IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study is done on various parameters i.e., Strength parameters, NaOH solution concentration, the alkalescent hydroxide to alkalescent salt ratio, period of curing, additional water in mix has been investigated. Method: The mix is trailed initially for 8 Molarity. The Alkaline content used in the study is the amalgam of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium silicate with the different ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total numbers of specimens 81 are being casted The Geopolymer specimens are tested for their Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strengths at the ages of 3-7-28 days. Findings: The strength properties strength are increased with the increase in activator ratio. The strength of all GPC specimens improved with the increase in curing time. . Applications/ Improvements: Flyash based geopolymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, pavement tiles, railway precasted sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
A Review on Geopolymer Concrete Using Partial Replacement of Demolished Aggre...cedmmantc5411
This paper reviews the literature related to geopolymer concrete. Concrete is widely used material
for various construction activities due to its versatile character. But it causes environmental pollution due to
production of Portland cement and quarrying of aggregate. Low calcium Fly ash and alkaline liquid as a binder
is being used to replace the Portland cement to produce geo polymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete use of
cement is completely evaded. This can be one of the methods to reduce the environmental pollution. The
alkaline liquid has been used in geopolymerisation is the combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
The study revealed that there is possibility to replace natural coarse aggregate with demolished concrete in the
geopolymer concrete. By the use of demolished aggregate in concrete, environmental pollution and reduction in
valuable landfill will be evaded.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio that affects the properties of alkali activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted a technology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test the conventional concrete. The main aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of new materials later on to the concrete industry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix is prepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at room temperature. The response variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation of Geopolymer concrete properties which are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, the activator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to other two activator ratios. There is substantial gain in compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Improvements: This work can be enhanced for various molarities under various temperatures and various activator ratios.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study is done on various parameters i.e., Strength parameters, NaOH solution concentration, the alkalescent hydroxide to alkalescent salt ratio, period of curing, additional water in mix has been investigated. Method: The mix is trailed initially for 8 Molarity. The Alkaline content used in the study is the amalgam of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium silicate with the different ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total numbers of specimens 81 are being casted The Geopolymer specimens are tested for their Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strengths at the ages of 3-7-28 days. Findings: The strength properties strength are increased with the increase in activator ratio. The strength of all GPC specimens improved with the increase in curing time. . Applications/ Improvements: Flyash based geopolymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, pavement tiles, railway precasted sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
A Review on Geopolymer Concrete Using Partial Replacement of Demolished Aggre...cedmmantc5411
This paper reviews the literature related to geopolymer concrete. Concrete is widely used material
for various construction activities due to its versatile character. But it causes environmental pollution due to
production of Portland cement and quarrying of aggregate. Low calcium Fly ash and alkaline liquid as a binder
is being used to replace the Portland cement to produce geo polymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete use of
cement is completely evaded. This can be one of the methods to reduce the environmental pollution. The
alkaline liquid has been used in geopolymerisation is the combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
The study revealed that there is possibility to replace natural coarse aggregate with demolished concrete in the
geopolymer concrete. By the use of demolished aggregate in concrete, environmental pollution and reduction in
valuable landfill will be evaded.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio that affects the properties of alkali activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted a technology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test the conventional concrete. The main aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of new materials later on to the concrete industry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix is prepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at room temperature. The response variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation of Geopolymer concrete properties which are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, the activator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to other two activator ratios. There is substantial gain in compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Improvements: This work can be enhanced for various molarities under various temperatures and various activator ratios.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
STRENGTH PROPERTIES ON FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURESIAEME Publication
Due to increase in environmental problems of the construction industry alternative technologies are emerging. A concrete is used around the world is second only to water. The making of ordinary Portland cement support 5 to 7 percent of total green house gas emission. It also takes large amount of energy .Hence it is necessary to find alternative to cement .Fly ash is a product of coal procured from thermal power plant. It is also good in silicon and alumina. In this experiment the fly ash is used to prepare the geo polymer concrete.geopolymer is a material resulting from the reaction of source materials that is rich in aluminum and silicon. One such material is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses a material like fly ash as binding material in place of cement.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
Experimental investigation on studying the flexural behaviour of geopolymer c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Geo polymer concrete is one of the emerging construction material as a substitute for conventional cement concrete, eliminating
the usage of OPC. This work is aimed to cast and testing of geopolymer slab elements with restrained edge condition. The size of
slab panel is 1m x 1m x 0.05 m. By using yield line theory, the moment of resistance and maximum deflection under flexural
loading are calculated for the of GPC slabs. Reinforcement details of these slabs are calculated using ultimate load method as
per IS code provisions. As the slab element is a composite material the experimental work is carried for determination of
mechanical properties GPC matrix and casting and testing of slab elements under UDL. Test results are compared with the
theoretical computations for bending moment and maximum deflections. The crack pattern of slabs in experimental work is also
compared with yield line patterns ( Developed for RCC).From the test results it is observed that the behaviour of GPC slabs
under flexural loading is similar to conventional concrete slabs
KeyWords: Geo Polymer Concrete, Slabs, Flexural Behavior, Yield Line Patterns , Load vs Deflections
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
STRENGTH PROPERTIES ON FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURESIAEME Publication
Due to increase in environmental problems of the construction industry alternative technologies are emerging. A concrete is used around the world is second only to water. The making of ordinary Portland cement support 5 to 7 percent of total green house gas emission. It also takes large amount of energy .Hence it is necessary to find alternative to cement .Fly ash is a product of coal procured from thermal power plant. It is also good in silicon and alumina. In this experiment the fly ash is used to prepare the geo polymer concrete.geopolymer is a material resulting from the reaction of source materials that is rich in aluminum and silicon. One such material is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses a material like fly ash as binding material in place of cement.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
Experimental investigation on studying the flexural behaviour of geopolymer c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Geo polymer concrete is one of the emerging construction material as a substitute for conventional cement concrete, eliminating
the usage of OPC. This work is aimed to cast and testing of geopolymer slab elements with restrained edge condition. The size of
slab panel is 1m x 1m x 0.05 m. By using yield line theory, the moment of resistance and maximum deflection under flexural
loading are calculated for the of GPC slabs. Reinforcement details of these slabs are calculated using ultimate load method as
per IS code provisions. As the slab element is a composite material the experimental work is carried for determination of
mechanical properties GPC matrix and casting and testing of slab elements under UDL. Test results are compared with the
theoretical computations for bending moment and maximum deflections. The crack pattern of slabs in experimental work is also
compared with yield line patterns ( Developed for RCC).From the test results it is observed that the behaviour of GPC slabs
under flexural loading is similar to conventional concrete slabs
KeyWords: Geo Polymer Concrete, Slabs, Flexural Behavior, Yield Line Patterns , Load vs Deflections
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Integrated grid inverter with frequency control scheme for wind mill applicat...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and implementation of path planning algorithm for wheeled mobile robot...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Utilization of pulverized plastic in cement concrete as fine aggregateeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DURABILITY STUDIES OF GGBS AND METAKAOLIN BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE Ijciet 08...IAEME Publication
The objective of this research work was to produce a carbon dioxide emission free cementious
material. The geopolymer concrete is such a vital and promising one. In this study, geopolymer is
prepared from ‘Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag’ (GGBS) a powder from grinding the byproduct
of slag waste from blast furnace of steel plants and metakaolin from industry. The Alkaline
liquids used in this study for the polymerization process are the solutions of sodium hydroxide
(NaoH) and sodium silicate (Na2Sio3).A 8 Molarity and 10 Molarity solutions was taken to prepare
the mix. The cube compressive strength was calculated for different mixes. The cube specimens are
taken of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm. Ambient curing of concrete at room temperature was
adopted. In total 180 cubes were casted for their compressive strength at age of 28 days
respectively. The test data indicate that on exposure to 5% Sodium Sulphate, Sulphuric Acid and
Sodium Chloride, the losses in weight, and strength of geopolymer concrete (GPC) are
significantly much less than those for cement concrete. Thus the geopolymer concrete is considered
to be an environmentally pollution free construction material.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production produces
substantial CO2 emission. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
will be of considerable cure to Global Warming related
with construction industry since GPC replaces OPC
completely or about 80% with industrial waste products. In
this study GPC was made up of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) and Red Mud (RM) incorporating
hybrid fibres in various ratios. Results show that, among
all the mixes, one mix showed the best mechanical
properties owing to the incorporation of hybrid fibres
and reduction of Red Mud.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
An experimental investigation on properties of ggbs based geopolymer concrete for high volume traffic
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 313
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PROPERTIES OF GGBS
BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE FOR HIGH VOLUME TRAFFIC
Ravi Kumar R1
, Sridhar R2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Shri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management,
Udupi
2
Research Scholar, Ghousia college of Engg &Assoc. professor, Department of civil Engg, Alva’s Institute of Engg &
Technology, Moodbidri, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The Civil Engineering construction is progressing massively day by day with the increase in demand for the cement production. One
ton production of cement emits about one ton of Carbon di Oxide into the atmosphere, including for burning of the fuel fossils and for
process of production using raw materials. This enormous liberation of Carbon di Oxide from the cement industries is one of the
major issues for the cause of ecological imbalance, resulting in green house effect. This emission of carbon di oxide into the
atmosphere is minimized by using the industrial by products or industrial wastes (binders) generated from the Steel Plants, called as
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and adding GGBS with the Sodium Hydroxide Solution and Sodium Silicate
Solutions, (together called as alkaline activators), which forms a good bond between the GGBS and other body forming inert
aggregates (Coarse and Fine Aggregates), without using the Ordinary Portland Cement. This new product branded as Geo-Polymer
Concrete, which addresses the solution to ecological issues and forms alternate construction material in the Civil Engineering
industry.
In the present work, an attempt has been made to establish the mix proportion to Geopolymer Concrete, to study the Engineering
Properties of Geopolymer Concrete and to prove that the new alternate material is ecofriendly. The mix combinations of alkaline
solutions are achieved by adding NaOH solution of varied molarity 12M, 14M and 16M, with the Sodium Silicate Solution
maintaining a ratio (Sodium Silicate to NaOH) of 2.5, 5.0 & 7.5 with the alkaline liquid to binder ratio as 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. The
alkaline activator solutions are prepared 24 to 30 hrs in advance to mixing with the dry materials. The conventional method of
mixing, compacting and moulding is followed for the production of the Geopolymer concrete.
The Cubes, Cylinders and Beams are cast using the mould conforming to BIS Codal provisions. The appropriate measurement of
alkaline solutions is mixed with the calculated ingredients like GGBS and other inert materials, with proper compaction, the
specimens are prepared. The specimens thus made are cured for 24 hrs. in the ambient temperature, covering the entire specimens
with High Density Polyethylene Sheet in order to avoid the escape of the water from the green mix. Later the specimens in the mould
are kept at elevated temperature of 120°
C for another 24 hrs in the dry oven for further curing. The engineering properties namely,
Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength on Geopolymer Concrete specimens are studied and compared
the properties with the Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete. The results showed that geopolymer concrete exhibited encouraging
results compared to Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (Compressive Strength= 50 MPa, Flexural Strength= 4.5 MPa & Splitting
Tensile Strength= 3.5 MPa) and Cost analysis indicated that Geopolymer concrete Costs 18% more than the Ordinary Portland
Cement Concrete satisfying all the engineering properties. Thus, Geopolymer Concrete, contains no Ordinary Portland Cement, is an
ecofriendly construction material, to make use in the various construction activities including the structural elements required for
pavements.
Keywords: Geopolymer Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), alkaline liquid, Sodium Silicate
Solution.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario, environmental pollution is the biggest
menace to the human race on this planet causing ecological
imbalance. There are many reasons which cause pollution. In
the construction industry, cement is the main ingredient/
material for the concrete production. The production of
cement involves the emission of carbon di oxide during its
production. There are two different sources of carbon di oxide
emission during cement production. Combustion of fossil
fuels to operate the rotary kiln is the largest source and other
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one is the chemical process of calcining limestone into lime in
the cement kiln also produces carbon di oxide. In India about
2,069,738 thousands of metric tons of carbon di oxide is
emitted in the year of 2010. The cement industry contributes
about 5% of total global carbon dioxide emissions. The
cement is manufactured by using the raw materials such as
lime stone, clay and other minerals by procuring them by
quarrying process which also causes environmental
degradation. To produce 1 ton of cement, about 1.6 tons of
raw materials are required and the time taken to form the lime
stone is much longer than the rate at which humans use it.
On the other side, the demand of concrete is increasing day by
day for its ease of preparing and fabricating in all sorts of
convenient shapes. So to overcome this problem, the concrete
to be used should be environmental friendly. To produce
environmental friendly concrete, it is necessary to replace the
cement with the industrial by products such as fly-ash, GGBS
(Ground granulated blast furnace slag) etc. with new binding
activator to form a new product called “Geo Polymer
Concrete”.
The term geopolymer was first coined by Davidovits in 1978
to represent a broad range of materials characterized by chains
or networks of inorganic molecules. Geopolymers are chains
or networks of mineral molecules linked with co-valent bonds.
Geopolymer is produced by a polymeric reaction of alkaline
liquid with source material of geological origin or by product
material such as GGBS. Geo-polymers have the chemical
composition similar to Zeolites but they can be formed an
amorphous structure. For binding of materials the silica and
the alumina present in the source material are induced by
alkaline activators. The most common alkaline liquid used in
the geo-polymerization is the combination of Sodium
hydroxide and Sodium silicate. This combination increases the
rate of reaction. Among fifteen Alumino-silicate minerals, all
the Al-Si minerals are more soluble in sodium hydroxide
solution than in potassium hydroxide solution. Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product from the
blast-furnaces used to make iron. During the process, slag was
formed and it is then dried and ground to a fine powder.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of Geopolymers
Davidovits coined the term geopolymer in 1978 to represent a
broad range of materials characterised by chains or networks
of inorganic molecules [Davidovits, 1979, 1993, 2008][5]
, and
explained in many of his publications about the possibility of
GPs being used by Egyptians construction of pyramids, based
on microscopy, IR and NMR spectroscopy of sparse
specimens from ancient Egyptian constructions [Davidovits
and Morris, 1988; Davidovits, 1999][7]
.Demortier observed the
noticeable differences in porosities in the top and bottom
sections of pyramid blocks which were also subjected to X-ray
and NMR analyses to conclude that pyramids could be made
from „concreting‟ operations [Demortier, 2004]. Use of slurry
to form bearing courses of horizontal joints and vertical joints
between the blocks including presence of hair in the joints of
pyramids did indicate the possibility of „concrete‟ like
technology for pyramid constructions .
2.2 Fresh Geopolymer Concrete Mixes
Hardjito et al, (2002)[17]
observed that fresh geopolymer
concrete is highly viscous and cohesive with low workability
when the calcined kaolin was the source material.
2.3 Structural Usages
Davidovits and Sawyer (1985)[6]
used ground blast furnace
slag to produce geopolymer binders. This type of binders
patented in the USA under the title „Early High-Strength
Mineral Polymer‟, was used as a supplementary cementing
material in the production of precast concrete products.
2.4 Activating Medium
A combination of sodium or potassium silicate and sodium or
potassium hydroxide has been widely used as the alkaline
activator (Palomo et al, 1999; van Jaarsveld, van Deventer &
Lukey 2002; Xu & van Deventer, 2000; Swanepoel &
Strydom, 2002)[23,32]
, with the activator liquid-to-source
material ratio by mass in the range of 0.25-0.30 (Palomo,
Grutzeck & Blanco 1999; Swanepoel & Strydom 2002)[31]
.
Anurag Mishra (2008, 2009) conducted experiments on FA
based GPC by varying the concentration of NaOH and curing
time. Total nine mixes were prepared with NaOH
concentration as 8M, 12M, 16M and curing time as 24hrs,
48hrs, and 72hrs. The investigation indicated: an increase in
compressive strength with increase in NaOH concentration
and curing time, increase in compressive strength after 48hrs
curing time not significant. Compressive strength up to 46
MPa was obtained with curing at 60ºC. Water absorption
decreased with increase in NaOH concentration and curing
time.
3. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES PRESENT WORK
3.1 Need for the Present Study
It is evident from the present facts that the production of
Ordinary Portland Cement is causing much of the
environmental hazards such as-
Emission of green house gases.
Enormous consumption of power for the manufacture
of cement.
Minimize the waste of potable water in construction
industries.
As such, a new alternate binding material is necessary in order
to address the problems, resulting in development of
geopolymer concrete.
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3.2 Scope and Objectives of Present Study
The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance and
suitability of GGBS based geopolymer concrete as an
alternative to the use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in
the production of concrete.
The individual objectives will include:
To evaluate the different strength properties of
geopolymer concrete mixture with GGBS.
To make workable, high strength geopolymer
concrete containing GGBS without usage of Ordinary
Portland Cement.
To find out effective utilisation of industrial by
product like GGBS.
To develop an eco-friendly alternative binding
material.
4. MATERIALS
4.1 Materials Used for Conventional Concrete
Cement
Aggregates
Water
4.2 Materials Used For GPC
The materials used for preparing GGBS based geopolymer
concrete specimens are,
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Sodium hydroxide flakes
Sodium silicate solution
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Fig: 4.1 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
The physical properties and chemical compositions of GGBS
are given in the table 4.1 and 4.2
Table 4.1: Physical Properties of GGBS
Sl.no Properties Values
1 Specific gravity 2.78
2 Fineness by 90µ sieve 6%
Table 4.2: Chemical Composition of GGBS
Sl no.
Chemical
composition
Mass %
1 C 16.82
2 O 37.06
3 Mg 2.56
4 Al 3.56
5 Si 4.95
6 Ca 26.75
7 Mn 2.25
8 Cu 6.05
4.3 Sodium Hydroxide
Generally the sodium hydroxides with purity of 98% available
in solid from by means of flakes were used for the present
investigation. The mass of water is the major component in
both the alkaline solutions. In order to improve the workability
extra water has been added to the mixture. In the present
investigation sodium hydroxide flakes were obtained from the
Travancore – Cochin Chemicals Limited through a local
dealer.
Fig: 4.2 Sodium Hydroxide Flakes
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4.4 Sodium Silicate Solution
Sodium silicate is also known as water glass or liquid glass,
available in liquid (gel) form. The sodium silicate solution is
commercially available in different grades. The sodium
silicate solution with SiO2 = 32.68%, Na2O = 15.63%, and
water = 51.69% by mass, has been used for the present study.
As per the manufacture, silicates were supplied to the
detergent company and textile industry as bonding agent.
Same sodium silicate is used for the making of geopolymer
concrete. In the present investigation sodium silicate solution
was purchased from local market.
Fig: 4.3 Sodium Silicate Solutions
5. MOLARITY CALCULATION
For 12 M NaOH calculation
NaOH solution with a concentration of 12 Molar consists of
12 x 40 = 480 grams of NaOH solids per litre of the water,
were 40 is the molecular weight of NaOH
Therefore,
0.480 kg of NaOH flakes in 1 kg of water
1.48 kg of mass of NaOH solution contains 0.480 kg of flakes
1.0 kg of mass of NaOH solution contains=1*0.48/1.48=
0.3243 kg flakes
1 kg of mass of NaOH solution contains 0.3243 kg NaOH
flakes
Table 5.1: Molarity Calculation
Molarity
NaOH flakes in
one lt of water
(kg)
NaOH flakes in
one lt of NaOH
solution (kg)
12M 0.480 0.3243
14M 0.560 0.359
16M 0.640 0.390
6. PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
6.1 Preparation of the Alkaline Solution
The Sodium hydroxide flakes were dissolved in water to make
the solution. The concentration of the NaOH solution depends
on the molarity; 12 M, 14 M, 16 M. The sodium silicate
solution was added to this NaOH solution and this mixture of
alkaline liquid was prepared one day prior to the casting of the
specimens as this is confirmed to have the better results
(Hardjito and Rangan)[18]
.The alkaline liquid was used after 24
hrs and within 36 hrs .(Hardjito and Rangan)[18]
. On the day of
casting of the specimens, the alkaline liquid was mixed to
binder and aggregates with water added (if necessary) in order
to achieve better workability.
6.2 Mixing, Casting and Curing of GPC
For mixing, conventional method used for making normal
concrete was adopted to prepare geopolymer concrete.The
solid constituents viz. GGBS and aggregates were mixed in
dry form for about 3-4 minutes. At the end of this mixing ,the
liquid component of the geopolymer concrete mixture
,i.e.,combination of the alkaline solution with extra water was
added to the solids and the mixing continued for another 3-4
minutes.The fresh GGBS based geopolymer concrete was grey
in colour and shiny in appearance. The green mix was
cohesive.The workability of the fresh concrete was measured
by means of the conventional slump test.
The fresh concrete was then poured into the moulds in three
layers immediately after mixing and compacted by hand
compaction by giving 25 strokes for each layer .After casting
the test specimens were covered with HDPE (High Density
Polyethelene) sheet, to minimise the water evoporation during
the rest period of 24hrs at room temperature. At the end of 24
hrs all the specimens along with the mould were placed inside
the hot air oven and cured at 120°c for another 24 hrs.
The specimens were taken out from the oven and kept to air-
dry at room temperature and after cooling to the room
temperature the specimens were de-moulded and tested to
determine the various strength properties.
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Fig 6.1: Fresh GGBS Based Geopolymer Concrete
Fig 6.2: Specimens Covered with High Density Polyethelene
Sheet
Fig 6.3: Specimens Along with Moulds
Fig 6.4: Specimens Kept for Curing
7. RESULTS
The effects of various salient parameters on the compressive
strength of geopolymer concrete are discussed. The
parameters considered are,
Compressive strength v/s Binder.
Compressive strength v/s Alkaline liquid ratio.
7.1 Compressive Strength v/s Binder
The different binder quantity added in the mixture is shown in
the table no.5.1.1for 12 M, 14M and 16M NaOH solutions and
study on compressive strengths was made. It is observed from
the figure 5.1.1 to5.1.4, that the compressive strength of
Geopolymer concrete specimen is more for 7.0 kg binder
rather than 6.5 kg and 7.5 kg binder (calculated for 5 cubes)
for alkaline liquid to binder ratio of 0.4. This result shows that
higher or lower quantity of the binder, yields lower value of
compressive strength. Similarly higher or lower ratio of
alkaline liquid to binder ratio also yields lower value of
compressive strength. A similar trend is same for different
molarities of NaOH solution.
This effect is due to the reaction with the alumina-silicates
present in the industrial waste and the alkaline activators
added in the optimum quantity shown above.
It is observed that higher value of compressive strength is
shown in 12M solution instead of 14M or 16M solutions. This
also prevails that higher molarity in NaOH does not help in
achieving the compressive strength. However better results are
shown in 12M solutions compared to higher molarity NaOH
solution.
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Fig 7.1: Effect on Compressive Strength by Binder
Fig 7.2: Effect on Compressive Strength by Binder
Fig 7.3: Effect on Compressive Strength by Binder
Fig 7.4: Effect on Compressive Strength by Binder
7.2 Compressive Strength v/s Alkaline Liquid Ratio
The different alkaline liquid ratio added to the mixture is
shown in the table no.5.2.1 for 12M, 14M, 16M NaOH
solution and study on compressive strength was made. It is
observed from the figure 5.2.1 to 5.2.4 that the compressive
strength of GPC specimens is more for Alkaline liquid to
binder ratio of 0.4.
It is also observed that as the ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH increases
the compressive strength also increases. A similar approach is
same for different molarities of NaOH solution.
The reason for increase of compressive strength is due to
increase of solids (Silicate + NaOH).
Fig 7.5: Effect on Compressive Strength by Alkaline Liquid
Ratio
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Fig 7.6: Effect on Compressive Strength by Alkaline Liquid
Ratio
Fig 7.7: Effect on Compressive Strength by Alkaline Liquid
Ratio
Fig7.8: Effect of Compressive Strength by Alkaline Liquid
Ratio
8. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the present experimental investigations the following
conclusions are drawn.
Higher concentration of sodium hydroxide in the
solution results in lower compressive strength of
GGBS based geopolymer concrete.
The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is
more for the higher ratio of sodium silicate to sodium
hydroxide solution by mass.
The compressive strength is lower in case of higher
or lower ratio of alkaline liquid to binder.
It is evident that more the alkaline liquid
concentration (NaOH + Na2SiO3) yields lower
compressive strength.
The compressive strength increases with the
increased concentration of sodium silicate solution,
upto certain ratio.
As water binder ratio increases the compressive
strength of GGBS based geopolymer concrete
decreases.
There is marginal decrease in the density of GGBS
based geopolymer concrete compared to the
conventional OPC concrete.
The fresh GGBS based geopolymer concrete hardens
at room temperature.
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[2] Bhikshma, V., Koti Reddy, M. and Srinivas Rao, T.,
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