This is an introduction to Gestalt Therapy, invented by Fritz Perls, presented by Glenn Berger, PhD. I learned the method at the Gestalt Associates for Psychotherapy in New York, under the auspices of Alan Cohen. I cover the discovery of Gestalt, contrasts to analysis, Field Theory, Figure/Ground, Contact Boundary, the Need Cycle, Layers of the Personality, Awareness, I/Thou, existential phenomenological method, and the goals of Gestalt therapy.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
In dealing with problems in life, there's a more humanistic type of psychology called the Gestalt therapy. Read to know more about this effective approach.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
In dealing with problems in life, there's a more humanistic type of psychology called the Gestalt therapy. Read to know more about this effective approach.
Humanistic approach talks about human potential which can only be harnessed by an individual by focussing on internalization and subjective knowledge for this world for the attainment of self-actualization or true potential by fulfilling the needs as per the hierarchy of importance.
●Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: Ability to reason logically and perform mathematical calculations.
●Spatial Intelligence: Aptitude for visual and spatial thinking and understanding relationships between objects.
●Musical Intelligence: Skill in musical abilities, such as pitch, rhythm, and composition.
●Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Expertise in controlling body movements and handling objects.
●Interpersonal Intelligence: Capability to understand and interact effectively with others.
●Intrapersonal Intelligence: Self-awareness and understanding of one's own emotions, motivations, and goals.
●Naturalistic Intelligence: Sensitivity and knowledge about the natural world and its phenomena.
Pre-Therapy (Contact) orientated, nature based. June 2022.pptxRabErskine1
This PowerPoint presentation was developed by Rab Erskine and was offered to the tPCA's Practitioner Conference, Alfreton in June 2022. The slides highlight aspects of offering a Contact-Orientated counselling/therapy model in nature and are based on Rab's learning over the years..
Rab has lived and worked as a therapist, in the Tweed Valley (Scottish Borders Region) for over thirty five years. His initial experience of working therapeutically started in 1985, while employed at a pioneering therapeutic-community project. After qualifying in 1993 as a counsellor and psychotherapist, and alongside working as a counsellor in primary care, he set up a small company offering nature-based short term residential experiences to individuals and groups. From 2004 to 2016, he was commissioned to run the nature-based project for the Adult Mental Health Psychiatric Rehabilitation service. For a number of years he also worked as a trainer and supervisor. He presently runs a nature based private practice alongside mentoring and working with charities that support adults with complex trauma.
Rab describes his work in the following way:
"Although most counselling and psychotherapy takes place indoors, there are times when there is a need for a more natural working environment than the often, somewhat ‘clinical’ indoor therapeutic space.
This much larger working environment sometimes known as Eco-Therapy, Nature Therapy, Eco-Psychology, can assist in the creation of a gentle yet powerful therapeutic encounter, often useful when there is trauma or deep seated emotional experiences to be worked with.
A way of engaging therapeutically which (Rab believes) understands the individuals’ need for a supportive, non judgemental, less intrusive, compassionate environment within which to explore and better understand him/her self.
This very humanistic way of engaging therapeutically, works well with the nature based working context of ecotherapy.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
5. A Reaction to Analysis
• Contactful/Isolating
Health comes from full contact. The therapy
room is a place to experiment with contact.
Analysis removes contact, believing that if you
isolate something you can experiment on it.
Gestalt view is that everything exists within a
field, and you cannot remove a person from
their surround.
6. A Reaction to Analysis
• Relational/Transference
Exploring fantasies based on the past keeps
people in unreality.
7. A Reaction to Analysis
• Present-Centered/Historical
Gestalt is interested in how you interrupt, not
why.
8. A Reaction to Analysis
• Active/Passive
It is a misconception of human reality to reify
processes into things. You can go to the book
club about heaven, or go to heaven.
9. A Reaction to Analysis
• Experiential/Cognitive
Learning happens through experience. Cognitive
understanding has a limited effect on changing
patterns of being.
10. A Reaction to Analysis
• Holistic/Analytical
Analysis separates. Gestalt unifies
mind, feeling, body, spirit.
11. A Reaction to Analysis
• Process/Content
The analytical method of focusing on content
keeps the person out of contact with themselves
and others.
12. Figure/Ground
Gestalt Psychology - We form wholes out of data
• Man is the meaning making animal
• Figures form in a process
• A clear figure is formed on the basis of need, and
freedom of the apparatus
• A clear figure leads to need satisfaction
• Truth is emergent
• The formation of a clear figure, or gestalt, is the
cure.
13. Figure/Ground
Langer, in Philosophy in a New Key stated that ". . . the
brain is actively translating experiences into symbols, in
fulfillment of a basic need to do so. It carries on a
constant process of ideation." In fact, "symbolization is
the essential act of mind." That which occurs at the
meeting place of self and environment is mediated by a
symbolic process. As James Hillman put it, ". . . this
concatenation of inner and outer . . . we (called) a
symbol." This is where experience occurs. Experience
and perception is an active process, and, each of us
creates a representation of self and other.
14. Figure/Ground
Gestalt Psychology - We form wholes out of data
• Man is the meaning making animal
• Figures form in a process
• A clear figure is formed on the basis of
need, and freedom of the apparatus
• A clear figure leads to need satisfaction
• Truth is emergent
• The formation of a clear figure, or gestalt, is the
cure.
15. Figure/Ground
A figure is the result of our natural process of organizing complex
experience into meaningful wholes through delineation and
differentiation. The figure is what results from separating an
interactional pattern between world and self out and making it
something particular. By the nature of the figure’s complexity it
reflects desire and gives rise to emotion. It is pervaded with a
quality of identity. It can motivate action. When fully realized
the figure results in a unity and completion. This realized
representation of a need, thought, emotion, action and
satisfaction pattern is what is called a gestalt, where gestalt
means a complete form or figure.
16. The Gestalt
• The gestalt is the whole that is more than the
sum of the parts.
• The tendency of mind to form data in patterns
with meaning.
17. Figure/Ground
Gestalt Psychology - We form wholes out of data
• Man is the meaning making animal
• Figures form in a process
• A clear figure is formed on the basis of need, and
freedom of the apparatus
• A clear figure leads to need satisfaction
• Truth is emergent
• The formation of a clear figure, or gestalt, is the
cure.
18. Figure/Ground
The greater our capacity for gestalt
formation, or the realization of highly delineated
and differentiated figures, the greater our
awareness and the deeper our experience of
self, and the more capable we are of
meeting, and interacting with, the other. Such
figure formation activity leads to
identity, agency, meaning, understanding, and
significance.
19. The Gestalt Goal
The capacity to form clearly
delineated, differentiated, complex figures spontaneously
in an interactive process of meeting the environment is
one way of defining the realization of the human being.
As Perls, Hefferline and Goodman put it in Gestalt
Therapy, ". . . the achievement of a strong gestalt is itself
the cure . . . the contact is heightened, the awareness
brightened and the behavior energized. The figure of
contact is not a sign of, but is itself the creative
integration of experience."
20. The Gestalt Goal
Our freedom comes from our ability to not be
limited by rigid, stereotypical interpretations of
ourselves and the world, but to continuously
expand our repertoire of possible
interpretations, and to see ourselves and the
world in more and more nuanced and complex
ways.
22. The Contact Boundary
• The figure rises out of the background field at
the place where our need meets the
surround. This process point, where “inner”
interacts with “outer,” is called the Contact
Boundary.
23. Interruptions at the Contact Boundary
• Limited means of interpreting data that leads to an impoverishment
of awareness.
•
The normal fluidity of these processes becomes habitually
disturbed.
• Contact boundary disturbances describe habits in which a response
manifests in the individual even though the original circumstances
under which the disturbance may have had adaptive value
(e.g., threat of punishment for speaking out) are not present
(e.g., speaking the truth to others will not engender punishment).
When one of these contact boundary disturbances occurs, the
Gestalt Cycle is interrupted: a gestalt remains incomplete. . . .there
remains unfinished business.
24. Interruptions at the Contact Boundary
• Projection
• Retroflection
• Introjection
• Confluence
These processes narrow meaning, choice, and
action. Used stereotypically, they define
pathology.
25. Interruptions in the Need Cycle
• Lack of awareness of need
• Lack of awareness of emotion
• Non-action
• Non-satisfaction
26. Unfinished Business
• Example:
• I want to be in a relationship.
• My mother taught me I am
worthless.(Introjection)
• I imagine I will be rejected. (projection)
• I want to talk to that person, but I get drunk
instead. (retroflection)
• I leave the party.(unfinished business)
27. Layers of the Personality
• Games Layer
• Impasse Layer
• Hurt-Child Layer
• Death Layer
• Life Layer
28. Games Layer
Indirect, manipulative communication patterns.
Example:
She says: Did you check the kid’s car seat?
He says: That’s a stupid question!
29. Hurt Child Layer
Direct experience and expression of historical
“unfinished business.”
Example:
Whenever you ask me a question, I am reminded
of my mother beating me. I am scared you are
telling me I am doing something wrong and I will
be punished for it.
30. Death Layer
The deeply resisted mourning of the lost
existential opportunity.
Example:
I am grieving because I will never have the
mother I need.
31. Life Layer
The freeing of energy that was bound in the
resistance.
Example:
All things are possible now that I don’t need you
to be my mother.
33. Awareness
To promote this phonomenological method, the
therapist:
• Cultivates Beginner’s Mind
• No interpretation
• Authentic, non-hierarchical relationship
between therapist and client
34. Tracking Process
• Staying with the client’s experience.
So for you, you can’t imagine that you will ever find someone to
love.
• A deep entering of the client’s experience without judgment.
You have a core conviction that because you are so ugly you will
never be loved. Then, you suddenly feel hatred of your father.
• Observation of what is.
I notice you smile when you say that you want your father dead.
35. Operationalize
• If your smile could speak, what would it say.
• Could you say that directly to your father?
• Could you squeeze this pillow like you were
strangling him?
36. I/Thou
• The relationship between the therapist and the client is the most important aspect
of psychotherapy. Dialogue is an essential part of Gestalt therapy's methodology.
• Relationship grows out of contact. Through contact people grow and form
identities. Contact is the experience of interacting with the not-me while
maintaining a self-identity separate from the not-me. Gestalt therapists prefer
experiencing the patient in dialogue to using therapeutic manipulation (I-It).
• Gestalt therapy helps clients develop their own support for desired contact or
withdrawal (L. Perls, 1976, 1978). Support refers to anything that makes contact or
withdrawal possible. Support mobilizes resources for contact or withdrawal.
• The Gestalt therapist works by engaging in dialogue rather than by manipulating
the patient toward some therapeutic goal. Such contact is marked by
straightforward caring, warmth, acceptance and self-responsibility. When
therapists move patients toward some goal, the patients cannot be in charge of
their own growth and self-support. Dialogue is based on experiencing the other
person as he or she really is and showing the true self, sharing phenomenological
awareness. The Gestalt therapist says what he or she means and encourages the
patient to do the same. Gestalt dialogue embodies authenticity and responsibility.
38. The Empty Chair
• Working With Polarities
• The top dog/underdog game
• Bringing the client to the impasse and leaving
them there
39. The Gestalt Ideal
An experiencing that is vital, free and
spontaneous, which inventor of Gestalt
therapy, Fritz Perls, would call aliveness itself.
40. Bibliography
• Frederick S. Perls, “Finding Self Through Gestalt Therapy,” The
Gestalt Journal under “Cooper Union Forum – Lecture Series: “The
Self” http://www.gestalt.org/self.htm (accessed December
26, 2009).
• James Hillman, Emotion (London: Routledge, 1999), 253.
• Richard Bandler and John Grinder, The Structure of Magic (Palo
Alto: Science and Behavior Books, 1975), 7
• “Gestalt,” Art Term
Glossary, http://www.khsd.k12.ca.us/bhs/Perry/art%20vocabulary.
htm (accessed December 27, 2009).
• Frederick Perls, John Goodman, Ralph Hefferline Gestalt Therapy (
Highland: Gestalt Journal Press, 1977), 232.
• Frederick Perls, The Gestalt Approach & Eye Witness to Therapy
(Ben Lomond: Science & Behavior Books, 1973), 102.
42. Resources
Gestalt Therapy Institute of Los Angeles
http://www.gtila.org/
Gestalt Institute of Cleveland
http://www.gestaltcleveland.org/index.php
Gestalt Associates for Psychotherapy, New York
http://www.gestaltassociates.org/
Esalen Institute, Big Sur, California
http://www.esalen.org/page/our-story