George Kelly developed Personal Construct Theory, which proposes that individuals construct personal interpretations of reality through their experiences. According to Kelly, people develop constructs that are bipolar and dichotomous in nature to make sense of and anticipate events. These personal constructs can differ between individuals and change over time based on new experiences. Kelly developed tools like repertory grids to study personal construct systems.
Constructivist Contributions to personality psychologyGuillem Feixas
Constructivism is an epistemnological position about the impossibility of objective knowledge. But it doesn't mean rejecting science, rather the opposite. Its contributions to Personality Psychology are outlined. The Repertory Grid technique is explored in more detail, and its potential for identifying cognitive conflicts emphasised.
Constructivist Contributions to personality psychologyGuillem Feixas
Constructivism is an epistemnological position about the impossibility of objective knowledge. But it doesn't mean rejecting science, rather the opposite. Its contributions to Personality Psychology are outlined. The Repertory Grid technique is explored in more detail, and its potential for identifying cognitive conflicts emphasised.
It all start with me doodling and making mandalas. One day i got a compliment about how creative person i was, so as I am majoring in psychology I decided to read and search for the relationship between creativity and psychology and why not making a presentation about it.
LET Reviewer for Values Education
- Foundation of Values Education
- Personhood Development
- Transformative Education
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It all start with me doodling and making mandalas. One day i got a compliment about how creative person i was, so as I am majoring in psychology I decided to read and search for the relationship between creativity and psychology and why not making a presentation about it.
LET Reviewer for Values Education
- Foundation of Values Education
- Personhood Development
- Transformative Education
- Work Ethics and Community Service
- Research and Evaluation
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Theory
• Personal Construct Theory or Constructivism:
• People construe or understand the world and
construct own versions of reality-personal system of
explaining human behaviors.
• Each of us tries to understand the world and we do
so in ways that are different
• A person’s processes are psychologically channeled
by ways in which he/she anticipates events
3. Personality development
• Development revolves about the person's attempts
to maximize understanding of the world through the
continuing definition and elaboration of his or her
construct system.
4. Personal construct:•
The pattern of an individual’s construction are called
constructs
Each person sets up his/hers own network of pathways
leading into the future.
Constructive Alternativism - basic assumption that
human beings are capable of changing their
interpretations of events
5. • A construct is defined not as an event, but how we
construe the event. Thus a construct is the meaning
we give to our surrounding reality.
• •We create an image of reality and then we respond
to this image.
• •Personal constructs are then tested against reality.
• • Personal constructs are cognitive structures we use
to interpret &predict events
6. Metaphor of Man-as-scientist
•Anticipation –we are always trying to anticipate
/foresee what will happen
• The construct, when tested, anticipates the right
outcome the hypothesis
• personal theory or construct system tells us about
surrounding phenomena.
7. Kinds of Constructs
– superordinate - construct that controls many other
constructs.
– subordinate - construct that is controlled by other
constructs.
– core - fundamental belief that is part of the individual’s
personal identity
– peripheral - belief that is relatively unimportant to the
person and that can be changed rather easily.
– preemptive - construct that includes only its own elements
and maintains that these elements cannot apply to other
constructs.
– constellatory - construct that allows its elements to belong
to other constructs concurrently; however, once identified in
a particular way, these elements are fixed.
– propositional - construct that leaves all of its elements open
to modification.
8. • No 2 people use identical personal constructs, & no 2
people organize their constructs in an identical
manner.
•According to Kelly, personal constructs are bipolar.
• We classify relevant objects in an either/or fashion
with each construct.
•E.g., friendly-unfriendly, tall-short, intelligent-stupid,
masculine- feminine, etc.
9. • Kelly argued that differences in our behavior
largely result from differences in the way
people “construe the world.”
10. • Suppose two people meet a new individual named Adam.
•
• Person 1
• : uses friendly-unfriendly, fun loving-stuffy, and outgoing-
shy constructs in forming his template for Adam’s behavior.
• Person 2
• : uses refined-gross, sensitive-insensitive, & intelligent-
stupid constructs.
• •After both individuals interact with Adam they walk away
with differentimpressions of Adam.
• •Person 1 believes that Adam is a friendly, fun-loving &
outgoing person,whereas Person 2 thinks that Adam is
gross, insensitive, & stupid.
• •The same situation is interpreted differently.
• Past experience—guides our predictions
11. • The theory is set out in his major work as a series of
formal postulates and corollaries,
• Its essence is that personal identity is defined by the
way we construe or “understand” our personal
worlds.
• It is therefore a phenomenological approach, rather
than a positivist one.
12. • This basically means trying things out to see whether
they work:
• our “constructs” or ways of making sense of the
world, are not necessarily conscious and articulate,
but may be inferred from behaviour.
• Kelly does not refer to learning at all, but to changes
in constructs over time
13. • Its major tool is the “Repertory Grid”, which is an
amazingly simple idiographic device to explore how
people experience their world.
• It is a table in which, apart from the outer two
columns, the other columns are headed by the
names of objects or people(traditionally up to 21 of
them).
• These names are also written on cards, which the
tester shows to the subject in groups of three, always
asking the same question:
• “How are two of these similar and the third
one different?”
14. • Constructs do not have to be dictionary opposites:
• for a given subject “Unselfish” might be a more
meaningful opposite to “Mean”, than “Generous”.
• It is connotations for an individual which count,
rather than "objective" dictionary denotations.
• For this reason you need to exercise great caution in
comparing the grids of different people
15. Corollaries
• Corollaries - propositions associated with the
fundamental postulate
– construction - a person anticipates events by
assuming there is regularity between them.
– individuality - proposition that people differ in their
constructions of reality.
– organization - proposition that the individual’s
constructs are arranged in particular ways within his
or her personal belief system.
– dichotomy - proposition that constructs are bipolar.
16. • The construction corollary
• "A person anticipates events by construing their
replications"
• The individuality corollary
• "Persons differ from each other in their construction of
events"
• The organization corollary
• "Each person characteristically evolves for his
convenience in anticipating events, a construction
system embracing ordinal relationships between
constructs)
• The dichotomy corollary
• "A person's construction system is composed of a finite
number of dichotomous constructs"
17. • The range corollary
• "A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a
finite range of events only“
• The experience corollary
• "A person's construction system varies as he
successively construes the replication of events“
• The modulation corollary
• "The variation in a person's construction system is
limited by the permeability of the constructs within
whose ranges of convenience the variants lie"
• The fragmentation corollary
• "A person may successively employ a variety of
construction subsystems which are inferentially
incompatible with each other
18. Cogntive Therapy
• Role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test) - test designed
to Measure the personal construct systems of individuals.
• Clients Use Invalid Constructs; therapists must
assist clients' growth by employing the technique of
controlled elaboration - technique in which clients
are encouraged to clarify and think through their
problems in consultation with the therapist;
• this process enables them to revise or discard old
constructs and to formulate new and more effective
ones.
19. • Fixed-Role Therapy - procedure designed to produce
personality changes in clients by constructing roles
for them that help them overcome their weaknesses
and enable them to reconstrue themselves and their
life situations.
20. • Fixed-Role Therapy (cont.)
– self-characterization sketch - initial step in fixed-
role therapy, in which clients are asked to write a
brief character outline of themselves as it might
be written by an intimate and sympathetic friend.
– enactment sketch - client is asked to play a role
designed to contrast sharply with the client’s
current self-perception, as revealed in the self-
characterization sketch, and thus to produce
major changes in the client.
21. • Comprehensiveness - limited in scope.
• Precision and Testability - precise and testable.
• Parsimony - fails to meet the parsimony criterion; too
simplistic.
• Empirical Validity - empirical support is strong for
some aspects of the theory.
• Heuristic Value - theory is proving to be stimulating
to researchers in Great Britain.
• Applied Value - considerable influence on business
managers and occupational counselors. Applied
value of the theory is steadily increasing.