In this paper the feasibility of energy saving by implementing flow regulation at constant load in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry is studied. As regulation strategy, the use of a variable speed drive in the hydraulic system is proposed. For the project evaluation, the Net Present Value and Payback Period techniques are used. Among the variables considered are the price of energy, the equipment useful life, financial data and those related to environmental impact. As a result, it was found that if only a commercial approach is considered, the energy saving strategy is profitable but not attractive, because investment is recovered in a period close to the useful life of technology. However, if a government focus that encourages the implementation of these energies saving strategies is considered, the investment of the project recovers in a short time.
Market Challenges for Pumped Storage Hydropower Plantsijceronline
For power system development planning, a thorough valuation of each of its components is carried out with an objective to improve the system reliability and economy. This paper deals with energy storage technologies with particular emphasis placed on the pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHs). For the long-term development planning of a system with different generating facilities, PSHs still play the major role in the implementation of intermittent renewable energy sources into a future generation mix. For planning of a generation mix with PSHs we use the concept of “Levelized Cost of Electricity” (LCoE) to compare the economic indicators of a system in order to make a fair and unbiased selection of new plants intended to cover customer demands. Being based on the monetary indicators, the LCoE concept is able to help in making investment decisions in view of technology and size of any new generating sources proposed for a defined time horizon. Owing to their excellent operational flexibility PSHs may also be good players on the electricity markets, offering both, capacity and energy services.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of energy efficiency aspects in energy man agement model of bunse in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Correct energy management and its efficiency have been emphasized in industrial and manufacturing firms’ policy makings for different reasons. Different studies focus on available potentials of these firms in the field of their energy efficiency. From among them just the fewest numbers of manufacturing enterprises could exploit them. Therefore the researcher intends to study some aspects of energy management model of Bunse in manufacture. Also by finding the differences and gaps between theories and available circumstance of the industry, this study encourages the Mobarakeh Steel Complex to execute energy efficiency management correctly. The results of the statistical analysis show that although there is not significant gap between industry’s requirements and scientific literatures, based on the comparison of the present case and ideal circumstance of managers’ point of view and because of the complex approximately proper condition, this complex has differences with worlds and scientific ideal standards. Keywords: Energy Management, Key Performance Indicator, Benchmarking, Control and monitoring, Conceptual Framework, Energy Efficient Measurement.
Energy management involves monitoring and optimizing energy usage to reduce costs and environmental impacts. It begins with conducting an energy audit to understand current energy consumption. A preliminary audit provides an initial assessment while a detailed audit examines all energy systems through on-site data collection and analysis to identify savings opportunities. The audit process involves documenting energy usage, analyzing inefficiencies, and developing an implementation plan with cost-benefit calculations for proposed conservation measures. The goal is to minimize energy waste across production and facility operations.
Assessment of a diagnostic procedure for the monitoring and control of indust...Manuel Stefanato
This document summarizes the assessment of a diagnostic procedure for monitoring and controlling industrial processes. Specifically, it analyzes the monitoring of compressed air used in a blow molding process at a packaging company. Two approaches are evaluated: univariate analysis using a CUSUM control chart based on a key performance index, and multivariate analysis using principal component analysis to construct T2, residual, and bi-plot control charts. The multivariate approach effectively identifies days with different energy performance and production levels, while the univariate CUSUM chart shows the energy performance trend over time but cannot isolate individual events. Removing temperature from the multivariate analysis shows it is insensitive to uncorrelated variables.
An approach to evaluate the heat exchanger retrofit for installed industrial ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an economic evaluation of retrofitting heat exchangers to existing industrial gas turbines to improve their efficiency. It describes using the net present value method to compare the economics of simple cycle and recuperative cycle configurations for two gas turbine models. The analysis found that retrofitting heat exchangers can increase the net present value over the simple cycle, with differences ranging from $11 million to over $46 million depending on the turbine model and assumptions. However, the payback period for the retrofit may be longer, and the analysis also examined the effects of utilization rate and other factors on the economic viability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Market Challenges for Pumped Storage Hydropower Plantsijceronline
For power system development planning, a thorough valuation of each of its components is carried out with an objective to improve the system reliability and economy. This paper deals with energy storage technologies with particular emphasis placed on the pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHs). For the long-term development planning of a system with different generating facilities, PSHs still play the major role in the implementation of intermittent renewable energy sources into a future generation mix. For planning of a generation mix with PSHs we use the concept of “Levelized Cost of Electricity” (LCoE) to compare the economic indicators of a system in order to make a fair and unbiased selection of new plants intended to cover customer demands. Being based on the monetary indicators, the LCoE concept is able to help in making investment decisions in view of technology and size of any new generating sources proposed for a defined time horizon. Owing to their excellent operational flexibility PSHs may also be good players on the electricity markets, offering both, capacity and energy services.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of energy efficiency aspects in energy man agement model of bunse in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Correct energy management and its efficiency have been emphasized in industrial and manufacturing firms’ policy makings for different reasons. Different studies focus on available potentials of these firms in the field of their energy efficiency. From among them just the fewest numbers of manufacturing enterprises could exploit them. Therefore the researcher intends to study some aspects of energy management model of Bunse in manufacture. Also by finding the differences and gaps between theories and available circumstance of the industry, this study encourages the Mobarakeh Steel Complex to execute energy efficiency management correctly. The results of the statistical analysis show that although there is not significant gap between industry’s requirements and scientific literatures, based on the comparison of the present case and ideal circumstance of managers’ point of view and because of the complex approximately proper condition, this complex has differences with worlds and scientific ideal standards. Keywords: Energy Management, Key Performance Indicator, Benchmarking, Control and monitoring, Conceptual Framework, Energy Efficient Measurement.
Energy management involves monitoring and optimizing energy usage to reduce costs and environmental impacts. It begins with conducting an energy audit to understand current energy consumption. A preliminary audit provides an initial assessment while a detailed audit examines all energy systems through on-site data collection and analysis to identify savings opportunities. The audit process involves documenting energy usage, analyzing inefficiencies, and developing an implementation plan with cost-benefit calculations for proposed conservation measures. The goal is to minimize energy waste across production and facility operations.
Assessment of a diagnostic procedure for the monitoring and control of indust...Manuel Stefanato
This document summarizes the assessment of a diagnostic procedure for monitoring and controlling industrial processes. Specifically, it analyzes the monitoring of compressed air used in a blow molding process at a packaging company. Two approaches are evaluated: univariate analysis using a CUSUM control chart based on a key performance index, and multivariate analysis using principal component analysis to construct T2, residual, and bi-plot control charts. The multivariate approach effectively identifies days with different energy performance and production levels, while the univariate CUSUM chart shows the energy performance trend over time but cannot isolate individual events. Removing temperature from the multivariate analysis shows it is insensitive to uncorrelated variables.
An approach to evaluate the heat exchanger retrofit for installed industrial ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an economic evaluation of retrofitting heat exchangers to existing industrial gas turbines to improve their efficiency. It describes using the net present value method to compare the economics of simple cycle and recuperative cycle configurations for two gas turbine models. The analysis found that retrofitting heat exchangers can increase the net present value over the simple cycle, with differences ranging from $11 million to over $46 million depending on the turbine model and assumptions. However, the payback period for the retrofit may be longer, and the analysis also examined the effects of utilization rate and other factors on the economic viability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of
energy. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted
into useful mechanical work. With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning
of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing
operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs
associated with vehicles. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of
waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the
component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious. In this
system the Shell and Tube HE type will be used, designed and developed along with vapour absorption
refrigeration system and is tested for performance.
Keywords — Eefficiency, Exhaust Gas, Waste Heat & Shell Tube HE.
Industrial energy efficiency - approaches, technologies and policies, Girish ...ESD UNU-IAS
This document summarizes an presentation on industrial energy efficiency approaches, technologies, and policies in India. It discusses how energy demand is projected to increase significantly in India by 2031-32 based on current trends. It outlines key approaches to improving energy efficiency in industry, including energy audits, research & development on efficient technologies, standards and labeling programs. Case studies are presented on energy audits of public buildings and replacing HVAC systems with waste heat recovery systems. India's Perform, Achieve and Trade program and National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency are summarized as important policies to mandate efficiency improvements in energy-intensive industries.
Energy audit by Qazi Arsalan Hamid-Dy Manager Technical KESCQazi Arsalan Hamid
An energy audit involves collecting data on energy usage within a facility or system. This includes surveying equipment and operations to identify how energy is used. The audit takes a systems approach, defining the boundaries of what is audited, measuring energy inputs and outputs, and understanding how energy flows within and between subsystems. The goal is to analyze current energy consumption, identify areas for improvement, and recommend cost-effective strategies to reduce usage and lower energy bills. Implementing such strategies can provide financial and environmental benefits through direct and indirect energy savings.
Utility ownership of combined heat and power an economic model based approacheSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes, and reviews, an Excel based model to evaluate the cost effectiveness for utility ownership of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. CHP plants provide highly efficient use of fuel for production of electric power and useful heat. This efficient use of fuel can lead to lower energy bills for a company, or group of companies, utilizing a CHP plant, though at a large upfront cost. In order to provide the needed capital, cash reserves or debt can be used. This large capital experiments leads to longer payback periods, which may make CHP plant unattractive investments for end users, but fits perfectly into Electric power utilities investment strategy. This model was developed as a tool for an electric utility to determine if an investment into a CHP plant and selling the waste heat to an end user, would be an attractive investment worthy of further engineering investigation. For this paper, simulations where ran at seven different power hubs in five different power markets in the United States. Overall, the model showed that CHP plant would be an attractive investment in the New York City region and Boston regions, but not in Midwest. These differences are driven by lower power and lower capacity prices in the Midwest compared to the North East. Key Words: combined heat and power, economic approach, energy, modelling, simulation, Waste Heat
Energy losses are inevitable in industrial processes but reducing them can significantly increase efficiency. An energy audit systematically identifies how and where energy is used and lost within a plant. It provides data on efficiency and conservation opportunities. Common areas of energy loss include poor equipment design and maintenance, and inefficient operations. Reducing losses in areas like steam systems, electrical motors, and heat recovery can substantially cut energy use and costs.
This document provides information about Atlas Companies and their energy services. It summarizes that Atlas has over 18 megawatts of solar projects installed in Ohio, accounting for almost 20% of the state's capacity. It also details Atlas' 35+ years of energy auditing and retrofitting experience across various sectors including naval bases, schools, hospitals and more. Finally, it promotes Atlas' energy assistance services for Ukraine and encourages joining the International Energy Agency.
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the College of Engineering Perumon. It introduces that energy audits aim to minimize wastage and optimize efficiency. The objectives were to analyze energy consumption patterns, identify areas of wastage, and recommend cost-effective efficiency improvements. The methodology involved data collection, analysis, and recommending steps to reduce power consumption without affecting comfort. Various aspects of energy use were surveyed including utility consumption, lighting, inverters/batteries, substations, and thermal energy. The conclusion calls for innovative energy utilization schemes to avoid future energy calamities.
Working Manual on Energy Auditing in industrieszubeditufail
The document provides information on energy auditing and management. It discusses various types of energy sources including primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable sources. It also discusses global energy reserves and consumption as well as environmental issues like ozone layer depletion. Ozone depletion is caused by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds which break down the ozone layer. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out ozone depleting substances.
The presentations shows what is energy efficiency and how could we achieve it. It also presents the energy audit service and at what cost in Rupandehi, Nepal.
Anil Palamwar discusses the need for energy audits at both the macro and micro levels. He outlines some of the key reasons for conserving energy, including limited resources, cost reduction, and environmental impacts. Palamwar also discusses the importance of efficiency, providing examples of system losses throughout generation, transmission, and distribution. He emphasizes the importance of identifying and reducing losses to improve efficiency.
Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Clim...IJECEIAES
Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.
Nepal relies heavily on traditional energy resources, as no significant deposits of fossil fuel are available. Nepalese use the lowest commercial energy of around 119 kWh per capita per year. The total energy consumption in Nepal for the year 2014/15 was 11,232 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent. Based on the fuel type, traditional fuel provide 80% of the total energy consumption, petroleum and coal 11% and 3% respectively, which is mainly consumed by urban areas, electricity only 3% and renewable 3% of the total energy consumption.
Energy management aims to reduce unnecessary energy use and improve efficiency. Its key techniques include raising public awareness, reengineering systems, and upgrading technology. A crucial first step is conducting an energy audit to identify all opportunities to cut costs. Priority is then given to opportunities when implementing an energy action plan. Maintaining efficiency improvements over the long run is also important for effective energy management.
The document outlines the key aspects of conducting an energy audit for an industrial establishment. It defines an energy audit as the first step in any energy management program that seeks to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency. The summary includes identifying major energy uses, analyzing conservation opportunities, conducting cost-benefit analyses of projects, and developing an action plan to prioritize implementation. The goal of an energy audit is to establish a baseline and targets to help reduce energy costs through efficiency gains over time.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
The document summarizes an energy audit of the Mechanical Workshop and Classroom Block at Kyambogo University. It finds that the main energy consumption areas are lighting, machine tools, computers, and photocopiers. Replacing T8 fluorescent tubes with LED tubes and CRT monitors with LCDs are economically feasible energy conservation measures that could save the university over 1 million Ugandan shillings per year. Proper record keeping of machine tool usage and restoring currently unusable tools could also help reduce energy costs. Implementing the identified energy efficiency improvements would cut utility expenses for the university.
Industrial energy efficiency techniques and energy management (1)Anish Maman
This document discusses industrial energy efficiency and energy management. It describes why energy efficiency is important due to rising energy prices, energy security, climate change, and green jobs. The main systems that consume energy in industry are identified as HVAC, compressed air, heating/cooling, electrical, lighting, motors, boilers, refrigeration, drying, and waste treatment. Energy management and industrial energy audits are defined as tools to optimize energy usage and identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs. Preliminary and detailed energy audit methodologies are outlined.
This document summarizes opportunities for improving the efficient use of fossil fuels in industrial processes. It discusses four main system types: combustion, boilers, steam, and process heat. Combustion is the foundation for the other three. The document outlines various operation and maintenance measures as well as equipment retrofit and replacement options to improve efficiency for each system type. It provides statistics on fossil fuel use in industry and examples of potential energy savings through efficiency improvements.
Enhanced Multi – Agent Based Industrial Process AutomationIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-agent control system for optimizing the operation of fossil-fuel power plants. The system uses multiple intelligent agents that make autonomous decisions based on plant conditions. One agent uses a neuro-fuzzy system to evaluate and optimize feedback control gains. A simulation showed this agent could successfully update gains to improve control when the plant output exceeded thresholds. The system allows for customizable, optimized multi-objective control to improve efficiency and operation of power plants.
optimization of the managed electrical energy within a hybrid renewable energ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Hybrid energy applications based on renewable energy sources are becoming more and more desirable every day. They have increased the economic attractiveness of renewable electric energy generation. Because of the sudden fluctuations of the load requirements, the main attribute of such Hybrid Systems is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each source. In this article, we have proposed a combination between a sizing study and a control one for the aim of solving the complex optimization problem of finding the optimal combination of size and storage to make the best use of the renewable power generations and to become more independent of rising electricity costs. Additionally, an improvement in the induced optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper so as to compute the optimal size and the operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing as much as possible the cost while responding to the load energy requirements taking into account the environmental factors.
Energy audit for a waste water treatment processIRJET Journal
This document discusses conducting an energy audit of a wastewater treatment process. It begins by outlining the costs associated with running a wastewater treatment plant, noting that energy costs make up 38-40% of total costs. The document then provides an overview of the wastewater treatment process and defines what an energy audit is. Key areas the audit examines include energy usage, losses, and developing energy conservation measures. The overall goal is to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy costs.
Implementation effects of economics and market operations based model for tra...nooriasukmaningtyas
The main objective of this paper is to introduce power system economic operations in traditionally integrated power systems and market operations in deregulated power systems and study its effects. The power system economic operation is mathematically treated as an optimization problem. Also, a function of economic operation is to minimize generation cost, transmission losses, and so on, subject to power system operation constraints. In this paper, we start from generation cost formulations and introduce traditional economic dispatch model, optimal power flow model, and unit commitment model. With the deregulation of the power industry, integrated power system is unbundled to generation, transmission, and distribution. Electricity is traded in the wholesale market. Small customers purchase energy from electricity retailers through the retail market. The electricity market is operated for energytrading while satisfying power system operation requirements. Electricity market is mathematically modelled as an optimization problem that is subject to power system operation constraints and market operation constraints.
The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of
energy. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted
into useful mechanical work. With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning
of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing
operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs
associated with vehicles. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of
waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the
component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious. In this
system the Shell and Tube HE type will be used, designed and developed along with vapour absorption
refrigeration system and is tested for performance.
Keywords — Eefficiency, Exhaust Gas, Waste Heat & Shell Tube HE.
Industrial energy efficiency - approaches, technologies and policies, Girish ...ESD UNU-IAS
This document summarizes an presentation on industrial energy efficiency approaches, technologies, and policies in India. It discusses how energy demand is projected to increase significantly in India by 2031-32 based on current trends. It outlines key approaches to improving energy efficiency in industry, including energy audits, research & development on efficient technologies, standards and labeling programs. Case studies are presented on energy audits of public buildings and replacing HVAC systems with waste heat recovery systems. India's Perform, Achieve and Trade program and National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency are summarized as important policies to mandate efficiency improvements in energy-intensive industries.
Energy audit by Qazi Arsalan Hamid-Dy Manager Technical KESCQazi Arsalan Hamid
An energy audit involves collecting data on energy usage within a facility or system. This includes surveying equipment and operations to identify how energy is used. The audit takes a systems approach, defining the boundaries of what is audited, measuring energy inputs and outputs, and understanding how energy flows within and between subsystems. The goal is to analyze current energy consumption, identify areas for improvement, and recommend cost-effective strategies to reduce usage and lower energy bills. Implementing such strategies can provide financial and environmental benefits through direct and indirect energy savings.
Utility ownership of combined heat and power an economic model based approacheSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes, and reviews, an Excel based model to evaluate the cost effectiveness for utility ownership of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. CHP plants provide highly efficient use of fuel for production of electric power and useful heat. This efficient use of fuel can lead to lower energy bills for a company, or group of companies, utilizing a CHP plant, though at a large upfront cost. In order to provide the needed capital, cash reserves or debt can be used. This large capital experiments leads to longer payback periods, which may make CHP plant unattractive investments for end users, but fits perfectly into Electric power utilities investment strategy. This model was developed as a tool for an electric utility to determine if an investment into a CHP plant and selling the waste heat to an end user, would be an attractive investment worthy of further engineering investigation. For this paper, simulations where ran at seven different power hubs in five different power markets in the United States. Overall, the model showed that CHP plant would be an attractive investment in the New York City region and Boston regions, but not in Midwest. These differences are driven by lower power and lower capacity prices in the Midwest compared to the North East. Key Words: combined heat and power, economic approach, energy, modelling, simulation, Waste Heat
Energy losses are inevitable in industrial processes but reducing them can significantly increase efficiency. An energy audit systematically identifies how and where energy is used and lost within a plant. It provides data on efficiency and conservation opportunities. Common areas of energy loss include poor equipment design and maintenance, and inefficient operations. Reducing losses in areas like steam systems, electrical motors, and heat recovery can substantially cut energy use and costs.
This document provides information about Atlas Companies and their energy services. It summarizes that Atlas has over 18 megawatts of solar projects installed in Ohio, accounting for almost 20% of the state's capacity. It also details Atlas' 35+ years of energy auditing and retrofitting experience across various sectors including naval bases, schools, hospitals and more. Finally, it promotes Atlas' energy assistance services for Ukraine and encourages joining the International Energy Agency.
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the College of Engineering Perumon. It introduces that energy audits aim to minimize wastage and optimize efficiency. The objectives were to analyze energy consumption patterns, identify areas of wastage, and recommend cost-effective efficiency improvements. The methodology involved data collection, analysis, and recommending steps to reduce power consumption without affecting comfort. Various aspects of energy use were surveyed including utility consumption, lighting, inverters/batteries, substations, and thermal energy. The conclusion calls for innovative energy utilization schemes to avoid future energy calamities.
Working Manual on Energy Auditing in industrieszubeditufail
The document provides information on energy auditing and management. It discusses various types of energy sources including primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable sources. It also discusses global energy reserves and consumption as well as environmental issues like ozone layer depletion. Ozone depletion is caused by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds which break down the ozone layer. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out ozone depleting substances.
The presentations shows what is energy efficiency and how could we achieve it. It also presents the energy audit service and at what cost in Rupandehi, Nepal.
Anil Palamwar discusses the need for energy audits at both the macro and micro levels. He outlines some of the key reasons for conserving energy, including limited resources, cost reduction, and environmental impacts. Palamwar also discusses the importance of efficiency, providing examples of system losses throughout generation, transmission, and distribution. He emphasizes the importance of identifying and reducing losses to improve efficiency.
Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Clim...IJECEIAES
Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.
Nepal relies heavily on traditional energy resources, as no significant deposits of fossil fuel are available. Nepalese use the lowest commercial energy of around 119 kWh per capita per year. The total energy consumption in Nepal for the year 2014/15 was 11,232 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent. Based on the fuel type, traditional fuel provide 80% of the total energy consumption, petroleum and coal 11% and 3% respectively, which is mainly consumed by urban areas, electricity only 3% and renewable 3% of the total energy consumption.
Energy management aims to reduce unnecessary energy use and improve efficiency. Its key techniques include raising public awareness, reengineering systems, and upgrading technology. A crucial first step is conducting an energy audit to identify all opportunities to cut costs. Priority is then given to opportunities when implementing an energy action plan. Maintaining efficiency improvements over the long run is also important for effective energy management.
The document outlines the key aspects of conducting an energy audit for an industrial establishment. It defines an energy audit as the first step in any energy management program that seeks to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency. The summary includes identifying major energy uses, analyzing conservation opportunities, conducting cost-benefit analyses of projects, and developing an action plan to prioritize implementation. The goal of an energy audit is to establish a baseline and targets to help reduce energy costs through efficiency gains over time.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
The document summarizes an energy audit of the Mechanical Workshop and Classroom Block at Kyambogo University. It finds that the main energy consumption areas are lighting, machine tools, computers, and photocopiers. Replacing T8 fluorescent tubes with LED tubes and CRT monitors with LCDs are economically feasible energy conservation measures that could save the university over 1 million Ugandan shillings per year. Proper record keeping of machine tool usage and restoring currently unusable tools could also help reduce energy costs. Implementing the identified energy efficiency improvements would cut utility expenses for the university.
Industrial energy efficiency techniques and energy management (1)Anish Maman
This document discusses industrial energy efficiency and energy management. It describes why energy efficiency is important due to rising energy prices, energy security, climate change, and green jobs. The main systems that consume energy in industry are identified as HVAC, compressed air, heating/cooling, electrical, lighting, motors, boilers, refrigeration, drying, and waste treatment. Energy management and industrial energy audits are defined as tools to optimize energy usage and identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs. Preliminary and detailed energy audit methodologies are outlined.
This document summarizes opportunities for improving the efficient use of fossil fuels in industrial processes. It discusses four main system types: combustion, boilers, steam, and process heat. Combustion is the foundation for the other three. The document outlines various operation and maintenance measures as well as equipment retrofit and replacement options to improve efficiency for each system type. It provides statistics on fossil fuel use in industry and examples of potential energy savings through efficiency improvements.
Enhanced Multi – Agent Based Industrial Process AutomationIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-agent control system for optimizing the operation of fossil-fuel power plants. The system uses multiple intelligent agents that make autonomous decisions based on plant conditions. One agent uses a neuro-fuzzy system to evaluate and optimize feedback control gains. A simulation showed this agent could successfully update gains to improve control when the plant output exceeded thresholds. The system allows for customizable, optimized multi-objective control to improve efficiency and operation of power plants.
optimization of the managed electrical energy within a hybrid renewable energ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Hybrid energy applications based on renewable energy sources are becoming more and more desirable every day. They have increased the economic attractiveness of renewable electric energy generation. Because of the sudden fluctuations of the load requirements, the main attribute of such Hybrid Systems is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each source. In this article, we have proposed a combination between a sizing study and a control one for the aim of solving the complex optimization problem of finding the optimal combination of size and storage to make the best use of the renewable power generations and to become more independent of rising electricity costs. Additionally, an improvement in the induced optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper so as to compute the optimal size and the operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing as much as possible the cost while responding to the load energy requirements taking into account the environmental factors.
Energy audit for a waste water treatment processIRJET Journal
This document discusses conducting an energy audit of a wastewater treatment process. It begins by outlining the costs associated with running a wastewater treatment plant, noting that energy costs make up 38-40% of total costs. The document then provides an overview of the wastewater treatment process and defines what an energy audit is. Key areas the audit examines include energy usage, losses, and developing energy conservation measures. The overall goal is to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy costs.
Implementation effects of economics and market operations based model for tra...nooriasukmaningtyas
The main objective of this paper is to introduce power system economic operations in traditionally integrated power systems and market operations in deregulated power systems and study its effects. The power system economic operation is mathematically treated as an optimization problem. Also, a function of economic operation is to minimize generation cost, transmission losses, and so on, subject to power system operation constraints. In this paper, we start from generation cost formulations and introduce traditional economic dispatch model, optimal power flow model, and unit commitment model. With the deregulation of the power industry, integrated power system is unbundled to generation, transmission, and distribution. Electricity is traded in the wholesale market. Small customers purchase energy from electricity retailers through the retail market. The electricity market is operated for energytrading while satisfying power system operation requirements. Electricity market is mathematically modelled as an optimization problem that is subject to power system operation constraints and market operation constraints.
The document discusses the use of biotechnology to improve energy efficiency at wastewater treatment plants. It provides details about a case study of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant (STP) that achieved significant energy savings and cost reductions by using a biotech product called Fermsept-S.
Before applying Fermsept-S, the STP was not meeting pollution control board limits for various parameters like BOD, COD and TSS. It also faced high operational costs including electricity costs to run aerators, costs of sludge removal and aerator repairs. After applying Fermsept-S, the plant was able to maintain parameters within legal limits and significantly reduce electricity costs by switching off aerators at
Implementation of a frequency control in a biomass gasifier systemIJECEIAES
Distributed power generation has grown in popularity in recent years, especially in areas not connected to the national grid. As a result, rural microgrids are becoming more common, involving great potential for energy based on biomass conversion such as gasification. After analyzing distributed power generation facilities in developing countries, the authors found problems with the frequency stability. This paper focuses on solving the problem of frequency control in energy supplied by microgrids based in biomass gasification. For that purpose, the authors have developed a physical model of a downdraft gasifier, this model was used for design a novel strategy for frequency control, which has been based and validated on an existing gasification system, which supplies power to a population in Necoclí (Colombia).
IRJET- Feasibility of Superficial Small and Micro-Hydro Power Plants in EgyptIRJET Journal
This document discusses the feasibility of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in Egypt. It begins by providing background on hydroelectric power globally, including that it is a renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases. It then discusses hydroelectric power specifically in Egypt, including details on existing dams and plants. The document proposes two potential locations in Egypt for small hydroelectric plants: 1) Using the water pumping machinery already in place for agricultural irrigation in villages. 2) Installing hydroelectric turbines at existing water and sewage treatment stations, of which there are over 2,700 in Egypt. It provides a basic technical overview of how a superficial hydroelectric plant would be designed and estimates the total cost to develop such a system would
Technical and market evaluation of thermal generation power plants in the Col...IJECEIAES
Thermal power plants are the widely conventional generation unit technology used to produce electricity being controllable and dispatchable. The location of thermal power plants depends on the energy availability conditions of the areas and the capacity to fuels access. Their location and geographical distribution define a high level of concentration in areas defined as thermal districts and its location define reliability, security, availability, and flexibility indices to avoid critical scenario or support system from contingencies. However, in many cases the electrical configuration does not correspond to requirements. This paper links the concentration by political distribution in Colombia and the configuration used in the generating substations to guarantee requirements. The Hirschman-Herfindahl index as a market tool is used to evaluate energy concentration facing representative participation in certain departments of Colombia. Results evidenced configurations and concentration in a study case, results and analysis could be used for planner to promote participation, reliability and promote. The paper’s contribution and conclusions are linked to guide planners towards market and technical tool to evaluate installed capacities, avoid market concentration, and reduce risky scenarios.
This document summarizes research applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques to solve hydrothermal scheduling problems. Hydrothermal scheduling involves optimally coordinating hydroelectric and thermal power generation to minimize fuel costs while meeting demand and accounting for water availability constraints. Previous methods for solving these problems, such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, have drawbacks like long computation times. The document describes applying PSO and FPA to minimize fuel costs for 3-unit and 6-unit test systems, showing they can find near-optimal solutions faster than other methods while satisfying constraints. FPA, based on pollination in plants, is a new metaheuristic that effectively solves the optimization problem with better
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted on a thermal power plant in Jordan. The power plant produces 14.36 MW through a Rankine cycle using natural gas. A preliminary energy audit evaluated the performance of the plant's components, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and pumps. The results showed deviations in efficiency for all components compared to their design specifications. Specifically, the boiler had the largest deviation of 4.9% efficiency, likely due to poor water and fuel quality and heat loss. Several solutions were proposed to improve the plant's efficiency.
Three Steps for Reducing Total Cost of Ownership in Pumping SystemsSchneider Electric
Electricity usage costs have become an increasing fraction of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for industrial pumping systems. In fact, energy cost represents 40% of the TCO of a typical pump. It is possible to reduce the electrical consumption by at least 30% through appropriate energy management practices while reducing the maintenance cost. This paper explains how to reduce TCO with a limited investment.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
Electric motors
Editorial - Policy solutions - Facts - Interview - Success stories - Improving market surveillance - Extended product approach - Motor maintenance and refurbishment - Accelerated replacement of less efficient motor stock - Developing powertrains for electric mobility free of critical raw materials - World landscape
The goal of DecarbEurope is to engage decision-makers in policy and industry with solutions that can, in a cost-effective manner, decarbonise Europe at the scale and speed that is needed to achieve our climate goals.
As an ecosystem of twenty sectors — and growing — the initiative connects technologies, policies, and markets. Partners of DecarbEurope commit themselves to common values of deep decarbonisation, cost-effectiveness, circularity, sector-coupling and consumer engagement.
Electric motors play a major role in all economic sectors (industrial, tertiary, residential, agricultural and in transportation), to deliver in a reliable and efficient way mechanical power to a huge variety of processes and services
Energy Based Analysis of a Thermal Power Station for Energy Efficiency Improv...IJMER
Despite of growth of renewable energy stations installations like wind, solar, Tidal power, the energy for the world depends heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. It is also expected to continue the dependence on fossil fuels for next few decades. Therefore, given the continued reliance on the fossil fuels for some time, it is important to note these plants must reduce their environmental impact by operating fossil fuels more efficiently. Two types of analysis namely, energy and exergy analysis can be developed for the system. Energy analysis based on first law of thermodynamics cannot be applied as it cannot justify the real useful energy loss because it does not differentiate between the quality and quantity of energy within the system. Whereas, exergy analysis will characterize the work potential of a system based on the second law of thermodynamics and the maximum work that can be obtained from the system when its state is brought to the reference or dead state (standard atmospheric conditions).This technical paper presents the results of exergy and energy analysis carried out on 62 MW coal-based thermal power plant to evaluate the performance. The performance of the plant was estimated by a component-wise modeling followed by a system simulation. A parametric study is conducted for the thermal plant under various operating conditions, including different operating condenser pressures, temperatures and flow rates of cooling water across the condenser etc, in order to determine which parameter that maximizes plant performance. Energy loss distribution to find out the amount and source of irreversibilities generated in boiler and turbine in a plant so that any process in the system having largest energy destruction can be identified and that helps the designer to re design the system components.
The document discusses key aspects of smart energy systems, which aim to create 100% renewable energy infrastructure. A smart energy system maximizes efficiency and integration of renewable sources like solar and wind via energy storage, smart grids, electric vehicles, and power-to-gas technology to convert excess energy to hydrogen or methane. It addresses issues like intermittency of renewable sources through storage and upgrades grid integration. The goal is a more reliable, secure and cost-effective low-carbon energy system.
IRJET- Energy Saving of a Commercial Building Jet Airways Godrej, BKCIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the energy consumption of HVAC systems in a commercial building in India over three months. The study found that running the water-cooled chiller (WCCH) as much as possible during peak hours (8am-6pm) led to significant energy savings in June compared to April and May. Data was recorded from daily load sheets and electricity consumption meters. Calculations showed energy savings of 31,368 units and Rs. 4,17,190 in June compared to April, and savings of 50,491 units and Rs. 6,71,530 compared to May. Running the WCCH more can save a minimum of Rs. 36,883 or 2773 units per month.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Modeling and optimization of a wastewater pumping system withMohammad Imran
This document discusses using data-mining methods to model and optimize a wastewater pumping system. Neural networks are used to model pump energy consumption and wastewater flow rate based on operational data. A bi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize energy consumption and maximize flow rate. An artificial immune network algorithm solves the optimization problem. Results show the potential to save 6-14% of energy while maintaining pumping performance through optimizing pump speeds.
Similar to Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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733
steam/ tons of cane), medium efficiency mills (between 450 and 600 kg steam/ tons of cane), and low
efficiency mills (more than 600 kg steam/ tons of cane) [7].
Among the total energy demand in the industries, nearly 70% is consumed by motors [8]-[10],
of these, 20 % drive pumps. Energy efficiency in pump systems can be improved between 5-50 % by proper
maintenance, correct design an adequate control methods. The use of variable speed drive, encouraged by the
decrease in their prices, is one of the main measures being implemented [11]-[13].
Numerous studies have focused on energy saving based on optimization in the design of the
hydraulic and control systems. In [11], [14], [15], it is proposed to reduce the losses in a parallel pumping
system with a common collector in the discharge, by optimizing the distribution of the flow in each pump.
Strategies based on pressure differentials, especially for centralized air conditioning systems with variable
flow in buildings, has been analyzed in [16], [17]. Control system based on fuzzy logic to maintain the flow
against large perturbations in the parameters of the system, keeping the pump operating in the region of
maximum efficiency was proposed in [18]. Further studies are aimed to the design of sophisticated control
strategies [19]-[21].
Also, some research has been directed to the development of simulation and optimization models
and tools, widely used for the analysis of pumping systems with primary motors operating at different speeds.
For instance, in [22], a model of a centrifugal pump driven by a single-phase motor of different speeds is
developed. The model was implemented in Matlab-Simulink and it’s used for study the behaviour of the most
important variables, such as: motor and load torque, angular velocity, delivered pressure and current
consumed by the motor. Other tools focus on simulating the operation of pumping stations, in order to help
define the best regulation and control strategy [23].
One of the strategies that most stands out in the scientific literature and is object of study in this
work, are the flow control strategies with constant pressure. Among the advantages of these strategies are a
better distribution of water, energy savings and longer life of the equipment, increasing the economic
benefits [24].
In the Cuban sugar industry, these flow regulation methods have been analyzed in pumping systems
of different fluids within the process. An example is the evaluation of the electric drive systems efficiency in
sugar mills based on their level of automation and the use of variable speed drive. The study showed that
with the installation of variable speed drive, the efficiency improves by 11% and the energy consumption
decreases by approximately 25% [24], [25]. Other experiences are reported for the case of juice pumps with
satisfactory results from the point of view of energy saving [26].
Specifically, for the control of the water flow of boiler feed, a study showed the technical feasibility
of regulating the capacity with variable speed drive of the water pumps to feed a thermoelectric power plant,
resulting in the regulation method frequency variation meant a saving of $ 483 317 / year [27]. This aspect
has not been deepened in water systems to feed boiler batteries in the process industry.
The water supply system to the boilers of sugar factories aims to maintain the level of steam
generators domes. In many mills, this is achieved by a valve that regulates the passage of water according to
the need for steam generation. This system can be replaced by variable speed drives which would reduce the
energy consumption between 30 and 50%, increase process control and system reliability [28], [29].
In addition, the period between maintenance of the mechanical system is increased as a result of the
smoothness in the changes of the loads at start-up and during the change of speed. In [30] a comparative
analysis of life cycle and environmental impact costs is made when using variable speed drives using eco-
design methods evidencing environmental and energy benefits.
The objective of this work is to investigate the feasibility of the use of efficient drives in water
systems to feed the boilers in the sugar industry adopting a strategy of flow control with constant pressure.
As an object of study, a Cuban sugar industry is used. This type of study is of great importance for
implementation of energy management systems, save energy and reduce CO2 emissions [31]-[33].
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Problem statement
In the sugar mills, the control of flow water is difficult because the pumping system is characterized
by having a pump that supplies several steam generators connected in parallel, each working in different
regimes, with different loops of water level control in the domes of each generator. In this type of system, the
control is carried out with the help of the curves of pump and system simultaneously, guaranteeing the
operation at the point where the load remains constant in any operating regime.
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734
The sugar industry in Cuba has the following characteristics:
a. It is a cyclical industry with a productive period of approximately 3000 h in the harvest stage followed by
an inactive period. The limited annual hours of work negatively affect the profitability of investments
focused on energy savings.
b. It is an industry with cogeneration, totally electrified and synchronized to the National Electric Power
System (SEN), with the possibility of selling the excess energy to the grid at a differentiated tariff with
time discrimination. This allows to value the energy savings based on the sale price of the energy
generated in the industry, considering that the energy saved can be exported to the network producing
additional income.
c. The water system to feed boilers is regulated in each steam generator independently, preventing the
regulation of the total flow in the pump.
With these considerations the following methodology applied to a real case of study was followed:
a. Obtain the characteristic data of the hydraulic system and the pumps.
b. Select the working speed range of the pump to meet the flow demands.
c. Select the appropriate variable speed drive.
d. Estimate the annual energy savings through the use of this technology.
e. Carry out the economic feasibility analysis for possible scenarios.
2.2. Case study initial conditions
The feedwater system of the sugar mill, taken as a case study, has two MULTITEC pumps model
C125 / 7-10.1, connected in parallel, one for work and the other for reserve. The pumps must operate at a
pressure capable of overcoming the losses in the pipes and fittings, as well as the pressure drop in the
economizer and in the water level regulating valve in the dome. The boiler feed water system must maintain
the water level in the domes as a regulated system. In this system, the capacity is determined by the demand,
and the flow is controlled by regulating the excess load developed by the pumps [34]. From the information
of the pumping system components and applying the methodology described in [35], the equation of the
hydraulic characteristic of the system as a function of the flow is obtained.
Figure 1. System and pump curves. Source: self made
The load curve of the feed water system is calculated for a nominal working flow of the boilers at
110 m3
/h. Figure 1 shows the system curve (static and dynamic load) and the pump curve. The static load
indicated by the blue line is 193.17 m. The load curve of the branches that feed the boilers,
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry (Julio R. Gómez)
735
without considering the bypass, is represented in yellow color. The load curve of the bypass, to maintain the
minimum necessary flow is indicated in green. The load curve of the complete system, obtained as the point-
to-point sum of the two previous curves for each load value H, is represented with violet color. The intercept
of this curve with the pump characteristic (curve of red color) defines the operation point. For these design
conditions, the flow delivered by the pumps is 135 m3
/h with a load of 310 m.
2.3. Design conditions
From the established operating point, the power delivered by the pump to the fluid can be
calculated as:
Puseful=
ρ∙g∙Q∙H
1000
(1)
where Puseful is the useful power that the pump delivers to the fluid, in kW; 𝛒 is the density of liquid, in
Kg/m3
; g is the gravitational acceleration, in m/s2
; Q is the flow, in m3
/s and H is the load, in m.
Substituting the operation point data in (1), it is obtained that Puseful = 109.03 kW. The efficiency of
the pump is calculated as:
ηpump
=
Puseful
Pbrake
(2)
where Pbreak is the power that the pump demands from the motor, in kW.
The value of Pbreak is a function of the operating point of the pump. In Figure 1 it can be seen
indicated in a circle that this power is approximately 160 kW. Therefore substituting in (2), it is obtained for
these conditions that ηpump = 68.14%. Table 1 shows the nominal data of the squirrel-cage motor that drives
the pump.
Table 1. Nameplate Data of Motor
Power (kW) 200
Frequency (Hz) 60
Speed (rpm) 1790
Voltage (V) 480
Power factor (p.u.) 0.86
Current (A) 293
Efficiency at 100% of load 95.5
Efficiency at 75 % of load 95.1
The power delivered by the motor to the pump is 160 kW, representing 80% load. From the values
of motor efficiency at 75% and at 100% load; it can be estimated by interpolation that the operational
efficiency of the motor at the actual load state (80%) is ηmotor= 95.18 %.
As can be seen, the motor works in design conditions of system with an efficiency close to the
nominal. The value of the efficiency is high because it is a high efficiency motor (IE2). The energy
consumption for a harvest in a year is determined as:
E=
Pbreake
ηmotor
∙t (3)
where E is energy consumption in (kWh) and t is the operating time of the pump, in h.
For a harvest of approximately 130 effective days, the operating time is 3120 h, so according to (3),
the estimated energy consumption is 524 479.93 kWh / harvest.
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Solution proposal for the regulation of flow at constant load using variable speed drive
According to [36], feedwater pumps must be capable of working at a pressure greater than 25% of
the certified boiler pressure. Under current operating conditions, according to the historical information
recorded in the SCADA measurement and control system installed, the pumps work between
(260 m to 320 m load) and motor at a speed of 1792 rpm. For the proposed application, it is considered that
the pumps work at a constant load of 280 m and the motor speed corresponds to any condition within
hydraulic characteristic of the pump and is the maximum working speed.
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The variable speed drive must satisfy the water demand of the boilers, moving the operation point
up to the constant load line, from a maximum speed to a minimum speed guaranteeing the minimum safe
flow, as shown in Figure 2. In this figure, the characteristics of the pump for different working speeds are
shown in parallel to the operating characteristic given by the manufacturer and corresponding to the
maximum speed. The speeds of each curve are indicated as nmin, n1, n2 ... .nmax.
Figure 2. Characteristics of the pump for different speeds. Source: self-made
In Figure 2 the hydraulic load curve of the recirculation has been indicated in green. This curve
corresponds to a quadratic expression of the form:
H=K·Q2
(5)
Knowing that for safe minimum flow Qmin = 30 m3/h at the maximum working speed, H = 334 m,
from equation (5), the calculated coefficient K = 0.371. From this expression and for H = 280 m, Q'min =
27.47 m3
/ h. According to the affinity laws, the minimum speed is determined as:
nmin = nmax ·
Qmín
′
Qmín
= 1792 ·
27.47
30
≈ 1640 rpm (4)
The speed range calculated then is from 1640 to 1792 rpm. The selection of the variable speed drive
is made considering the following key aspects:
a. Characteristics of the motor to be controlled: Power: 200 kW, Nominal voltage: 480 V, Nominal
frequency: 60 Hz, Nominal current: 293 A, Nominal speed: 1790 rpm.
b. Type of load: Load type centrifugal pump of variable moment.
c. Environmental and working conditions: Height above sea level below 1000 m and ambient temperature
below 50 °C. Located in a control room with good environmental conditions, absence of magnetic
powders, conductive dust and dry environment.
d. Nominal network conditions: Nominal voltage: 480 V and Frequency: 60 Hz.
e. Needs for the control: At least one analog input (signals from 0 to 10 V DC or from 0 to 20 mA DC) to
program the pressure reference to the variable speed drive.
Considering the above characteristics and the nominal current of the existing motor, an inverter
MICROMASTER 440, Siemens, type 6SE64402UD413GAO, rated power 160 kW, input current 296.4 A,
output current 302 A, size GX and weight of 190 kg, was selected.
3.2. Energy saving
The use of a variable speed drive implicitly saves energy. The power required before and after
varying the motor speed is calculated from the most probable flow rate that is supplied to the boilers. In the
present case study, this flow is 65.87 m3
/ h according to the results of a statistical analysis based on the
information registered by the SCADA system. Adding the recirculation flow rate of 30 m3
/ h, a total of
95.87 m3 / h is obtained. The interception of this value with the pump characteristic of Figure 1 shows that
the corresponding load is H = 320 m and the power required by the pump is 132 kW.
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry (Julio R. Gómez)
737
Operating with variation of speed maintaining the constant load, the flow of water to feed
(95.87 m3
/ h) to 280 m of load, represents, according to the equation (2), a useful power supplied by the
pump to the fluid of 69.93 kW. Then for a 60% pump efficiency the mechanical power is 116.55 kW. This
power can also be obtained by interpolating the power curves in Figure1 for the new operating point.
The electrical power demanded by the motor is calculated from the estimation of the efficiency in
the two operating conditions (most probable current and future with inverter). For this, the load factor of the
motor was determined in both cases as following:
a. Load factor of the motor (Kccurrent) in the most probable current condition.
Kccurrent =
132 kW
200 kW
= 0.66 (5)
b. Load factor of the motor in the most probable flow condition at constant load using variable speed drive
(Kcplanned):
Kcplanned =
116.55 kW
200 kW
= 0.58 (6)
Table 2 shows the efficiency for both cases obtained from linear interpolation from the data of Table 1.
Table 2. Motor Efficiency in both Cases
Load factor
(%)
Motor
efficiency
(%)
Efficiency
Set Motor- Variable speed drive
(%)
0.66 94.83 % -
0.58 94.82 % 91.98 %
The efficiency of the variable speed drive (ηvsd) is 97%, according to the manufacturer's technical
specifications. The reduction of instantaneous electric power demanded is estimated as:
∆P = Pnom · (
Kccurrent
ηmotor
−
Kcplanned
ηmotor·ηvsd
) = 200 · (
0.66
0.9483
−
0.58
0.9482·0.97
) = 13 kW (7)
The energy saved annually considering a harvest of 130 days and 85% of non-stop use,
is calculated as:
∆E = ∆P. 24
h
día
· 130
día
año
· 0.85 = 3 kW · 24
h
día
· 130
día
año
· 0.85 = 34 230.51
kWh
año
(8)
As the sugar mill is synchronized with the SEN and exports the surplus energy, the saving of
electrical energy using the variable speed drive can be sold. Therefore, revenues are calculated according to
the average sale price of electric power.
3.3. Environmental benefit
The environmental impact due to the use of the variable speed drive, due to energy saving, is the
potential to reduce greenhouse gases or other elements that cause negative impact to the environment.
The increase in energy efficiency in the sugar industry has an environmental benefit because the energy
saved can be exported to the SEN. Thus, the energy generated with fossil fuel is replaced by energy produced
from biomass.
In the case of Cuba, the potential mitigation of CO2 emissions for energy saving projects can be
calculated by the emission index of 0.794 t / MWh estimated by methodology proposed in [37]. As the
annual energy saving potential is 34230.51 kWh, then the potential for mitigating CO2 emissions is
27.17 t / year.
3.4. Economic analysis
The economic analysis and the feasibility of the investment were made using discounted flow
techniques, specifically the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Payback Period (PP). The economic data
used are:
a. Useful life: 10 years.
b. Initial investment, mainly due to the acquisition cost of the variable speed drive: 16951.54 USD.
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738
c. Energy sale price: 0.0877 USD / kWh,
d. Bank interest rate: 8% [38].
e. Tax on profits: 35% [39]
f. Energy inflation: 3%.
g. Risk margin: 2%.
h. Depreciation is considered linear.
The cash flow for each year i after taxes is calculated as:
FCi = ((∆Ei · Ce) − Dep) · (1 −
I
100
) + Dep (9)
where I is the tax rate; Dep is depreciation, and it is calculated as Dep =
Io
n
; Io is the initial investment, in
USD; Ce is the price of energy, equal to the average sale price (0.0877 USD/kWh) and ∆Ei is the energy
saved in the year i, in kWh/year, iqual to 34230.51 kW/year.
To update the cash flows until the year in which the investment is made, the discount factor for each
year i is calculated as:
FCDi = FCi · FDi (10)
The discount factor for a bank interest rate r is calculated as:
FDi =
1
(1+
r
100
)
i (11)
The NPV is equal to the sum of all the discounted cash flows during the useful life of the
investment, expressed as:
NPV = −Io + ∑ FCDi
n
i=1 (12)
The Net Present Value was 301.56 USD and the PP were 9.78 years. These results show that the
investment is profitable since the NPV is positive, but not attractive because its value is small, and the
investment is recovered at the end of the useful life of the equipment. This is due to the high initial
investment cost and the reduced energy savings achieved annually since the sugar industry in Cuba is cyclical
with only 130 days of operation per year approximately.
However, if it is considered that the energy saved replaces the use of fossil fuel, since it is generated
from biomass, the same analysis can be carried out from a non-business perspective, but at the level of a
government program. This means that if the energy price of the SEN is considered, that is, 0.21 USD / kWh,
the NPV is 19277.60 USD and the PP is 3.87 years. Table 3 summarizes the results of the economic analysis
for these two scenarios.
Table 3. Results of the Economic Analysis for the two scenarios
Scenarios
Energy
saving,
∆E
(kWh/year)
Energy
prices
(USD/kWh)
VPN (USD)
PP
(years)
Business focus 34230.51 0.08 301.56 9.78
Government
focus
34230.51 0.21 19277.60 3.87
Of the economic variables used, the energy price and the discount rate are variable. The first
depends on the variations in the price of fuel in the international market and the second in the sector of the
economy that is analyzed and the investment policy of the country. Variations in the price of energy can be
considered by varying the rate of energy inflation; and variations in the discount rate, varying the risk
margin. In this way, a sensitivity analysis of the investment profitability can be made with the variations of
these economic variables. The results of the NPV sensitivity analysis are shown in Figure 3, both for the case
of business focus and for a governmental focus. Figure 4 shows how the PP varies for these scenarios with
variations of the same variables.
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Flow regulation at constant head in feedwater pumps in a sugar industry (Julio R. Gómez)
739
As can be seen, throughout the range of variation of the economic variables analyzed, the PP is
always high for the company, however, with the government focus it is feasible because it is in the order of
four years.
Figure 3. NPV calculated (a) for different values of the risk margin and (b) for different values of the
inflation rate
Figure 4. PP calculated (a) for different values of the risk margin and (b) for different values of the
inflation rate
4. CONCLUSION
The study demonstrated the technical feasibility of using variable speed drive in water pumping
systems to feed boilers in the sugar industry. For the proposed application, a MICROMASTER 440 inverter
from Siemens, type 6SE64402UD413GAO, nominal power 160 kW, output current 302 A. With this device,
it is proposed to implement a strategy of variable flow control at constant load.
The estimated savings potential using this technology is 34230.51 kWh / year, which means that
27.17 tons of CO2 per year are no emitted into the atmosphere. However, it is shown that the investment
proposal for the company is not attractive, since the period of recovery of the investment approaches the end
of the useful life considered (9.78 years). A different way to evaluate the proposal is to analyze the economic
feasibility with a governmental focus. For this, the cost of electricity generation is 0.21 USD, instead of 0.08
USD used for the business approach. In this scenario, the investment recovers in 3.87 years. This type of
analysis can be applied to other cyclical industries with a low annual operating period.
This result also demonstrates that for the implementation of measures to save energy or generate
energy from renewable sources, it is necessary that governments apply incentive policies.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Julio R. Gómez Sarduy was born in 1963 in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Received the B.S degree in
electrical engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba, in 1986.
Received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa
Clara, Cuba, in 1996, from there he received his Ph.D. degree in 2006. Currently is with the Center
for the Study of Energy and Environment (CEEMA). Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de
Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba. His area of interest includes electric machines, power quality and
energy efficiency in industrial power systems.
Vladimir Sousa Santos was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on November 21, 1980. Received the B.S
degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba, in 2004. Received
the M.Sc. degree in Energy Efficiency from Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba, in 2006. Received
the Dr.C. (Ph.D.) degree from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba, in 2014. Currently is with
GIOPEN of Energy Department of Universidad de la Costa (CUC), Colombia. His area of interest
includes electric machines, power quality and energy efficiency.
Mario S. Quintana Valladares was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba, on February 22, 1993. He received
the title of Mechanical Engineer in 2017, at the University of Cienfuegos, Cuba. Currently is with
the research center (CEEMA) of the University of Cienfuegos, Cuba. He specializes in the
mechanical areas of fluids and efficient energy management.
Percy R. Viego Felipe was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on November 19, 1944. Received the B.S.
degree in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba, in
1965. Received the Dr.C. (Ph.D.) degree from the Central Universidad Participated in a
postdoctoral scholarship on single-phase induction machine design at the Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Finland, in 1994. Currently is with the Center of Energy and Environmental
Studies (CEEMA), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba.
Hernan Hernández Herrera was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on July 7, 1976. Received the B.S
degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba in 2000. M. Sc. in
applied mechanics from the Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba 2005. Received the Dr.C. (Ph.D.)
degree from the Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba, in 2006. Currently is with Facultad de
Ingenierias, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Colombia. His area of interest includes applied mechanics
and energy efficiency.
Enrique C. Quispe (M´95. SM’12) was born in Lima, Perú, on January 20, 1956. He received the
B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú in 1980. M.Sc.
in Electrical Engineering, M. Eng. in Industrial Automation and PhD. in Electrical Engineering
from Universidad del Valle, Colombia in 1994, 1997 and 2011, respectively. Since 1992, he has
been with Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali, Colombia, where he is currently Full
Professor in the Department of Energy and Mechanics and the Director of the Energy Research
Group. His current research interests include the analysis of electrical machines and drives, power
quality and management and energy efficiency. He is an IEEE Senior Member.