an irrigation pumping system and a farmer’s house in two different locations in Sinai, Egypt. Abu-Rudies in south Sinai and El-Arish in north Sinai are the two selected locations. The three suggested power systems are; standalone photovoltaic (PV) system, standalone wind system and standalone PV-wind hybrid system. HOGA (Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms) simulation software tool based on genetic algorithm (GA) is used for sizing, optimization and economical evaluation of three suggested renewable power systems. Optimization of the power system is based on the components sizing and the operational strategy. The calculated maximum amount of water required for irrigating ten acres of olive per day is 170 m 3 . In terms of cost effectiveness, the optimal configurations are the hybrid PV-wind system and the standalone PV system for Abu-Rudies and El-Arish locations respectively. These systems are the most suitable than the others for the selected sites metrological data and the suggested electrical load.
This document discusses municipal wastewater reuse potential for irrigation in Madurai City, India. It begins with background on global and local water demand trends, then discusses wastewater reuse practices internationally and in India. The document estimates current and future wastewater generation quantities from Madurai City Corporation. It finds potential to irrigate 3000 hectares currently and 6000 hectares by 2044 with treated wastewater. Existing minor irrigation tanks could help store and polish treated water quality for reuse in irrigation.
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
Optimum Crop Productivity in Rain Fed Area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, by App...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on using wind energy to power irrigation pumps and increase crop productivity in the rain-fed area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, Pakistan. The study introduced locally manufactured windmill units to pump groundwater for irrigation. Analysis found that wind speeds of 2.5 m/s or higher, sufficient for pumping, occurred 92% of the time. One installed windmill pumped an average of 9.38 liters/minute, extracting a total of 95.5 cubic meters of water in the Kharif season to irrigate 0.096 hectares. However, more efficient irrigation methods like drip or sprinkler could further increase agricultural productivity when used with windmill irrigation.
Water requirements and irrigation scheduling of pearl millet in rajasthankunalsahu9883
In this project, we choose 10 districts of Rajasthan with the highest production of pearl millet.
Found crop water requirements in all the districts.
Used CropWAT to get an irrigation schedule.
Used ArcGIS to project the obtained results
1) Bihar receives uneven and high seasonal rainfall but faces water shortages due to poor water infrastructure and management.
2) Improving irrigation efficiency through canal lining, maintenance, control structures, and farmer participation could help alleviate water shortages.
3) Adopting water-saving techniques like SRI, sprinklers, and drip irrigation coupled with groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting could boost irrigation and drought resilience given Bihar's water potential.
An analysis of On-Demand Water Supply System in Tank Command Areas of KarnatakaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the impact of an on-demand water supply system implemented in a tank command area in
Karnataka, India between 2003-2008. Key findings include:
1) The on-demand system, which included buried pipelines and efficient irrigation methods, increased the irrigated area
and crop yields. Net returns per hectare for crops like paddy, mulberry, tomato, and cauliflower increased substantially.
2) Total net revenue for the command area increased dramatically from 2003-2004 levels, rising as much as 768% for some
years. Revenue increased for most major crops grown.
3) The on-demand system allowed year-round cropping in
It is all about saving trees and environment. We know that day by day we cutting trees for our help to get food and home. But in this way we are chopping our self. In this presentation we can know more ideas about saving trees.
This document discusses municipal wastewater reuse potential for irrigation in Madurai City, India. It begins with background on global and local water demand trends, then discusses wastewater reuse practices internationally and in India. The document estimates current and future wastewater generation quantities from Madurai City Corporation. It finds potential to irrigate 3000 hectares currently and 6000 hectares by 2044 with treated wastewater. Existing minor irrigation tanks could help store and polish treated water quality for reuse in irrigation.
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
Optimum Crop Productivity in Rain Fed Area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, by App...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on using wind energy to power irrigation pumps and increase crop productivity in the rain-fed area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, Pakistan. The study introduced locally manufactured windmill units to pump groundwater for irrigation. Analysis found that wind speeds of 2.5 m/s or higher, sufficient for pumping, occurred 92% of the time. One installed windmill pumped an average of 9.38 liters/minute, extracting a total of 95.5 cubic meters of water in the Kharif season to irrigate 0.096 hectares. However, more efficient irrigation methods like drip or sprinkler could further increase agricultural productivity when used with windmill irrigation.
Water requirements and irrigation scheduling of pearl millet in rajasthankunalsahu9883
In this project, we choose 10 districts of Rajasthan with the highest production of pearl millet.
Found crop water requirements in all the districts.
Used CropWAT to get an irrigation schedule.
Used ArcGIS to project the obtained results
1) Bihar receives uneven and high seasonal rainfall but faces water shortages due to poor water infrastructure and management.
2) Improving irrigation efficiency through canal lining, maintenance, control structures, and farmer participation could help alleviate water shortages.
3) Adopting water-saving techniques like SRI, sprinklers, and drip irrigation coupled with groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting could boost irrigation and drought resilience given Bihar's water potential.
An analysis of On-Demand Water Supply System in Tank Command Areas of KarnatakaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the impact of an on-demand water supply system implemented in a tank command area in
Karnataka, India between 2003-2008. Key findings include:
1) The on-demand system, which included buried pipelines and efficient irrigation methods, increased the irrigated area
and crop yields. Net returns per hectare for crops like paddy, mulberry, tomato, and cauliflower increased substantially.
2) Total net revenue for the command area increased dramatically from 2003-2004 levels, rising as much as 768% for some
years. Revenue increased for most major crops grown.
3) The on-demand system allowed year-round cropping in
It is all about saving trees and environment. We know that day by day we cutting trees for our help to get food and home. But in this way we are chopping our self. In this presentation we can know more ideas about saving trees.
Presentation by Alan Nicol from IWMI at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
Around 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases annually due to improper sanitation facilities and lack of clean drinking water. The solution proposes three parts - 1) collecting rainwater from school and college buildings to recharge groundwater, 2) installing water recycling plants in hostels to preserve groundwater, and 3) privatizing sanitation maintenance area-wise to improve hygiene. If implemented nationwide, this could provide clean water and sanitation for all while reducing health issues and economic losses.
1) The document discusses the concepts of irrigation efficiency and water productivity, noting important distinctions in their definitions, scales of analysis, and limitations.
2) It provides an example from Zhanghe Irrigation District in China where improvements to both on-farm water management and water allocation policies led to increased water productivity while maintaining agricultural output.
3) Key lessons are that strategies to improve water management need to consider perspectives of different water user groups and potential impacts at broader basin scales, and that multiple indicators of water productivity are needed to fully understand complex agricultural systems and trade-offs.
26 nov16 proposed_academic_curriculum_for_bachelor_of_technology_in_water_res...IWRS Society
This document proposes a new Bachelor of Technology program in Water Resources Development and Management at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. It provides background on IIT Roorkee and its existing academic departments. It outlines the need and scope for the proposed program given increasing global water issues and the importance of water resources in India. The curriculum structure includes core water resources courses along with engineering sciences, basic sciences, and humanities/social sciences. Comparisons are made to existing civil engineering and other related programs. An overview of credits and course details are provided across 4 years of the program.
Smart Village planning for a selected village.
Suggesting basic infrastructures like solar plant, dam, and waste management system.
Performed Economical analysis, Financial Analysis and Environmental Impact Analysis on all three infrastructures.
This document summarizes three community-based groundwater management pilot projects in Mahabubnagar District, India. The first pilot in Chellapur village involves 5 households sharing water from existing borewells across 54 acres via a pipeline and sprinklers. They collectively manage the borewells. The second pilot in Mukthipahad village involves 5 households and 27 acres, but has not fully established management practices. The third pilot in Gundlapally village is just starting. The document analyzes groundwater availability and usage in the pilots and makes recommendations to improve management and agricultural practices to promote more sustainable groundwater use.
Turkey faces potential water stress as its water supplies are not always available where and when needed to meet increasing demand, with renewable water reserves around 1000 m3 per capita. Wastewater production depends on population and industry, with the highly populated and industrialized Marmara and Sakarya basins accounting for a third of wastewater. Around 50% of wastewater is partly or fully treated, through 121 plants including preliminary, biological, and advanced treatment systems. River basins were prioritized based on pollution, impacts, drinking water, and protected areas to set short, medium, and long term wastewater management targets. Sustainable management requires understanding current conditions and national policies.
The present water crisis has many components of an
environmental, economic and social origin; over uses of water,
pollution, changes in availability, and water mismanagement are
some of the current problems. To cope with these problems and
enhance strategies for long term management, the following
programmes and approaches are presented: (a) A watershed
approach, integrating research, monitoring, database and
management; (b) An improved water governance system based
on participation of stakeholders and the public and private
sectors; (c) Strategic studies considering water and the economy,
water and metropolitan region, water and energy; (d) A
framework for international cooperation on shared watersheds;
(e) An economic evaluation of water resources services (surface
and underground lakes, rivers and reservoirs); (f) A capacity
building program for managers, with an integrated, predictive
and hydrographic basin approach.
Ten Novel and Innovative applications of water energy nexusMrinmoy Majumder
Ten Innovative Application of Water and Energy Nexus. Water used for energy generation or energy used for clean water production both can be referred to as an example of Water-Energy Nexus.This presentation depicts ten such innovative and novel examples of Water and Energy Nexus.
Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in stacked layers or vertically. As the world population grows to 9.2 billion by 2050, vertical farming can help address issues of limited arable land and food security. Vertical farms use technologies like LED lighting, hydroponics, and aeroponics to grow plants faster and with higher yields than traditional farming, while using less water, land, and agrochemicals. Potential disadvantages include high initial costs and energy usage, but vertical farming offers environmental and sustainability benefits for urban food production.
HYDROPOWER ROLE IN STAND-ALONE AND MINI GRID TO POWER SOLUTION IN AFRICAIAEME Publication
Power generation is becoming an issue of concern in developing world, especially in
Africa. There is tremendous population growth in addition to a progressive rise in the use
of electronic devices which has contributed to a greater energy consumption and need.
The three focuses of the strategic electricity plan, namely, supply option, demand
management option and the demand forecasting option are being frustrated with load
shedding management options. Energy is available and enormous, but the challenge of
converting from its existing form to useful form in the form of electricity has to be
addressed if power for all is going to be a reality.
Hydropower (HP) is clean, available, reliable, adequate and renewable. It is
established that about 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. Engaging small
hydropower (SHP) schemes will go a long way solving the menace. Many developed
countries have installed stand-alone and mini grid system with great success. With the
enormous untapped potentials in Africa, it is time we localise installation of SHP, which
is cheaper and requires little technical know-how or skilled labour instead of depending
on large scale HP which takes years to install and also capital intensive even for nations
to handle.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presented by Oyture Anarbekov at a workshop on “Innovations for Improving Drylands in Central Asia” held on December 14-15, 2016 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Zero-acreage farming aims to address food access issues and environmental impacts of conventional farming. It grows produce without using arable land by utilizing vacant urban spaces like rooftops and facades. This project will design a zero-acreage farm for a client using biosystems engineering skills. The design will maximize space efficiently while conserving water and minimizing costs. Research on crop water requirements, lighting, and filtration will inform the design, which will be evaluated using sustainability and production metrics.
This document summarizes key messages from the report "Revitalizing Asia's Irrigation" published by IWMI and FAO. It discusses:
1) Irrigation is important for Asia's agriculture, but systems built in the past need to be adapted for future needs.
2) Asia still needs to invest in irrigation to feed its growing population and improve livelihoods, but must do so sustainably within natural resource limits.
3) Future scenarios point to the need for more irrigation investment, but also improving water and land productivity through reforms outside of water management alone.
This document discusses zero-acreage farming solutions for food desert communities. It recognizes problems with conventional farming like extensive land and water usage and environmental damage. The goals of the project are to select cost-efficient crops, optimize growing conditions, and implement an energy-efficient irrigation system within an indoor containment structure. The design proposes a vertical A-frame system for a food desert in Union City, GA. Spinach, kale, romaine lettuce, and leafy greens are selected. The system is estimated to yield over 15 plants per square meter, significantly more than conventional horizontal farming.
The document discusses developing a renewable energy powered hybrid wind and solar system for irrigation in rural areas. It proposes using wind turbines and solar panels to generate electricity for irrigation pumps and a deep irrigation system using drip irrigation supplied by rainwater harvesting. Wind and solar energy are renewable sources that can power irrigation without pollution. Drip irrigation conserves water by supplying it directly to plant roots, and rainwater harvesting collects rain to use for irrigation and other purposes since water scarcity is a major issue. The system aims to provide sustainable power for irrigation while efficiently using water resources.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Presentation by Alan Nicol from IWMI at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
Around 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases annually due to improper sanitation facilities and lack of clean drinking water. The solution proposes three parts - 1) collecting rainwater from school and college buildings to recharge groundwater, 2) installing water recycling plants in hostels to preserve groundwater, and 3) privatizing sanitation maintenance area-wise to improve hygiene. If implemented nationwide, this could provide clean water and sanitation for all while reducing health issues and economic losses.
1) The document discusses the concepts of irrigation efficiency and water productivity, noting important distinctions in their definitions, scales of analysis, and limitations.
2) It provides an example from Zhanghe Irrigation District in China where improvements to both on-farm water management and water allocation policies led to increased water productivity while maintaining agricultural output.
3) Key lessons are that strategies to improve water management need to consider perspectives of different water user groups and potential impacts at broader basin scales, and that multiple indicators of water productivity are needed to fully understand complex agricultural systems and trade-offs.
26 nov16 proposed_academic_curriculum_for_bachelor_of_technology_in_water_res...IWRS Society
This document proposes a new Bachelor of Technology program in Water Resources Development and Management at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. It provides background on IIT Roorkee and its existing academic departments. It outlines the need and scope for the proposed program given increasing global water issues and the importance of water resources in India. The curriculum structure includes core water resources courses along with engineering sciences, basic sciences, and humanities/social sciences. Comparisons are made to existing civil engineering and other related programs. An overview of credits and course details are provided across 4 years of the program.
Smart Village planning for a selected village.
Suggesting basic infrastructures like solar plant, dam, and waste management system.
Performed Economical analysis, Financial Analysis and Environmental Impact Analysis on all three infrastructures.
This document summarizes three community-based groundwater management pilot projects in Mahabubnagar District, India. The first pilot in Chellapur village involves 5 households sharing water from existing borewells across 54 acres via a pipeline and sprinklers. They collectively manage the borewells. The second pilot in Mukthipahad village involves 5 households and 27 acres, but has not fully established management practices. The third pilot in Gundlapally village is just starting. The document analyzes groundwater availability and usage in the pilots and makes recommendations to improve management and agricultural practices to promote more sustainable groundwater use.
Turkey faces potential water stress as its water supplies are not always available where and when needed to meet increasing demand, with renewable water reserves around 1000 m3 per capita. Wastewater production depends on population and industry, with the highly populated and industrialized Marmara and Sakarya basins accounting for a third of wastewater. Around 50% of wastewater is partly or fully treated, through 121 plants including preliminary, biological, and advanced treatment systems. River basins were prioritized based on pollution, impacts, drinking water, and protected areas to set short, medium, and long term wastewater management targets. Sustainable management requires understanding current conditions and national policies.
The present water crisis has many components of an
environmental, economic and social origin; over uses of water,
pollution, changes in availability, and water mismanagement are
some of the current problems. To cope with these problems and
enhance strategies for long term management, the following
programmes and approaches are presented: (a) A watershed
approach, integrating research, monitoring, database and
management; (b) An improved water governance system based
on participation of stakeholders and the public and private
sectors; (c) Strategic studies considering water and the economy,
water and metropolitan region, water and energy; (d) A
framework for international cooperation on shared watersheds;
(e) An economic evaluation of water resources services (surface
and underground lakes, rivers and reservoirs); (f) A capacity
building program for managers, with an integrated, predictive
and hydrographic basin approach.
Ten Novel and Innovative applications of water energy nexusMrinmoy Majumder
Ten Innovative Application of Water and Energy Nexus. Water used for energy generation or energy used for clean water production both can be referred to as an example of Water-Energy Nexus.This presentation depicts ten such innovative and novel examples of Water and Energy Nexus.
Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in stacked layers or vertically. As the world population grows to 9.2 billion by 2050, vertical farming can help address issues of limited arable land and food security. Vertical farms use technologies like LED lighting, hydroponics, and aeroponics to grow plants faster and with higher yields than traditional farming, while using less water, land, and agrochemicals. Potential disadvantages include high initial costs and energy usage, but vertical farming offers environmental and sustainability benefits for urban food production.
HYDROPOWER ROLE IN STAND-ALONE AND MINI GRID TO POWER SOLUTION IN AFRICAIAEME Publication
Power generation is becoming an issue of concern in developing world, especially in
Africa. There is tremendous population growth in addition to a progressive rise in the use
of electronic devices which has contributed to a greater energy consumption and need.
The three focuses of the strategic electricity plan, namely, supply option, demand
management option and the demand forecasting option are being frustrated with load
shedding management options. Energy is available and enormous, but the challenge of
converting from its existing form to useful form in the form of electricity has to be
addressed if power for all is going to be a reality.
Hydropower (HP) is clean, available, reliable, adequate and renewable. It is
established that about 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. Engaging small
hydropower (SHP) schemes will go a long way solving the menace. Many developed
countries have installed stand-alone and mini grid system with great success. With the
enormous untapped potentials in Africa, it is time we localise installation of SHP, which
is cheaper and requires little technical know-how or skilled labour instead of depending
on large scale HP which takes years to install and also capital intensive even for nations
to handle.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presented by Oyture Anarbekov at a workshop on “Innovations for Improving Drylands in Central Asia” held on December 14-15, 2016 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Zero-acreage farming aims to address food access issues and environmental impacts of conventional farming. It grows produce without using arable land by utilizing vacant urban spaces like rooftops and facades. This project will design a zero-acreage farm for a client using biosystems engineering skills. The design will maximize space efficiently while conserving water and minimizing costs. Research on crop water requirements, lighting, and filtration will inform the design, which will be evaluated using sustainability and production metrics.
This document summarizes key messages from the report "Revitalizing Asia's Irrigation" published by IWMI and FAO. It discusses:
1) Irrigation is important for Asia's agriculture, but systems built in the past need to be adapted for future needs.
2) Asia still needs to invest in irrigation to feed its growing population and improve livelihoods, but must do so sustainably within natural resource limits.
3) Future scenarios point to the need for more irrigation investment, but also improving water and land productivity through reforms outside of water management alone.
This document discusses zero-acreage farming solutions for food desert communities. It recognizes problems with conventional farming like extensive land and water usage and environmental damage. The goals of the project are to select cost-efficient crops, optimize growing conditions, and implement an energy-efficient irrigation system within an indoor containment structure. The design proposes a vertical A-frame system for a food desert in Union City, GA. Spinach, kale, romaine lettuce, and leafy greens are selected. The system is estimated to yield over 15 plants per square meter, significantly more than conventional horizontal farming.
The document discusses developing a renewable energy powered hybrid wind and solar system for irrigation in rural areas. It proposes using wind turbines and solar panels to generate electricity for irrigation pumps and a deep irrigation system using drip irrigation supplied by rainwater harvesting. Wind and solar energy are renewable sources that can power irrigation without pollution. Drip irrigation conserves water by supplying it directly to plant roots, and rainwater harvesting collects rain to use for irrigation and other purposes since water scarcity is a major issue. The system aims to provide sustainable power for irrigation while efficiently using water resources.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Solar Powered Automatic Drip Irrigation System (SPADIS) using Wireless Sensor...IRJET Journal
This document describes a solar powered automatic drip irrigation system called SPADIS that was designed and tested in India. SPADIS uses solar panels, batteries, a microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, and a water pump integrated with a wireless sensor network to automatically irrigate crops. This provides water only when needed based on soil moisture readings, saving water and labor while improving agricultural yields. The system was tested on an 18 square meter plot in India and was found to meet irrigation needs while using less water than conventional irrigation methods.
A review on use of sea water & solar power for agricultural purpose in co...pradip patel
In Coastal area plants do not grow properly because of the seawater. So to overcome these difficulties, the use of this technique can provide a proper plant growth. The seawater combines a solar desalination system with an environment for cultivating crops in which transpiration is minimized. To provide fresh water we use sunlight, seawater and cooled humid air to supply more sustainable environment condition for cultivation of crops in arid coastal region. This project tries to describe simulation the seawater considering condition of the arid region in district like Kutch (Gujarat) and in many countries like Iran, Oman. With desalination of seawater, it aims to provide sustainable local production of food by combining a growing environment in which water usage is minimized by solar energy. The technique is adapted for farms in arid coastal region that are suffering from salt infected soils and shortages of potable ground water. This technique may produce around 90-95% of total fresh water
IRJET- Boosting Irrigation using Wsn with Blaney-Criddle : Indian AgricultureIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to boost Indian agriculture through efficient irrigation management using wireless sensor networks and the Blaney-Criddle method. Sensors would monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity in cultivated fields and transmit that data to a base station. A decision support system would then calculate the optimal water needs for irrigation of different crops in specific zones based on the sensor data and historical patterns, helping farmers better manage water resources. The system is intended to address water scarcity and promote more efficient irrigation practices in Indian agriculture.
Performance Optimization of an Integrated Solar Desalination SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on optimizing the performance of an integrated solar desalination system using multi-stage heat recovery processes. The system uses solar energy to power a desalination process to convert salt water into fresh water. Researchers built an experimental system and analyzed its performance on sunny and cloudy days. They found the system produced almost twice as much fresh water on sunny days compared to cloudy days due to higher solar intensity. The document reviews previous studies on related solar desalination systems and proposes further analyzing the experimental system using theoretical models to validate the performance parameters.
IRJET- Feasibility of Superficial Small and Micro-Hydro Power Plants in EgyptIRJET Journal
This document discusses the feasibility of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in Egypt. It begins by providing background on hydroelectric power globally, including that it is a renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases. It then discusses hydroelectric power specifically in Egypt, including details on existing dams and plants. The document proposes two potential locations in Egypt for small hydroelectric plants: 1) Using the water pumping machinery already in place for agricultural irrigation in villages. 2) Installing hydroelectric turbines at existing water and sewage treatment stations, of which there are over 2,700 in Egypt. It provides a basic technical overview of how a superficial hydroelectric plant would be designed and estimates the total cost to develop such a system would
Research paper Pressur tube emmiter Anlaysis ofmicrotube emitter of trickle...Col Islam Ul Haq
This document analyzes the uniformity of application and pressure variation of microtube emitters in a trickle irrigation system installed on 1.2 acres of citrus orchard in Pakistan. The study found that the discharge of microtube emitters varied from 15.67 to 8.67 L/h under pressure heads of 10.56 to 7 m when the system was operated at 10.54 m pressure head. Water application uniformity was above 80%, indicating proper system design and dimensions. Pressure variation along laterals caused a 2.03 m drop in one block and 2.4 m drop in another. Coefficient of variation for pressure was 12% in one block and 27% in the other.
IRJET- A Novel Approach to Smart FarmingIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a novel approach for smart farming using data analytics and IoT technologies. It aims to help farmers overcome agricultural challenges by predicting crop success/failure ratios using analytical techniques.
2) It reviews related works that use sensors and decision support systems to facilitate irrigation management, integrate smart agriculture and clean energy systems, and estimate phenotyping variables using optical sensors.
3) It also discusses using a UAV+UGV system to estimate soil nitrogen levels across a farm to help reduce fertilizer usage and the challenges of large-scale IoT implementations in agriculture.
IRJET- A Novel Approach to Smart FarmingIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a novel approach for smart farming using data analytics and IoT technologies. It aims to help farmers overcome agricultural challenges by predicting the success or failure ratio of crop cultivation.
2) Data from soil sensors and environmental sensors would be analyzed to determine the natural resources in the soil and predict which crops are best suited to a particular land area.
3) This approach provides farmers with smart agricultural practices to improve yields and helps address issues from a lack of knowledge about soil resources and challenges in choosing suitable crops.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
This document discusses hybrid renewable energy systems and their suitability for rural regions in India. It notes that about 75% of India's population lives in rural areas that often face electricity shortages, hindering development. Hybrid systems that combine two or more renewable sources like biomass, wind, solar, and hydro could help address this issue by providing a more reliable supply. The document outlines several hybrid system examples and notes their advantages like increased reliability, flexibility, and lower operating costs compared to individual renewable systems. However, hybrid systems also present challenges like complex power conditioning, stochastic resource availability, and coordination with electric grids.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study of a solar PV water pumping system designed to irrigate 0.165 hectares of banana crops in Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India. The system was sized to meet the peak daily water requirement of 9.72 cubic meters. The life cycle cost analysis found that the initial cost of the PV system was higher than a diesel pumping system, but the PV system had lower operation and maintenance costs over its 20-year lifespan. As a result, the total 20-year life cycle cost of the PV system was estimated to be Rs. 1,32,924 while the diesel system was estimated to be higher at Rs. 7,59,069. The study concluded that solar PV pumping systems
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology that examines optimizing cropping patterns in an irrigation project area. It begins with background on the journal and outlines the objectives of determining optimal cropping patterns given land and water availability. It then reviews previous related studies and describes the study area which is the Mayurakshi Command Area in India. Key concepts are introduced, such as dividing the area into blocks based on agronomic, economic, climatic and rainfall factors. The problem is formulated with the objective of maximizing net return defined as revenue from crop sales minus expenses. Equations are provided to calculate net return per unit area for each crop, soil class, and block based on yield, prices
This document analyzes the viability of solar photovoltaic water pumping systems for small-scale irrigation in Senegal compared to diesel and grid-connected options. It models water pumping for plot sizes of 0.1, 1, and 5 hectares, representing about 90% of Senegalese farmers. The modeling covers capital and operating costs for diesel, grid, and solar PV pumping systems over a 10-year period based on local irrigation needs and system parameters. The analysis seeks to understand the potential market opportunity for solar pumping in Senegal's agriculture sector.
This document reviews using renewable energy for water desalination, specifically reverse osmosis desalination powered by hybrid renewable energy systems. It provides an overview of global and domestic desalination capacities and trends. Saudi Arabia relies heavily on desalination for its water needs due to limited freshwater resources. While fossil fuels currently power most desalination, renewable energy sources like solar and wind offer a cleaner alternative. The review analyzes various studies on combining renewable sources like solar, wind, and hybrid systems to power desalination processes.
IRJET- Review Paper on Water Pumping System using WindmillIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of windmills for water pumping. It reviews previous research on wind-powered water pumping systems. One study found that increasing wind speed increased water discharge from a windmill pump. Another study determined the power delivered by a windmill to be a function of wind speed. The document also describes the components of a wind turbine and problems with current wind power systems in India. It proposes a small, vertical axis wind turbine for urban and irrigation use that could work at low, inconsistent wind speeds in a more affordable and beneficial way.
Study of Wind biomass hybrid model for rural electrificationIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a proposed wind-biomass hybrid system for rural electrification in Leh Ladakh, India. The system aims to address energy challenges in the region by integrating wind turbines, biomass generators, and battery storage. A techno-economic analysis of the system was conducted using HOMER software to optimize component sizing and minimize costs. Preliminary results showed the hybrid system could meet community energy demands economically while providing a reliable off-grid power supply.
Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case St...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.
Similar to Optimal Sizing and Economical Analysis of PV-Wind Hybrid Power System for Water Irrigation using Genetic Algorithm (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 4, August 2017 : 1797 – 1814
1798
those used for other crops, can raise olive production, in some cases by a factor of six compared to the dry-
land output [6]. Olive production plays an important role in the economy of many Mediterranean countries
and it is considered one of the important crops in Egypt. The Egyptian government supports the cultivation
of Sinai olive to increase production and attention to its quality especially after the global standing occupied
by Sinai olive worldwide. Therefore, two different locations in Sinai with different meteorological conditions
are selected for cultivation ten acres of olive that irrigated by harvest rainwater. Olives have many proven
health benefits; it is used for good nutritional (as fresh pickling and for oil production) and medical purposes.
The health benefits of olive oil include treatment for cancers of the colon, breast and stomach. In addition to
its benefits for treatment diabetes, heart problems, arthritis pain, high cholesterol, metabolism and
digestion [7].
The widely utilization of water pumping systems for irrigation applications with attention of scarcity
of fossil resources used in traditional water pumping systems, prices’ rise and undesirable environmental
impacts, it seems essential to replace them with new energy sources. Renewable energies exploit energy
sources of natural origin (sun, wind, water...). They represent energies of future in the measure where they
are inexhaustible and preserve the environment [8]. Wind and solar systems in form of hybrid systems can
operate as independent power provider, which can supply loads without connecting to the network and island
mode [9]. Small scale renewable power system can make a significant contribution for pumping operation in
agriculture [10], [11]. This paper presents an economic optimization methodology using Genetic Algorithms
(GA) for standalone PV system, standalone wind system and standalone PV-wind hybrid system for
powering an irrigating pumping system and a farmer’s house. Abu-Rudies and El-Arish regions in Sinai,
Egypt are the two sites under consideration. The optimization has been carried out using HOGA, the
powerful software tool which successfully determined the best technical and economic system to adopt for
the site [12]. An irrigation pump of 1.5 kW and a discharge rate of 34 m3
/h is used for irrigating ten acres of
olive in Abu-Rudies and El-Arish regions to increase their productivity and hence to contribute on the
economic development.
2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
For the optimization and economical evaluation of renewable power systems, it is required to
provide the availability of renewable energy sources over a period of one year. The details of the selected
components such as technical and economical data must be entered. The cost of each component includes
capital cost, replacement cost, operation and maintenance cost. Also, the detailed data of the electrical load
should be identified. The block diagram of the suggested PV-wind hybrid system which is considered in this
paper is shown in Figure 1. It consists of solar PV array, wind turbines, battery bank and inverter. The costs
and specifications of different system components are shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4
respectively.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the suggested PV-wind hybrid system
Table 1. PV modules costs and specifications
Type Nominal
voltage (V)
Short
circuit
current
(A)
Nominal
power (Wp)
Acquisition
cost($)
Replacement
cost($)
Operation and
maintenance cost
per year ($/year)
Life span
(years)
Panel 1
Panel 2
Panel 3
12
12
12
3.17
4.18
7.54
50
80
125
387
564
892
Null
Null
Null
40
40
40
25
25
25
PV Array
Wind
Turbines
Charge
Regulator
Battery
Bank
Inverter
AC Load
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Table 2. Wind turbines costs and specifications
Type Nominal
power (Wp)
Acquisition
cost($)
Replacement
cost($)
Operation and maintenance
cost per year ($/year)
Life span
(years)
WT1
WT2
WT3
275
640
3500
2273
3013
7500
Null
Null
Null
50
50
50
25
25
25
Table 3. Batteries costs and specifications
Type Nominal
capacity(Ah)
Voltage (V) Acquisition
cost($)
Replacement
cost($)
Maintenance cost
per year ($/year)
Life span
(years)
Battery 1
Battery 2
Battery 3
Battery 4
43
96
200
462
12
12
12
12
155
258
555
1017
155
258
555
1017
40
40
40
40
10
10
10
10
Table 4. Inverters costs and specifications
Type Nominal
power (kVA)
Acquisition
cost($)
Replacement
cost($)
Maintenance cost
per year ($/year)
Efficiency (%) Lifespan
Inverter 1
Inverter 2
Inverter 3
Inverter 4
2.2
3.3
4.5
5.5
2300
3200
4300
5200
2300
3200
4300
5200
40
40
40
40
85
85
85
85
10
10
10
10
3. RESOURCES DATA
The first step for determining the optimal configuration of the suggested renewable power systems
is studying the availability of solar and wind energy sources at a particular location. The annual data of wind
speed and solar radiation for Abu-Rudies and El-Arish locations are presented in the following sections.
3.1. Abu-Rudies Location
Abu -Radius region was exposed every year to heavy rain and torrents leading to a heavy financial
losses and human damages. This water is flowing and stored in a lake, it is estimated to ranging from 8 to 12
million cubic meters which can be utilized for the purposes of agriculture. This water can be used for
irrigating a farm of ten acres of olive. Abu-Rudies is located in the south of the Sinai at 28o
53'
N latitude and
33° 11' E longitude with annual average wind speed of 4.5 m/s and annual average solar radiation of 6.62
KWh/m²/day. The yearly wind speed and yearly solar radiation of Abu-Rudies region are shown in Figure 2
and Figure 3 respectively [13].
Figure 2. Abu-Rudies yearly wind speed variation Figure 3. Abu-Rudies yearly solar radiation variation
3.2. El-Arish Location
El-Arish is located in the north of the Sinai. El-Arish is one of the main water storage areas;
especially this place is characterized by very prolific rain. In addition, it has rainwater harvesting projects,
which is the collecting of falling water from over the mountains and stored in dams and reservoirs such as El-
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
WindSpeed(m/s)
Scaled data
Baseline data
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
SolarRadiation(kW/m²)
Scaled data
Baseline data
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Arish dam and Terre valley Dam. Table 5 indicates the maximum monthly amount of rainfall in El-Arish
recorded by the meteorological station in El-Arish [14].
The latitude and longitude of this site is 31o
16' N and 33o
45' E respectively. The meteorological
conditions during the year, i.e., the yearly wind speed and solar radiation of this location are illustrated in
Figure 4 and Figure5 respectively. The annual average solar radiation and the annual average wind speed
obtained from the Egyptian solar radiation atlas are 5.78 KWh/m2
/day and 2.1 m/s respectively [13].
Table 5. The maximum monthly amount of rainfall in El-Arish
Figure 4. El-Arish yearly wind speed variation Figure5. El-Arish yearly solar radiation variation
4. ELECTRICAL LOAD ESTIMATION
The energy required for the irrigation pump depends on the number of the irrigated acres, the
amount of water per acre and the total head. Therefore, the first step for designing water irrigating system is
to determine the daily amount of water required for the irrigating plant. Table 6 shows the amount of water
required for irrigating one tree of olive per day at different months and different growth ages in Egypt [15].
For irrigating ten acres of olive, we must calculate the number of trees of ten acres as follow:
a. The required area for one tree growth is 4 m×6 m = 24 m2
b. Number of trees per acre: 4026/24= 167.75 tree /acre
c. We assumed the number of trees per acre to be about 170 trees
d. Number of trees for10 acres = 170*10 = 1700 trees
Electrical load estimation is based on the maximum amount of water required for irrigating 10 acres
of olive. It is observed that, the maximum amount of water required for irrigation is during the sixth year of
growth. Also, it is observed that the water demand is the highest during Apr-Sep. months, while it is the
lowest during Nov-Feb. months as shown in Table 6. Accordingly, the amount of water required for
irrigating 10 acres per day at different months is indicated in Table 7. The peak water requirement is selected
for estimating the size of the irrigation pump which is needed for lifting this amount of water to a height of
10 meter.
During the heavy rainy months (Nov. - Feb.) the daily electrical load decreases, since the irrigation
pump will be out of operation at all. Also, olive irrigation is needed only for a few hours a day; therefore, this
pump operates only for five hours daily. In this study, the design of irrigation system is based on the
following assumptions and criteria: Total irrigated area is 10 acres; Peak water requirement is 170 m3
/day,
number of irrigation hours is 5 hours/day (from 6:00 AM to 9:00 AM and from 5:00 PM to7:00 PM), pump
discharge rate is 34 m3
/hour for pumping the water to a head of 10 meter. Based on these assumptions, it is
found that the appropriate pump is ICH - ICH200/6BRM single-phase centrifugal pump [16]. The
specifications of this pump are given in Table 8.
Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec
.
Max.
amount of
rain(mm)
9.8 10.1 4.6 2.7 6.4 0 0 0 0 6 6.6 18.5
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The electrical energy consumption of the irrigation pumping system is 7.5kWh per day. The total
electrical load consists of an irrigation pump and some electrical appliances for the farmer’s house such as
television, compact fluorescent lamps, ceiling fan, refrigerator and washing machine as indicated in Table 9.
Figure 6 illustrates the daily load profile for a typical two days of winter and summer seasons.
Table 6. The amount of water required for irrigating one tree/day of olive at different months and different
growth ages in Egypt
Ages by years Quantity of water by liter/ tree/day
Jan. & Feb. Mar. Apr.—Sep. Oct. Nov. & Dec.
1
2
3
4
5
6
More than 6
10
20
25
30
35
40
50
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
20
25
30
35
40
50
Table 7. The amount of water required for irrigating 10 acres per day
Month Jan. - Feb. &Nov. - Dec. Mar. & Oct. Apr.— Sep.
Quantity of water (m3
/day) 85 136 170
Table 8. Irrigation pump specifications
Pump Model Power(KW) Max. head(m) Max. discharge (m3/h)
ICH200/6BRM 1.5 12 36
Table 9.The daily electrical load requirement
Load type No. of units Load power (W) No. of operation hours
TV 1 100 10 AM -12 AM
&
7 PM -10 PM
Energy saving lamp 5 10 7 PM -12 PM
Outdoor lamp 2 20 7 PM - 6 AM
Refrigerator 1 600 24 hour
Washing machine 1 500 12 PM - 3 PM
Ceiling fan 1 80 9 AM - 6 PM
Pump 1 1500 6 AM - 9AM
&
5 PM - 7 PM
Figure 6. Hourly electrical load profile for a typical day in winter and a typical day in summer
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5. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF RENEWABLE POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The mathematical models of the proposed three renewable power system components will be
described in the following sections.
5.1. PV Array Model
Output electric power from PV module is given by the following Equation [11]:
rMMM IAP (1)
Where M is the power conversion efficiency of the PV module, AM (m2
) is the surface area of PV module
and Ir (W/m2
) is the solar irradiance. For PV generator, voltage and current of PV module is usually scaled-up
by connecting PV modules in series and parallel to constitute the PV array. The output power of the solar PV
array can be represented as follow [17]:
Mpsarray PNNP (2)
Where, Ns, Np and PM are the PV modules in series, parallel and the PV module power respectively.
5.2. Wind Turbine Model
Power output of the wind turbine generator at a specific site depends on wind speed at hub height
and speed characteristics of the turbine. The power extracted from the wind turbine can be calculated using
the following Equations [18]:
3
2
1
windpwind AVCp (3)
Where, ρ is the air density (kg/m3
), A is the rotor swept area (m2
), Vwind is the wind speed (m/s) and CP is the
power coefficient of the wind turbine.
5.3. Battery Model
When there is an excess of energy produced by the PV generator and the wind turbine, after meeting
the load demand this energy will be used to charge the battery bank and store it for future use. Equation (4)
represents the total power generated by the PV array and the wind turbines at the time t [19].
)()()( tPtPtP WPVG (4)
During the charging process, when the total output of all generators exceeds the load demand, the available
battery bank capacity at hour t can be described by [18]:
))()(()1()( tPtPtPtP LGBATBAT (5)
When the available power generated from the PV and wind generators is less than the load demand, the
battery discharges, and therefore, the available battery bank capacity at time t can be expressed as [18]:
))()(()1()( tPtPtPtP GLBATBAT (6)
Where PBAT (t) is battery capacity at time t, PBAT (t-1) is battery capacity at an earlier time (t-1).
6. ECONOMICAL MODELING
The aim of this study is to achieve an optimally designed standalone renewable power system in
terms of cost of energy and system power reliability. The best possible or optimum system configuration is
the one that satisfies the user-specified constraints at the objective function. In this study the objective
function is the minimization of total Net Present Cost (NPC) of renewable power system which can be
represented by [20], [21]:
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iii
m
i
iT CSCROCMCIC
&
1
(7)
Where CT is the total system cost, m is the number of energy sources used, CIi is the initial capital
cost, CM&Oi is maintenance and operation cost, CRi is replacement cost and CSi is the salvage cost at the end
of the project. In order to calculate the present value of the future expense for a single payment such as
replacement cost and salvage value that occurring in a specific year n at given interest rate i, the following
formula can be used [20], [21]:
nF
i
F
P
1
(8)
For accounting the present value of an annual expense such as operation and maintenance cost over
a period of years n the following formulas can be used [21], [22]:
CRF
A
PA (9)
The initial capital cost CIi is converted into annual capital cost A using the following capital-recovery factor
(CRF) [19], [21]:
1)1(
)1(
n
n
i
ii
CRF (10)
Where, PF and PA are the present worth for the sum of money for the single payment and annual
payment respectively, F is the single payment, A is the annual payment, n is the project life time and CRF is
the capital recovery factor which determines the periodic payment necessary to pay back that sum of money
at interest rate i over n periods. The cost of energy (COE) is the cost of generating 1 kWh of energy utilized
by the load, and can be calculated as follows [23], [24]:
TALE
TAC
COE (11)
Where TAC is the total annual cost and TALE is the total annual load energy.
7. CONSTRAINS
Genetic algorithm is used as optimization tool; where the objective function is to minimize the cost
of the system over its 25 years of operation subject to power balance reliability constrains. For each time t,
the total power of PV-wind -battery system, must supply the load (PL) demand with a certain reliability
criterion. This relationship can be represented by [23]:
LBATWPV PPPP (12)
Constraints of battery capacity
maxmin BATBATBAT PPP (13)
To keep the battery from being undercharged or overcharged, the battery state of charge (SOC) can
not exceed the largest charge quantity and least charge quantity of battery. It must stay between the minimum
and maximum state of charge, SOCmin and SOCmax, respectively. This can be described by the Equation [23]:
maxmin SOCSOCSOC (14)
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The battery keeps at high state of charge, 100% as a maximum value and 40% as a minimum value.
8. OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY
The proposed sizing methodology for the cost minimization (objective function) of renewable power
system is carried out using a genetic algorithms (GA) approach. GA is selected for power system
optimization because it has shown to be highly applicable to cases of large nonlinear systems; it is emerging
as popular method for the solution of complex engineering problems. GAs have been applied to the design
of large power distribution systems and the solution of power economic dispatch problems because of their
ability to handle complex problems with linear or non-linear cost functions both, accurately and
efficiently[25], [26]. The GA possesses superior features that make it common for optimization purposes,
especially for hybrid systems. Its performance for searching the global optimum is extremely efficient, and is
very suitable for optimization problems of a great number of optimized parameters [27].
8.1. GA Principles
HOGA is a software package which used for optimizing both, the system components (main genetic
algorithm) and the control strategy (secondary genetic algorithm). GA is used to evaluate both conditions in
minimizing the total net present cost for optimum configuration [28]. GA is based on the principles of natural
genetics and natural selection and uses three operators to imitate the natural evolution processes. GA
operators: selection, crossover and mutation are used to evolve the population from its current generation to
the next whose average fitness value should ideally be better. New generations are thus evolved from the
knowledge of previous generations and since the fitter individuals in the population are the ones selected for
crossover their good genes (good solutions) over time dominate the population and the algorithm converges
to an optimum. With proper parameter selection, GA’s are capable of obtaining a suitable global optimum
solution [29].
8.2. GA Implementation
The GA flowchart which is used in sizing calculation is depicted in Figure 7. GA selects individuals
at random from the current population to be parents and uses them to produce the children for the next
generation by using the three main operations, which are the selection, crossover, and mutation operations.
Then, it can repeatedly modify a population of individual solutions, where, over successive generations, the
population evolves toward an optimal solution. Implementation of the GA to find the best system parameters
that met the objective function can be summarized in the following steps [30], [31]:
1. Initially, the main algorithm randomly assigned a set of vectors Nm for sizing the hybrid system, each
vectors representing a possible configuration of PV panels, battery and wind generator.
2. The secondary algorithm is a GA that searches for the best control strategy for each combination of
components in the main algorithm in order to minimize the NPC.
a) The control strategy vector Nsec is randomly assigned by the secondary algorithm for each Nm vector,
each vector representing a possible dispatch strategy in order to minimize the NPC.
b) The Nsec vectors are evaluated by means of their aptitude.
c) The Nest vectors have a greater probability of reproducing themselves, crossing with other vectors. In
each cross of two vectors, two new vectors are obtained (descendents). The descendents are
evaluated and the best of them replace the worst individuals of the previous generation (iteration).
d) To find the optimal solution and not to stay in local minimal, some solutions randomly change some
of their components (mutation). The mutations can effect the change of the control strategy or the
change of a bit of SOC set point
e) The individuals (vectors) obtained from reproduction and mutation is evaluated, making the next
generation.
f) The loop of generation is repeated (from b to e) until the best individuals identified and the determined
number of generations (Ngen_main_max) have been evaluated
3. Nm solutions will have been obtained (vectors of the main algorithm with their optimal dispatch strategies).
The Nm solutions are evaluated by means of their aptitude.
4. Reproduction, crossing and mutation are carried out on the obtained solutions, making the next generation.
5. Go to Step #2 and repeat the above steps sequentially until a determined number of generations
(Ngen_sec_max) have been evaluated. The best solution obtained is that which has the lowest value of NPC.
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Figure7. Flow chart of the Genetic Algorithm (GA)
9. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For the proposed three system configurations, PV array and wind turbines represent the power
generators. While the battery bank is used for storing the surplus energy and supplying it when there is a
deficit of available power to cover the load demands. The optimal simulation results have been obtained with
the following values: main algorithm generations are 20, main algorithm populations are 20, secondary
algorithm generations are 20, and secondary algorithm populations are 20, the crossover rate is 0.9 and the
mutation rate is 0.1 The economical comparison between the three proposed renewable power systems was
carried out by calculating the NPC of the proposed power systems in the two selected locations. The
simulation results are discussed in the following sections.
9.1. Abu –Radius Location
9.1.1. Standalone PV System
Based on the optimization results, the optimal size of each component of standalone PV system is
illustrated in Figure 8. The components type and their number are; the rated power of PV array is 1.44 kWp
(2s 9p of 80 Wp module), the battery bank’s rated capacity is 43.7 kWh (2s19p battery with nominal
capacity of 96 Ah) and 2.20kW inverter. The battery charge regulator current is 407.6A and the minimum
SOC for the battery is 46% (control strategy is to achieve minimum SOC for the battery at 40%). The optimal
system NPC is $ 38122. The cost of the different components of this system as a percentage of the NPC is
shown in Figure 9. It is observed that, the PV panels cost 26.84% ($ 10152) of the NPC, the battery bank has
the largest share of 54.23% ($20515) and the inverter plus the auxiliary components e. g. charge regulator
have cost of 18.93% ($7171).
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Figure8. Optimal unit size of standalone PV system Figure 9. Cost of the different elements in percentage
of the total net present cost
The annual energy balance of standalone PV system is described in Figure 10. The overall load
energy is 8338 kWh/yr and the unmet load is 19.8 KWh/yr. The convergence of NPC towards the optimum
value as a function of the main algorithm generations is presented in Figure11. Also, this figure shows that
there is no CO2 emission since the used renewable energy sources produce zero CO2 during operation.
Figure10. The annual energy balance of PV system
Figure11. Net present cost versus the number of generations
9.1.2. Standalone Wind System
Figure 12 shows the optimal size of each component of standalone wind system. Based on the
optimization results, the components type and their number in this system are; wind generator rated power is
21 kW (6×3500 W of DC wind turbine), the battery bank’s rated capacity is 33.6 kWh (2s7p battery with
nominal capacity of 200 Ah) and 2.2 kW inverter. The battery charge regulator current is 830 A and the
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minimum SOC allowed for the battery is 40%. The NPC of the standalone wind system is $65079. Figure 13
shows the cost of the different components of this system as a percentage of the NPC, it is observed that, the
wind turbines have the highest share of 66.42 % ($ 43028) of the NPC, the battery bank shares by 17.92%
($11610) and the inverter plus the auxiliary components share by 15.65% ($10141). Figure 14 shows the
annual energy balance of wind system. The unmet load is 65.1 KWh/yr. Figure 15 shows the convergence of
NPC towards the optimum value as a function of the main algorithm generations.
Figure12. The optimal unit size of standalone wind
system
Figure13.Cost of the different elements in
percentage of the total net present cost
Figure14. The annual energy balance of standalone wind system
Figure15. Net present cost versus the number of generations
9.1.3. Standalone PV-Wind Hybrid System
The optimal components size of PV--wind hybrid system is shown in Figure 16. Based on the
optimization results, the components type and their number of this system are; the PV array rated power is
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0.5 kW (2s5p of 50 Wp module), the wind generator rated power is 2.56kW (4 DC wind turbines of 640
W), the battery bank’s rated capacity is 25.3 KWh (2s 11p battery with nominal capacity of 96 Ah) and 2.2
kW inverter. The battery charge regulator current is 218.2A and the minimum SOC for the battery is 46%.
The cost of the different components of this system as a percentage of the NPC is illustrated in
Figure. 17. The NPC is $37433, the PV generator shares by 10.42. % ($3870 ) of the NPC, the wind
generator shares by 39.42% ($ 14637 ), the battery bank shares by 34.47% ($12801) and the inverter plus the
auxiliary components share by 15.69% ($5825 ). It is observed that the battery bank and the wind generator
are the most costly items.
Figure 16. The optimal unit size of PV-wind hybrid system Figure 17. Cost of the different elements in
the percentage of total net present cost
Also, the contribution of individual system component participating in the hybrid system is shown
in Figure 18. The major share of the energy comes from PV array (8288 kWh) while the contribution of wind
generator is small (5247kWh) and the unmet load is 135.6 KWh/yr. The convergence of NPC towards the
optimum value as a function of the main algorithm generations is indicated in Figure 19.
Figure18. The annual energy balance of PV-wind hybrid system
The PV-wind hybrid system with the lowest NPC is recognized as the most economically feasible
option at Abu-Rudies location. It is recommended to utilize the hybrid PV–wind system for power generation
in Abu-Rudies region rather than wind power system or PV power system alone.
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Figure 19. Net present cost versus the number of generations
9.2. El-Arish Location
9.2.1. Standalone PV System
Figure 20 shows the optimal size of standalone PV system components in El-Arish location. Based
on the optimization results, the components type and their number of this system are; the PV array rated
power is 1.1 kWp (2s ×11p of 50 Wp module), the battery bank’s rated capacity is 43.7 kWh (2 s×19p battery
with nominal capacity of 96 Ah) and 2.20 kW inverter. The battery charge regulator current is 259.7A and
the minimum SOC for the battery is 46%. The NPC is $ 35450. Figure 21 shows the cost of the different
components of the system as a percentage of the NPC. It is observed that, the PV shares by 24.22% ($ 8514),
the battery bank shares by 58.38% ($20519) and the inverter plus auxiliary components share by
17.4 %( $6117). This study revealed that the major share of the cost is for the battery bank. The annual
energy balance of standalone PV system is described in Figure 22. The unmet load is 163.4 KWh/yr. Figure
23 illustrates the convergence of NPC towards the optimum value as a function of the main algorithm
generations.
Figure 20. Optimal unit size of standalone PV system Figure 21. Cost of the different elements in
percentage of the total net present cost
Figure 22. Annual energy balance of PV system
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Figure 23. Net present cost versus the number of generations
9.2.2. Standalone Wind System
The optimal size of the standalone wind system components is shown in Figure 24. Based on the
optimization results, the components type and their number are; the wind generator rated power is 45.5 kW
(13×3500 W of DC wind turbine), the battery bank’s rated capacity is 57.6 kWh (2s×12p battery with
nominal capacity of 200 Ah) and 2.2 kW inverter. The battery charge regulator current is 1219.9A and the
minimum SOC allowed for the battery is 58%. The NPC is $127450. Figure 25 shows the contribution of
system components as a percentage of the NPC, the wind sharing is 73.32 % ($ 93227), the battery bank
shares by 16.54% ($21031) and the inverter plus the auxiliary components share by 10.14% ($12892). Figure
26 shows the annual energy balance of the standalone wind system. The unmet load is 343.5 KWh/yr. Figure
27 describes the convergence of NPC towards the optimum value as a function of the main algorithm
generations.
Figure 24. Optimal unit size of standalone wind system Figure 25. Cost of the different elements in
percentage of the total net present cost
Figure 26. Annual energy balance of wind system
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Figure 27. Net present cost versus the number of generations
9.2.3. Standalone PV-Wind Hybrid System
The optimal size of the components of hybrid PV-wind system is shown in Figure 28. The
components type and their number of this system are; the PV array rated power is1.1kW (2s ×11p of 50 Wp
module), the wind generator rated power is 0.55kW (2 × 275 W of DC wind turbine), the battery bank’s rated
capacity is 41.4 kWh (2 s×18p battery with nominal capacity of 96 Ah) and 2.2 kW inverter. The battery
charge regulator current is 264.4A and the minimum SOC allowed for the battery is 46%. The NPC is
$40696. Figure 29 shows the costs of the different components of the hybrid PV-wind system as a percentage
of the total NPC, the PV shares by 20.93 % ($8514) of the total NPC, the wind generator shares by 14.35%
($ 5838), the battery bank shares by 49.59%($20166) and the inverter plus auxiliary components share by
15.12% ($6151). The annual energy balance of the hybrid PV-wind system is shown in Figure 30. It is
observed that, the major share of the energy comes from solar PV (15945 kWh) while the contribution of
wind generator is very small (197 kWh). The unmet load is 153.3 KWh/yr. The convergence of NPC towards
the optimum value as a function of the main algorithm generations is presented in Figure 31.
Figure 28. Optimal unit size of hybrid PV-W system Figure 29. Cost of the different elements in
percentage of the total net present cost
Since the solar potential of El-Arish location is more than the wind capacity, energy production by
standalone PV system has the lowest NPC. It is observed that, wind speed is relatively weak throughout El-
Arish area with an average value of 2.1 m/s. It is too low to be used to produce the electrical energy in an
economic manner; this can be confirmed by the highest NPC of the standalone wind system. The standalone
PV system is the most economical and practical one. This can be attributed to the high average solar radiation
of 6.5 KWh/m2
/day. The cost of hybrid system is between standalone PV and standalone wind systems.
Table 10 summarizes the simulation results of the three suggested system’ configurations including
the optimal unit size of each component in the system, the optimal NPC and the cost of energy (COE) for the
two locations under consideration. With respect to Al-Arish region, comparing the three system configuration
with respect to NPC and COE , both the NPC and COE of the PV system is lower than those for both the
hybrid PV- wind system and standalone wind system which could be attributed to the abundance of solar
energy at this location. For Abu-Rudies, PV-wind system has the lowest NPC and COE compared to PV
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system and wind system. As the water irrigation demand is seasonal, therefore using the renewable power
systems for powering other applications during the rest of the year make these systems more attractive and
economical.
Figure 30. Annual energy balance of PV-wind system
Table 10. Simulation results of sizing components and systems cost
Abu-Rudies
System PV
(KW)
Wind
(KW)
Battery
(kWh)
Total Net Present
Cost (NPC)
Cost of Energy
(COE), $/KWh
Standalone PV System 1.44 --- 43 $38128 $0.183
Standalone Wind System ----- 21 33.6 $65079 $0.312
Hybrid PV-Wind System 0.5 2.56 25.3 $37433 $0.179
El-Arish
System PV
(KW)
Wind
(KW)
Battery
(kWh)
Total Net Present
Cost (NPC)
Cost of Energy
(COE)
$/KWh
Standalone PV System 1.1 ---- 43.7 $35450 $0.170
Standalone Wind System --- 45.5 57.6 $127450 $0.611
Hybrid PV-Wind System 1.1 0.55 41.4 $40696 $0.195
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Optimal Sizing and Economical Analysis of PV-Wind Hybrid Power System for …. (Ninet Mohamed Ahmed)
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Figure 31. Net present cost versus the number of generations
10. CONCLUSION
Optimal sizing of system components is important in designing renewable power system. A
comparative study between three different system configurations (PV-battery standalone, wind -battery
standalone and PV-wind-battery hybrid system) for supplying an irrigating pumping system and a farmer’s
house with the required electrical demand in two different regions is presented. HOGA simulation tool gives
the best solution of all possible combinations. The best solution is determined with the help of GA. The NPC
and the COE for each configuration is calculated and the combination with the lowest costs is selected to
represent the optimal system. The simulation results verified that for El-Arish region, standalone PV system
has the lowest system cost compared to cases where either only standalone wind system or hybrid PV-wind
system. Also, simulation results revealed that a hybrid PV-Wind system was recognized the most
economically feasible option for Abu-Rudies with the lowest COE as well as the NPC. The NPC of the
optimal hybrid PV-wind and standalone PV systems configurations are $ 37433 and $35450 respectively. For
the two considered locations, using wind generator as a standalone system to supply load is not economical
or optimal choice because of low availability of wind potential in these two locations.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Dr. Ninet Mohamed Ahmed was born in Cairo, Egypt and received her BSc degree from
Helwan University, Faculty of Engineering, Communication Dept. in May 1982, MSc in
1997 from Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Communication Dept. She was
awarded her PhD. in 2005 from Tanta University, Faculty of Engineering, Communication
Dept. She is currently an assistant professor in Photovoltaic Cells Dept., Electronics
Research Institute, since 2012. Her experience is mainly in the field of design, control and
optimization of renewable energy systems, solar cells fabrication, thin films technologies
and Microcontroller –based applications.
Dr. Hanaa Mohamed Farghally received her BSc in electrical power and machines from
the faculty of engineering, Helwan University in 2000. She awarded her MSc in 2005 s in
the field of medical herbs drying using renewable energy in remote area , from the faculty of
engineering, Cairo University , while the PhD degree was awarded in 2009 in the field of
optimization of renewable energy systems, from the faculty of engineering, Cairo
University. She is currently an assistant professor in Photovoltaic cells department,
Electronics Research Institute since 2015. Her experience is mainly in the field of design,
control and optimization of renewable energy systems.
Prof. Faten Hosney Fahmy received her BSc in electrical power and machines from the
faculty of engineering in 1972. Her MSc was in automatic control while the PhD degree was in
the field of operation research and optimization. All the above degrees were received from the
faculty of engineering, Cairo University. She is a professor in Electronic Research Institute.
She was the women of the year 1998, listed in Five Hundred Leaders of the 20 th Century,
Who's Who 99 Encyclopaedia. Her experience is mainly in the field of operation research and
optimization. Also, in the field of renewable energy systems and applications