This document provides information on geothermal energy in Turkey. It discusses that Turkey has over 1000 hot springs with temperatures ranging from 25°C to 287°C. Geothermal resources in Turkey are used for electricity generation (243.35MWe installed currently), thermal tourism, agriculture, greenhouses, and other applications. While geothermal energy provides clean energy, development can impact the environment through issues like surface disturbances, thermal pollution, scaling and corrosion. The document examines the geological context, locations of major geothermal fields, fluid compositions and environmental concerns from geothermal development in Turkey.
This document summarizes geothermal development activities in Turkey. It notes that Turkey currently has 242 MWe of geothermal electricity production capacity and over 2,700 MWt of direct geothermal heat use. The document outlines Turkey's targets to reach 750 MWe of geothermal electricity production and expand direct heat use by 2018. It also estimates Turkey's theoretical geothermal potential at 4,500 MWe for electricity and 60,000 MWt for direct heat use. The significant progress in geothermal development in Turkey is attributed to renewable energy incentives and regulations introduced since 2005.
This document summarizes a geothermal energy project in Puerto Rico using Single-Well Engineered Geothermal Systems (SWEGS). It outlines the team developing the GTherm Green Boiler, including engineering, drilling, and research partners. It then describes how the SWEGS works by drilling a central well with lateral holes to harvest heat via heat pipes. The document discusses the flexibility and environmental benefits of the closed-loop system. It analyzes Puerto Rico's energy profile and compares the levelized costs of GTherm to other power sources. Finally, it presents the future considerations and applications of GTherm systems.
Geothermal energy in Turkey Büşra Kevser KARAAĞAÇberfinim
Turkey began exploring geothermal energy in the 1970s and opened its first pilot plant. In the 1980s, the pilot plant grew into Turkey's first geothermal power plant. By 2013, Turkey's small initial plant had expanded to become the country's largest geothermal plant. Turkey has significant geothermal potential of 60GW due to its geology, though its existing plants are located over reservoirs with high carbon content that require care to limit emissions.
The document summarizes a field trip to southern Utah to view various geothermal power plants and projects:
1) The trip begins in Salt Lake City and travels south to visit ENEL's Cove Fort geothermal power plant, which has a capacity of 25 MW and uses reservoirs of fractured carbonate rock heated to 150°C.
2) Additional stops include Cyrq Energy's 10 MW plant in Thermo, and PacifiCorp's 23 MW Blundell plant near Milford, which uses reservoirs of granitic rock adjacent to fault zones with temperatures over 250°C.
3) The trip concludes with visits to the Utah FORGE site, large nearby solar and wind farms, and Mag
This document outlines a talk on geothermal energy in Indonesia and the Western Pacific region. It discusses the scientific and technological challenges of developing geothermal resources, including exploration, development, production, and capacity building. It provides an overview of geothermal systems, Indonesia's geothermal potential, challenges at each stage of development, and the work of Gadjah Mada University to advance geothermal research, education, and international partnerships.
This document summarizes geothermal energy resources in Texas. It discusses three main categories of geothermal energy use: geothermal HVAC systems, direct use of geothermal water, and geothermal electricity production. Geothermal HVAC systems can reduce energy usage by 40-70% compared to conventional HVAC. Direct use includes district heating, spas, greenhouses and aquaculture. Texas has potential for geothermal electricity production using temperatures of 165-200°F through binary cycle power plants. Widespread development requires consideration of long-term aquifer sustainability.
This reports represents basic aspects about geothermal energy,
This report contains
1. Introduction
2. Literature survey
3. Sources of Geothermal Energy
4. Geothermal Energy in India
5. Conversion of Geothermal Energy into Electricity
6. Costs Related to Geothermal Energy
7. Applications of Geothermal Energy
8. Conclusion
Geothermal energy and Its Scope in PakistanTalal Khan
This Slide Contain The Definition of Geothermal Energy. History of Geothermal Energy, Sources of Geothermal Energy i.e Boiling Mud Pot, Hot spring, Geysers, and Volcano, Applications of Geothermal Energy (Direct Uses and Indirect Uses for Energy Generation), Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy and Scope of Geothermal Energy in Pakistan.
This document summarizes geothermal development activities in Turkey. It notes that Turkey currently has 242 MWe of geothermal electricity production capacity and over 2,700 MWt of direct geothermal heat use. The document outlines Turkey's targets to reach 750 MWe of geothermal electricity production and expand direct heat use by 2018. It also estimates Turkey's theoretical geothermal potential at 4,500 MWe for electricity and 60,000 MWt for direct heat use. The significant progress in geothermal development in Turkey is attributed to renewable energy incentives and regulations introduced since 2005.
This document summarizes a geothermal energy project in Puerto Rico using Single-Well Engineered Geothermal Systems (SWEGS). It outlines the team developing the GTherm Green Boiler, including engineering, drilling, and research partners. It then describes how the SWEGS works by drilling a central well with lateral holes to harvest heat via heat pipes. The document discusses the flexibility and environmental benefits of the closed-loop system. It analyzes Puerto Rico's energy profile and compares the levelized costs of GTherm to other power sources. Finally, it presents the future considerations and applications of GTherm systems.
Geothermal energy in Turkey Büşra Kevser KARAAĞAÇberfinim
Turkey began exploring geothermal energy in the 1970s and opened its first pilot plant. In the 1980s, the pilot plant grew into Turkey's first geothermal power plant. By 2013, Turkey's small initial plant had expanded to become the country's largest geothermal plant. Turkey has significant geothermal potential of 60GW due to its geology, though its existing plants are located over reservoirs with high carbon content that require care to limit emissions.
The document summarizes a field trip to southern Utah to view various geothermal power plants and projects:
1) The trip begins in Salt Lake City and travels south to visit ENEL's Cove Fort geothermal power plant, which has a capacity of 25 MW and uses reservoirs of fractured carbonate rock heated to 150°C.
2) Additional stops include Cyrq Energy's 10 MW plant in Thermo, and PacifiCorp's 23 MW Blundell plant near Milford, which uses reservoirs of granitic rock adjacent to fault zones with temperatures over 250°C.
3) The trip concludes with visits to the Utah FORGE site, large nearby solar and wind farms, and Mag
This document outlines a talk on geothermal energy in Indonesia and the Western Pacific region. It discusses the scientific and technological challenges of developing geothermal resources, including exploration, development, production, and capacity building. It provides an overview of geothermal systems, Indonesia's geothermal potential, challenges at each stage of development, and the work of Gadjah Mada University to advance geothermal research, education, and international partnerships.
This document summarizes geothermal energy resources in Texas. It discusses three main categories of geothermal energy use: geothermal HVAC systems, direct use of geothermal water, and geothermal electricity production. Geothermal HVAC systems can reduce energy usage by 40-70% compared to conventional HVAC. Direct use includes district heating, spas, greenhouses and aquaculture. Texas has potential for geothermal electricity production using temperatures of 165-200°F through binary cycle power plants. Widespread development requires consideration of long-term aquifer sustainability.
This reports represents basic aspects about geothermal energy,
This report contains
1. Introduction
2. Literature survey
3. Sources of Geothermal Energy
4. Geothermal Energy in India
5. Conversion of Geothermal Energy into Electricity
6. Costs Related to Geothermal Energy
7. Applications of Geothermal Energy
8. Conclusion
Geothermal energy and Its Scope in PakistanTalal Khan
This Slide Contain The Definition of Geothermal Energy. History of Geothermal Energy, Sources of Geothermal Energy i.e Boiling Mud Pot, Hot spring, Geysers, and Volcano, Applications of Geothermal Energy (Direct Uses and Indirect Uses for Energy Generation), Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy and Scope of Geothermal Energy in Pakistan.
Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the Earth. The Earth's interior is extremely hot, with a molten iron core and hot rock mantle. This heat can be accessed near the surface at locations of volcanic and seismic activity where it is used directly or to generate electricity. While a renewable source of energy, geothermal plants emit small amounts of greenhouse gases and may release toxic compounds. Geothermal energy has potential in Bangladesh to help address power shortages but would require careful development and management.
This fund will:
- Support projects exploring Scotland’s potential geothermal energy capacity to provide heat utilising minewater, hot sedimentary aquifers, hot dry and hot wet rocks)
- Encourage the development of proposals for the utilisation of geothermal energy to local community benefit, achieving measurable carbon reductions (without sacrificing proper consideration of the impacts on the local environment), which are sustainable on a long term basis
- Support the development of future viable delivery models, emphasising the requirement for projects to demonstrate commercial viability as part of the energy solution in local developments.
With a new combination of existing technologies, we believe it is possible to create a renewable energy source –ultra deep EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems)– which is cheaper than coal.
The principle is simple: a higher temperature results in a better electricity conversion efficiency. So there is a double effect: a better conversion efficiency and the amount of available energy is higher. This double effect is stronger than the related cost of ultra deep drilling. Simple calculations demonstrate that ‘deeper is cheaper’.
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-I
Part-1 Introduction
Power and energy, sources of energy, review of thermodynamic cycles related to power plants,
fuels and combustion, calculations.
Part-2 Variable Load Problem
Industrial production and power generation compared ideal and realized load curves, terms, and factors. Effect of variable load on power plan operation, methods of meeting the variable load problem.
Part-3 Power plant economics and selection Effect of plant type on costs, rates, fixed elements, energy elements, customer elements, and investor’s profit; depreciation and replacement, theory of rates. Economics of plant selection, other considerations in plant selection.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. It is a renewable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity or provide direct heat. There are three main types of geothermal power plants - dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Geothermal reservoirs are found in areas with geysers, hot springs, volcanoes and high underground temperatures. While the initial investment is high, geothermal electricity generation costs can become competitive with other sources once plants are operational. India has potential geothermal reserves across its Himalayan regions and development is underway to establish the country's first geothermal plants.
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy, including its various uses. It discusses how geothermal energy is used to generate electricity in 24 countries, with 5 countries obtaining 15-22% of their electricity from geothermal. It also describes how geothermal energy is used for direct heating applications in 72 countries. The document outlines the different types of geothermal reservoirs and their temperature ranges. It provides details on various direct uses of geothermal energy, including for industrial/commercial applications and geothermal heat pumps. It also discusses the three main types of geothermal power plants for electricity generation.
As concerns are being raised around the world about the future of non-renewable fossil fuels, alternative energy sources are continually being researched. One alternative renewable energy source is geothermal energy, which is essentially converting the heat from the earth's core into energy.
This resource is harvested in few different ways and converted for use around the planet for a wide variety of consumer and industrial applications.
Energy Conversion Technology 2 - Binary power plant presentationRiccardo Pagotto
The document discusses the optimal design of binary cycle power plants for medium-temperature geothermal fields. It provides background on geothermal energy and geological settings. It then describes how binary cycle power plants work, including the heat recovery cycle, recovery heat exchanger, and cooling system. Temperature ranges for the geothermal fluid, reject fluid, and condenser are provided. The document also analyzes merit parameters like efficiency to optimize plant design, and evaluates performance using different working fluids over a range of temperature conditions. The conclusion covers advantages like sustainability and low emissions, but also disadvantages like dependence on geological factors and initial costs.
In this modern world, the dependence on
electricity is so much that it has become a
part and parcel of our life. The ever increas-
ing use of electric power for domestic, commer-
cial and industrial purposes necessitates to pro-
vide bulk electric power economically. This is
achieved with the help of suitable power produc-
ing units, known as Power plants or Electric
power generating stations. The design of a power
plant should incorporate two important aspects.
Firstly, the selection and placing of necessary
power-generating equipment should be such so
that a maximum of return will result from a mini-
mum of expenditure over the working life of the
plant. Secondly, the operation of the plant should
be such so as to provide cheap, reliable and
continuous service. In this chapter, we shall
focus our attention on various types of generat-
ing stations with special reference to their advan-
tages and disadvantages.
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that harnesses heat from within the earth. It can be extracted from geothermal reservoirs found in areas with geysers, hot springs, volcanoes, and boiling mud pots, where hot water and steam are trapped in porous rock. This heat energy can be used directly, such as for heating buildings and greenhouses, or indirectly for electricity generation in dry steam, flash steam, or binary cycle power plants. While geothermal energy has advantages of being continuously available and having little environmental impact, development is limited by high upfront costs and the risk of reservoirs running dry or releasing harmful gases.
Geothermal energy is primarily used in China, where 20% of the world's geothermal energy is utilized, and Portugal's Azores islands. In the Azores, geothermal energy is used to power 5 power plants and heat pans of food buried in the ground. Setting up a home or large power plant using geothermal energy has initial costs, but operating costs are lower than fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is a renewable and clean source that avoids pollution and depletion concerns of fossil fuels, though high initial drilling costs are a potential drawback for some. Geothermal plants work by pumping underground hot water or steam through turbines to generate electricity.
The document summarizes information about geothermal and nuclear energy. It provides details on how geothermal energy is harnessed from hot springs and used for electricity generation. It also discusses how nuclear energy works through fission and fusion reactions, and the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants and weapons. Advantages and disadvantages of both energy sources are outlined.
Looking at the investment per effective MW, geothermal energy is a very attractive investment.
In terms of investment per MW-peak, geothermal energy seems not to be especially attractive. However, utilization must also be considered. Taking utilization into account, geothermal energy is a very attractive investment.
Finally, the period after economic life makes geothermal energy really attractive.
This document outlines geothermal energy, which uses heat from within the Earth as a renewable energy source. Geothermal reservoirs are found in areas with geysers, hot springs, volcanoes, and boiling mud pots. These reservoirs contain hot water and steam that can be extracted to generate electricity in dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power plants. While the initial investment is high, geothermal electricity generation becomes cost competitive over time. The document also discusses geothermal energy potential and uses in India, as well as the advantages of being renewable and disadvantages like high upfront costs.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of geothermal power plants. It states that while some impacts are inevitable, they are generally minor compared to other power sources like fossil fuels. The main impacts discussed include air emissions, water usage, land usage, water pollution, induced seismicity, noise pollution, and disturbance of wildlife habitats. However, the document emphasizes that with proper regulation and use of abatement technologies, geothermal energy can be one of the most environmentally friendly power sources due to its low emissions and minimal use of chemicals.
This document provides information on various sources of wind and biomass energy. It discusses the basics of how wind energy is harnessed using wind turbines and converted to electricity. Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines are described as well as the process of electricity generation. Biomass energy sources like agricultural waste and forestry residues are outlined. Methods of converting biomass to energy through anaerobic digestion and other bioconversion processes are summarized. The economic and environmental aspects of both wind and biomass energy are briefly discussed.
Geothermal energy harnesses the natural heat from within the Earth as a source of energy. It originates from the Earth's formation and radioactive decay. Geothermal energy has advantages like being a natural and renewable resource that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. However, it also has disadvantages like high installation costs and limited availability. Several geothermal power plants around the world utilize underground steam and hot water to generate electricity, with the largest being Cerro Prieto in Mexico at 720MW capacity.
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat from within the Earth, generated from radioactive decay deep underground. This heat can be captured using hydrothermal reservoirs or enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermal energy is then harnessed by tapping into naturally occurring hydrothermal systems, where hot water rises to the surface and its steam is used to generate electricity. Direct uses of geothermal heat include heating buildings and greenhouses. The document discusses advantages such as being renewable and pollution-free, and disadvantages including high initial costs. It concludes by discussing the future potential of geothermal energy.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Geothermal energy is heat from within the Earth that can be used to generate electricity. It is extracted from hot water or steam underground. The heat comes from radioactive decay and residual heat from the Earth's formation. Some areas have naturally occurring hot springs or geysers that provide easy access to the geothermal heat. Electricity can be produced in facilities using dry steam, flash steam, binary cycle power plants, or other technologies. Geothermal energy has benefits like being renewable and having less environmental impact than fossil fuels, but also has some disadvantages like high initial costs and possible ground stability or noise issues.
Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the Earth. The Earth's interior is extremely hot, with a molten iron core and hot rock mantle. This heat can be accessed near the surface at locations of volcanic and seismic activity where it is used directly or to generate electricity. While a renewable source of energy, geothermal plants emit small amounts of greenhouse gases and may release toxic compounds. Geothermal energy has potential in Bangladesh to help address power shortages but would require careful development and management.
This fund will:
- Support projects exploring Scotland’s potential geothermal energy capacity to provide heat utilising minewater, hot sedimentary aquifers, hot dry and hot wet rocks)
- Encourage the development of proposals for the utilisation of geothermal energy to local community benefit, achieving measurable carbon reductions (without sacrificing proper consideration of the impacts on the local environment), which are sustainable on a long term basis
- Support the development of future viable delivery models, emphasising the requirement for projects to demonstrate commercial viability as part of the energy solution in local developments.
With a new combination of existing technologies, we believe it is possible to create a renewable energy source –ultra deep EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems)– which is cheaper than coal.
The principle is simple: a higher temperature results in a better electricity conversion efficiency. So there is a double effect: a better conversion efficiency and the amount of available energy is higher. This double effect is stronger than the related cost of ultra deep drilling. Simple calculations demonstrate that ‘deeper is cheaper’.
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-I
Part-1 Introduction
Power and energy, sources of energy, review of thermodynamic cycles related to power plants,
fuels and combustion, calculations.
Part-2 Variable Load Problem
Industrial production and power generation compared ideal and realized load curves, terms, and factors. Effect of variable load on power plan operation, methods of meeting the variable load problem.
Part-3 Power plant economics and selection Effect of plant type on costs, rates, fixed elements, energy elements, customer elements, and investor’s profit; depreciation and replacement, theory of rates. Economics of plant selection, other considerations in plant selection.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. It is a renewable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity or provide direct heat. There are three main types of geothermal power plants - dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Geothermal reservoirs are found in areas with geysers, hot springs, volcanoes and high underground temperatures. While the initial investment is high, geothermal electricity generation costs can become competitive with other sources once plants are operational. India has potential geothermal reserves across its Himalayan regions and development is underway to establish the country's first geothermal plants.
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy, including its various uses. It discusses how geothermal energy is used to generate electricity in 24 countries, with 5 countries obtaining 15-22% of their electricity from geothermal. It also describes how geothermal energy is used for direct heating applications in 72 countries. The document outlines the different types of geothermal reservoirs and their temperature ranges. It provides details on various direct uses of geothermal energy, including for industrial/commercial applications and geothermal heat pumps. It also discusses the three main types of geothermal power plants for electricity generation.
As concerns are being raised around the world about the future of non-renewable fossil fuels, alternative energy sources are continually being researched. One alternative renewable energy source is geothermal energy, which is essentially converting the heat from the earth's core into energy.
This resource is harvested in few different ways and converted for use around the planet for a wide variety of consumer and industrial applications.
Energy Conversion Technology 2 - Binary power plant presentationRiccardo Pagotto
The document discusses the optimal design of binary cycle power plants for medium-temperature geothermal fields. It provides background on geothermal energy and geological settings. It then describes how binary cycle power plants work, including the heat recovery cycle, recovery heat exchanger, and cooling system. Temperature ranges for the geothermal fluid, reject fluid, and condenser are provided. The document also analyzes merit parameters like efficiency to optimize plant design, and evaluates performance using different working fluids over a range of temperature conditions. The conclusion covers advantages like sustainability and low emissions, but also disadvantages like dependence on geological factors and initial costs.
In this modern world, the dependence on
electricity is so much that it has become a
part and parcel of our life. The ever increas-
ing use of electric power for domestic, commer-
cial and industrial purposes necessitates to pro-
vide bulk electric power economically. This is
achieved with the help of suitable power produc-
ing units, known as Power plants or Electric
power generating stations. The design of a power
plant should incorporate two important aspects.
Firstly, the selection and placing of necessary
power-generating equipment should be such so
that a maximum of return will result from a mini-
mum of expenditure over the working life of the
plant. Secondly, the operation of the plant should
be such so as to provide cheap, reliable and
continuous service. In this chapter, we shall
focus our attention on various types of generat-
ing stations with special reference to their advan-
tages and disadvantages.
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that harnesses heat from within the earth. It can be extracted from geothermal reservoirs found in areas with geysers, hot springs, volcanoes, and boiling mud pots, where hot water and steam are trapped in porous rock. This heat energy can be used directly, such as for heating buildings and greenhouses, or indirectly for electricity generation in dry steam, flash steam, or binary cycle power plants. While geothermal energy has advantages of being continuously available and having little environmental impact, development is limited by high upfront costs and the risk of reservoirs running dry or releasing harmful gases.
Geothermal energy is primarily used in China, where 20% of the world's geothermal energy is utilized, and Portugal's Azores islands. In the Azores, geothermal energy is used to power 5 power plants and heat pans of food buried in the ground. Setting up a home or large power plant using geothermal energy has initial costs, but operating costs are lower than fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is a renewable and clean source that avoids pollution and depletion concerns of fossil fuels, though high initial drilling costs are a potential drawback for some. Geothermal plants work by pumping underground hot water or steam through turbines to generate electricity.
The document summarizes information about geothermal and nuclear energy. It provides details on how geothermal energy is harnessed from hot springs and used for electricity generation. It also discusses how nuclear energy works through fission and fusion reactions, and the use of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants and weapons. Advantages and disadvantages of both energy sources are outlined.
Looking at the investment per effective MW, geothermal energy is a very attractive investment.
In terms of investment per MW-peak, geothermal energy seems not to be especially attractive. However, utilization must also be considered. Taking utilization into account, geothermal energy is a very attractive investment.
Finally, the period after economic life makes geothermal energy really attractive.
This document outlines geothermal energy, which uses heat from within the Earth as a renewable energy source. Geothermal reservoirs are found in areas with geysers, hot springs, volcanoes, and boiling mud pots. These reservoirs contain hot water and steam that can be extracted to generate electricity in dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power plants. While the initial investment is high, geothermal electricity generation becomes cost competitive over time. The document also discusses geothermal energy potential and uses in India, as well as the advantages of being renewable and disadvantages like high upfront costs.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of geothermal power plants. It states that while some impacts are inevitable, they are generally minor compared to other power sources like fossil fuels. The main impacts discussed include air emissions, water usage, land usage, water pollution, induced seismicity, noise pollution, and disturbance of wildlife habitats. However, the document emphasizes that with proper regulation and use of abatement technologies, geothermal energy can be one of the most environmentally friendly power sources due to its low emissions and minimal use of chemicals.
This document provides information on various sources of wind and biomass energy. It discusses the basics of how wind energy is harnessed using wind turbines and converted to electricity. Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines are described as well as the process of electricity generation. Biomass energy sources like agricultural waste and forestry residues are outlined. Methods of converting biomass to energy through anaerobic digestion and other bioconversion processes are summarized. The economic and environmental aspects of both wind and biomass energy are briefly discussed.
Geothermal energy harnesses the natural heat from within the Earth as a source of energy. It originates from the Earth's formation and radioactive decay. Geothermal energy has advantages like being a natural and renewable resource that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. However, it also has disadvantages like high installation costs and limited availability. Several geothermal power plants around the world utilize underground steam and hot water to generate electricity, with the largest being Cerro Prieto in Mexico at 720MW capacity.
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat from within the Earth, generated from radioactive decay deep underground. This heat can be captured using hydrothermal reservoirs or enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermal energy is then harnessed by tapping into naturally occurring hydrothermal systems, where hot water rises to the surface and its steam is used to generate electricity. Direct uses of geothermal heat include heating buildings and greenhouses. The document discusses advantages such as being renewable and pollution-free, and disadvantages including high initial costs. It concludes by discussing the future potential of geothermal energy.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Geothermal energy is heat from within the Earth that can be used to generate electricity. It is extracted from hot water or steam underground. The heat comes from radioactive decay and residual heat from the Earth's formation. Some areas have naturally occurring hot springs or geysers that provide easy access to the geothermal heat. Electricity can be produced in facilities using dry steam, flash steam, binary cycle power plants, or other technologies. Geothermal energy has benefits like being renewable and having less environmental impact than fossil fuels, but also has some disadvantages like high initial costs and possible ground stability or noise issues.
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources, such as sunlight, wind, water, and biofuels can be replenished naturally and do not get affected by human activities. In contrast, non-renewable sources like fossil fuels are present in fixed quantities and will eventually be depleted. The document also provides information about geothermal energy, including how it is generated from heat within the Earth, the technologies used to capture it, its potential benefits in providing clean energy with less environmental impact than fossil fuels, and challenges around its location-dependent nature and smaller power generation compared to other sources.
Review paper on Enhanced Geothermal Systems 2Stephen Leslie
The document summarizes enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which extract heat from deep within the Earth's crust. EGS is still in research and development with only a few pilot plants operating worldwide. It has potential as a massive source of renewable energy but faces high costs, particularly for drilling. Techniques like using cascading processes, hydroshearing, and carbon dioxide working fluids may help reduce costs. EGS could provide baseload power and leverage existing oil/gas infrastructure. Extracting minerals and producing chemicals in hot water also offer potential benefits. Further research is needed but EGS may be viable in the future with the right developments.
The document discusses geothermal energy, which is heat from the Earth's core that can be used directly or to generate electricity. Geothermal energy comes from hot underground reservoirs near tectonic plate boundaries. It is explored using surveys and test wells and used directly for heating and indirectly in power plants. Geothermal energy has advantages of being renewable but is limited to specific regions and requires high initial costs. The document outlines exploration methods, power plant types, costs, applications and advantages/disadvantages of geothermal energy.
This document discusses geothermal energy resources and technologies for harnessing them. It begins by defining geothermal resources as reservoirs of hot water or steam below the Earth's surface at varying depths and temperatures. It then describes the three main technologies used to convert geothermal fluids into electricity: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power plants. The document provides details on how each technology functions and the types of geothermal reservoirs they can utilize. It also discusses hydrothermal resources, geothermal system types, and advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy use.
This document discusses geothermal energy resources and technologies for harnessing geothermal power. It begins by defining geothermal resources as reservoirs of hot water or steam found below the Earth's surface at varying depths and temperatures. There are three main technologies used to convert geothermal fluids into electricity: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle plants. Hydrothermal resources specifically refer to heated water and steam resources found underground due to circulating groundwater interacting with hot rocks. These resources can be harnessed without combustion by using the heat to drive turbines that generate electricity.
Geothermal energy has potential in Egypt according to the document. Low enthalpy resources exist in western oases and around the Gulf of Suez with surface temperatures of 30-45°C. Medium enthalpy resources like Hammam Faraun produce water up to 76°C. High enthalpy resources may exist in rift zones of the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. Egypt currently uses some hydro, solar and wind power but demand is growing rapidly. Geothermal could help meet this demand.
Geothermal energy is heat generated within the Earth. It is a renewable resource that can be harnessed for human use. Heat from the Earth's core radiates outward, warming rocks, water, and other geological materials. This heat can be captured from sources like geysers, hot springs, and underground reservoirs and used to generate electricity or heat buildings. Geothermal power plants drill deep wells to access steam or hot water that is used to power turbines connected to generators, while geothermal heat pumps transfer heat closer to the Earth's surface using pipes to heat and cool structures. Geothermal energy is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
This document discusses climate change, its causes, effects, and prevention. It states that climate change is caused by both natural factors like volcanic eruptions, solar activity, and ocean currents, as well as human-induced factors like deforestation, burning fossil fuels, industrialization, and greenhouse gas emissions. Some effects of climate change mentioned are shifts in rainfall patterns in India, increased temperatures damaging agriculture, and forced migration. Prevention methods discussed include using plants to reduce indoor air pollution and transitioning to more energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy sources.
This document discusses various energy sources including their classification as renewable or non-renewable. It describes how each energy source is harnessed or produced and notes their advantages and disadvantages. Specifically, it addresses fossil fuels, biogas, geothermal, hydrothermal, batteries, solar cells, biomass, and wind. It emphasizes the importance of investing in the least polluting energy technologies and combining sources to reduce environmental impacts.
This document discusses the potential economic and environmental benefits of geothermal energy for the Anchorage area. It provides background on geothermal energy, explaining that it is heat from within the earth that can be used to generate electricity or for direct heating uses. The document outlines the goals of analyzing 10 years of Anchorage's energy data compared to 4 geothermal plants, as well as comparing emissions from geothermal and petroleum plants. It reviews methods of locating geothermal resources and types of geothermal power plants.
Introduction to Geothermal Energy as an effort to spread public awareness on Sustainable Development in accordance with United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.
Geothermal Energy (power point presentaion)Anubhavverma51
The document discusses geothermal energy, including what it is, sources of geothermal energy, exploration methods, geothermal energy potential in India, conversion methods, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It notes that India has significant untapped geothermal potential across seven provinces, and that the country's first geothermal plant is being developed in Chhattisgarh. Direct use applications of geothermal energy include heating, cooling, drying, and aquaculture. Advantages include being sustainable and reducing emissions, while disadvantages include potential land subsidence and soil salination if water is not reinjected.
Geothermal Energy [تم حفظه تلقائيا].pptxMASOUDELHAWAT
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy. It discusses how geothermal energy is produced from heat within the Earth and can be used directly via hot springs or indirectly to generate electricity. It also outlines the major components of geothermal power plants and provides examples of the largest geothermal power plants in the world, including The Geysers in California which has the largest capacity of 1,520 MW. Geothermal energy has advantages of being renewable but also challenges related to toxic emissions in some locations.
Nanomaterials have potential to help mitigate pollution and climate change through various applications. They can efficiently capture carbon dioxide from air and toxic pollutants from water, and degrade waste into useful products. Some examples include nano-scale CO2 harvesters that convert carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals using sunlight, and highly permeable carbon capture membranes that more efficiently separate carbon dioxide from power plant exhaust. However, nanomaterials must become more economical and replace existing technologies completely to be fully implemented. Overall, continued research into novel graphene and biocatalytic nanomaterials may lead to more effective carbon capture and storage solutions.
Harnessing the Power of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (2).pptxSuvamSankarKar
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) harnesses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to generate electricity. There are three main types of OTEC systems - open cycle, closed cycle, and hybrid cycle. OTEC shows potential as a renewable energy source but faces challenges including high capital costs, technical complexity, and environmental impacts. While small pilot OTEC plants exist, the technology must be further developed to increase efficiency and feasibility on a larger commercial scale.
Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Plantijtsrd
"Energy in any form is the main and important factor of any developing nation and Energy is must require for surviving with honor. Geothermal energy is renewable energy source and it is clean and sustainable energy source but the development still required and going. At the time of electricity generation by geothermal power plant can cause many effects like surface disturbance, physical effect and environmental effects like noise pollution, water pollution, air pollution, hazard gasses emission etc. The main motive of this paper is to elaborate many bad impact on the atmosphere of the geothermal power plant and the amount of the different pollutions are discussed here. Manish Navriya | Piyush Agarwal | Jobin Thomas | Devendra Kumar Doda ""Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Plant"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21663.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21663/environmental-impact-of-geothermal-power-plant/manish-navriya"
This document describes a study that synthesized γ-alumina nanotubes using a hydrothermal method and used them to support iron, cobalt, and nickel Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. Characterization showed the alumina nanotubes had a surface area of 203.73 m2/g. The three catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and showed different catalytic behaviors. Nickel catalyst had the highest activity, followed by cobalt then iron catalyst, based on measurements of acidity, reducibility, active sites, and CO conversion in Fischer-Tropsch testing.
Gravimetri Dersi için aşağıda ki videoları izleyebilirsiniz.
Link 01: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTyjVaVGx0k
Link 02: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUkfgI8XaOE
The document discusses gravity anomalies and density variations in different regions based on gravity data. It shows how gravity maps reveal details about crustal thickness, tectonic features like faults and volcanic zones, and plate boundaries. Specific examples discussed include the Tibetan Plateau, Central America subduction zone, an area in Chugoku, Japan, and the state of Florida in the US. Regional gravity data can be used to model density changes associated with plate tectonics, crustal evolution, and volcanic and tectonic activity.
The USF team reviewed a geophysical investigation of the Kar Kar region conducted by WesternGeco in 2011. They found that WesternGeco's magnetotelluric (MT) data and models were of high quality. Both the WesternGeco and USF MT models identified a low resistivity zone at 300m depth that correlates with a water-bearing zone found in Borehole 4. USF performed gravity modeling which identified a north-south trending basin reaching 1500m depth, consistent with mapped faults. A preliminary hydrothermal model suggested observed temperatures could result from deep circulation of meteoric waters in the basin without needing a localized heat source. Additional geophysical data is recommended around the Jermaghbyur hot springs to
This document summarizes a study that used gravity data to delineate underground structure in the Beppu geothermal field in Japan. Analysis of Bouguer anomaly maps revealed high anomalies in the southern and northern parts of the study area that correspond to known geological formations. Edge detection filtering of the gravity data helped identify subsurface faults, including the northern edge of the high southern anomaly corresponding to the Asamigawa Fault. Depth modeling of the gravity basement showed differences between the southern and northern hot spring areas, with steep basement slopes along faults in the south and uplifted basement in the north.
This document summarizes the development of a new ultra-high resolution model of Earth's gravity field called GGMplus. Key points:
- GGMplus combines satellite gravity data from GOCE and GRACE with terrestrial gravity data and topography to achieve unprecedented 200m spatial resolution globally.
- It provides gridded estimates of gravity, horizontal and radial field components, and quasi-geoid heights at over 3 billion points covering 80% of the Earth's land.
- GGMplus reveals new details of small-scale gravity variations and identifies locations of minimum and maximum gravity, suggesting peak-to-peak variations are 40% larger than previous estimates. The model will benefit scientific and engineering applications.
Gravity measurements were taken in a region of China covering the south-north earthquake belt in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005. Researchers noticed significant gravity changes in the region surrounding Wenchuan and suggested in 2006 that a major earthquake could occur there in 2007 or 2008. While gravity changes were significant at some locations, more research is needed to determine if they could be considered a precursor. Uncertainties exist from measurement errors, hydrologic effects, and crustal movements. Improved data collection and analysis could enhance using gravity monitoring for earthquake research.
The document provides guidelines for implementing the H/V spectral ratio technique using ambient vibration measurements to evaluate site effects. It recommends procedures for experimental design, data processing, and interpretation. The key recommendations include measuring for sufficient duration depending on expected frequency, using multiple measurement points, avoiding disturbances, and interpreting H/V peaks in context with geological and geophysical data. Reliable H/V peaks are defined as having a clear maximum within expected frequency ranges and uncertainties. The guidelines aim to help apply the technique while accounting for its limitations.
Geopsy yaygın olarak kullanılan profesyonel bir program. Özellikle, profesyonel program deneyimi yeni mezunlarda çok aranan bir özellik. Bir öğrencim çalışmasında kullanmayı planlıyor.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE
UTILIZATION OF
GEOTHERMAL AREAS ıN TURKEY
Prof.Dr. Alper BABA
Izmir Institute of Technology
Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center
alperbaba@iyte.edu.tr
2. WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?
A clean, renewable and environmentally benign energy
source based on the heat in the earth
Used in 58 countries of the world. Known in over 80
Electricity generation in 24 countries
Direct heating use in 78 countries
3. APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL
RESOURCES
Geothermal resources have long been used for
direct heat extraction for district urban heating,
industrial processing,
domestic water and space heating,
leisure and balneotherapy applications.
Geothermal fields of natural steam are rare, most being a mixture
of steam and hot water requiring single or double flash systems
to separate out the hot water, which can then be used in binary
plants or for direct heating.
Re-injection of the fluids maintains a constant pressure in the
reservoir, hence increasing the field’s life and reducing concerns
about environmental impacts
4. GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY
INSTALLED CAPACITY MWE (2013)
Russia 82
Iceland 575
Italy 843
China 24
USA 3093
Turkey 243.35
Japan 536
Mexico 958
Guatemala 52
El Salvador 204
Costa Rica 166
Guadeloupe 4
Philippines 1904
Ethiopia 7.3
Kenya 167
Indonesia 1197
Australia 1.1
New Zealand 437
5. GEOTHERMAL DIRECT USE
ENERGY PRODUCTION GWH/YR (2010)
Canada 2465
Mexico 1117
USA 15710
Guatemala
El Salvador
Costa Rica
Sweden 12584
Germany 3546
Latvia
Switzerland 2143
Lithuania
Poland
Russia 1707
Ukraine
Iceland 6767
Mongolia
Slovakia
Romania
Bulgaria
China 20931
Serbia
Georgia
Macedonia
Nepal
Japan 7139
Tunisia
Greece Turkey 10247 Iran
Algeria
Guadeloupe
Pakistan
Egypt
Eritrea
Uganda
Jordan
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Kenya
Thailand
Vietnam
Philippines
Indonesia
Burundi
Tanzania
Australia
New Zealand 2654
7. TURKEY
Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world.
Its geological and tectonic evolution has been dominated by the
repeated opening and closing of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic oceans
(Dewey and Sengör, 1979; Jackson and Mc Kenzie, 1984).
It is located within the Mediterranean Earthquake Belt, whose
complex deformation results from the continental collision between
the African and Eurasian plates (Bozkurt, 2001).
The border of these plates constitutes seismic belts marked by
young volcanics and active faults, the latter allowing the
circulation of water as well as heat.
The distribution of hot springs in Turkey roughly parallels the
distribution of the fault systems, young volcanism, and
hydrothermally altered areas
10. More than 1000 hot
spring can be seen in
Turkey
MTA, 1995, Şimşek, 1982, 2010
11. Geothermal Resources in
Turkey
More than 1000 hot spring can be seen in
Turkey. Temperatures ranging from 25°C to
as high as 287 °C, fumaroles, and numerous
other hydrothermal alteration zones.
18. ENVıRONMENT PROBLEMS
Turkey is one of the fastest growing power markets in the world
and is facing an ever-increasing demand for power in the coming
decades
Geothermal development over the last forty years in Turkey has
shown that it is not completely free of impacts on the environment
24. SCALING AND CORROSıON
Turkish geothermal operators claim to have virtually overcome the consequences
of scaling and corrosion in both high and low temperature wells (Demir et al., 2013;
Geothermic)
25.
26. GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS ENCOUNTERED
IN TURKEY CAN BE CLASSIFIED
CHEMICALLY AS %95 INCRUSTING
AND TWO TO THREE GEOTHERMAL
FIELDS HAVE HIGHLY CORROSIVE
GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS.
IN THREE OF THE 140 GEOTHERMAL
FIELDS, GEOTHERMAL FLUID
CONTAINING TOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS (TDS) EXCEEDS 5000 PPM.
Turkish geothermal
operators claim to have
virtually overcome the
consequences of scaling
and corrosion in both high
and low temperature wells,
and scientific research.
27. GEOTHERMAL FLUID COMPOSITIONS
The
vast majority of geothermal fluids is
of meteoric origin.
However,
isotopic studies suggest that a
small fraction (5-10%) may emanate from
other sources, magmatic, juvenile, fluids
or host sediments (connate or formation
water)
Most
geothermal fluids exhibit higher
TDS contents than the original, cooler,
intake waters.
28. GEOTHERMAL FLUID COMPOSITIONS
The amount and mature of dissolved chemical
species depend on temperature, pressure,
minimal-fluid equilibria and mixing with other
waters.
One may logically infer that hotter fluids would
display higher TDSs than cooler ones, an
attribute however suffers many exceptions.
29. THE MAJOR CONSTITUANTS
OF GEOTHERMAL
WATERS ARE;
Cations:
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Li, Sr, Mn, Fe
Anions: Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, F-, Br Non ionic: SiO2, B, NH3, gases
Minor constituants: As, Hg, heavy, often
toxic, metals
30. Corrosion and Scaling
Damage occurs under the form of metal corrosion and
deposition on exposed material surfaces of scale species.
Both phenomena may also coexist through deposition
and/or entrainment of corrosion products.
Most commonly encountered damages address CO2/H2S
corrosion, alkaline carbonate/sulfate, heavy metal
sulphide and silica scale.
Source mechanisms are governed by pH, solution gases
and related bubble point and (CO2) partial pressures,
salinity, solubility products and of thermodynamic
changes induced by the production and injection
processes.
31. CORROSION AND SCALING
Whereas scaling affects mainly high enthalpy systems,
a result of fluid flashing,
steam carry over and injection of heat depleted brines,
corrosion and, at a lesser extent though,
corrosion is the major damage in exploitation of low
grade geothermal heat, known as direct uses.
Micro-biological activity, particularily sulfate reducing
bacteria, can also be a significant corrosion contributor
in such low temperature environments.
33. CALCIUM SCALE INHIBITION
Four inhibition groups
i. Threshold effect: the inhibitor acts a as salt
precipitation retarder.
ii. Crystal distortion effect: the inhibitor interferes
with crystal growth by producing an irregular
structure (most often rounded surfaces) with weak
scaling potential.
iii. Dispersion: the polarisation of crystal surfaces
results in the repulsion between neighbouring crystal
of reverse polarities
iv. Sequestration or chelation: complexation with
selected cations (Fe, Mg, etc…) leads to the formation
of soluble complexes.
37. CORROSION/SCALING
MONITORING PROTOCOLS
hydrodynamics: control of pressures and temperatures and
subsequent well, reservoir, geothermal network and heat exchanger
performances,
fluid chemistry: general and topical (selected indicators, HS-, S2-,
Fe3+, Fe3+, Ca2+, HCO3-, etc.) liquid and PVT (dissolved gas phase,
gas-to-liquid ratio, bubble point) analyses,
inhibitor injection concentrations: volume metering, flow
concentrations via tracing of the inhibitor active principle,
solid particle monitoring: concentrations (staged millipore
filtrations) and particle size diameters and distributions (optical
counting, doppler laser velocimetry),
microbiology: sulphate reducing bacteria numbering,
corrosion: measurement of corrosion rates (coupons, corrosion
meters),
down hole line integrity: electrical measurements, pressurisation
and/or tracer tests,
periodic well logging inspection
38. DEPOSITION STUDY
Themodynamics. Theory
Kinetics. Practice
In line coupons
Solids
Ageing. Laboratory simulation (Bench scale study)
Suspended tank
Full scale simulation
40. SILICA SCALE
EFFECT
Problematic in surface equipment and in connection with
disposal
Thermodynamic study to determine minimum temperature of
possible deposition
Bench scale study prior to ponding or re-injection to study rate under
different conditions
41. SILICA REMOVAL/CONTROL
l
Prevention:
– t > tAS
– Inhibitors, e.g hydroxy-ethyl-cellulose, ethylene
oxide, -C-O-C- group compounds
l
Removal: Difficult
– Physical: drilling, scraping, hydroblasting,
cavitation descaling
– Chemical: HF, hot NaOH; undesirable
42. IRON SILICATES (OXIDES, CARBONATES)
In high temperature brines, e.g Tuzla, Salton Sea,
Djibouti, Milos. Also where volcanic activity has
interfered, e.g Centreal and Eastern Anatolia
Temperatures at least 50°C higher than for formation
of simple silica deposits
Proposed mechanism:
OFeOH•H2O + Si(OH)4 Fe(OH)3•SiO2 + 2H2O
When formation starts extent is great
43. IRON COMPOUNDS: Fe/Si RATIO,
CONTROL AND REMOVAL
Fe/Si RATIO (mole/mole):
0.15
at 105°C, 1.00 at 220°C (Tuzla)
Control and Removal
Pressure
control
Acid
Reducing
agents, e.g. Na formate, as
inhibitors
Drilling out
44. SULPHIDES
PbS (galena), ZnS (sphalerite), CuS covellite), Cu2S
(chalcocite), SbS2 (stibnite, in Mt Amiata, Italy),
CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite), FeS2 (pyrite), FeS (pyrrhotite)
by reaction of metal(s) with H2S.
Saline solutions, effect of volcanic gas
Lower temperature lower solubility
Milos: Not directly on metal. Order of scales from
wellhead to outflow: Galena, sphalerite, Fe-Si, SiO2
46. Deposition at different pressures
Branched line
Pressure controlled by orifices.
Coupons inserted after each orifice
Flow regulated by RJ-pipes,
critical lip pressure monitored
Pictures from Haldor Arrmansson
48. CALCITE SCALING
Flashing CO2 stripping and pH increase,
causing calcite deposition
Ca+2 + 2HCO3- CaCO3 + CO2 +H2O
Increasing temperature decreasing solubility
Extent of supersaturation can be calculated
49. CALCITE
Removal
Drilling out
HCl treatment
Control
Inhibition:Organic phosphonates (success claimed);Synthetic polymers
(e.g. polyacrylamide); Organic polymers (e.g. polycarboxylic acids);Sequestering
agents (e.g. EDTA, polyphosphates (successful in low temperature situations));
HCl: Success claimed but care needed
50. MAGNESIUM SILICATES
Formed upon heating of silica containing ground water or
mixing of cold ground water and geothermal water
Form at relatively high pH
Well known where
geothermal water used to
heat groundwater
Avoid mixing and keep pH
low
51. CORROSIVE SPECIES
O2: at low temperatures; H+ (pH): Low pH favours
cathodic half-reaction; Cl: Fe+2 + Cl- FeCl+
favours anodic half-reaction; CO2: Controls pH and
favours last cathodic half-reaction. H2S attacks Cu,
Ni, Zn, Pb
H2S, CO3-2 and SiO2 may form protective films on
steel
Fe+2 + HS- FeS + H+
Fe+2 + H3SiO4- FeSiO3 + H+ + H2O
Fe+2 + HCO3- FeCO3 + H+
53. MONITORING AND CONTROL
COUPONS
Wellhead
fluid
Two phase flow lines
Flashed liquid
Steam
Condensate
Cooling water
KEEP OXYGEN OUT
INSULATE Cl-RICH DRY STEAM
54. SPECIMENS
Type
Coupons
U-bend
specimens
Notched specimens
Fatigue specimens
Number
Vendor
of installation, plant owner,
contractor 1 set each
Test period. ½ year, 1 year, long-term: 1
set each
61. Result and Conclusion
Geothermal development in the last forty years has shown that
it is not completely free of adverse impacts on the environment.
These impacts are causing an increasing concern to an extent
that may now be limiting development
The scarce data available shows that the thermal fluids
contain trace elements (As, Cd, and Pb), which may affect soil
and water.
Corrosion and Scaling still a big problem in the most
geothermal fields.
All possible environmental effects should be clearly identified,
and mitigation measures should be devised and adopted to
avoid or minimize their impact.