The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
The geopolymer cement is formed by polymerization process which involves the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material such as fly-ash, GGBS, etc. with an alkaline activator solutions.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
The geopolymer cement is formed by polymerization process which involves the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material such as fly-ash, GGBS, etc. with an alkaline activator solutions.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a strain capacity in the range of 3–7%, compared to 0.01% for ordinary portland cement (OPC ...
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Geopolymer cement concrete is made from utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product generated from thermal power plant and ground granulate blast furnace slag is generated as waste material in steel plant.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable construction material on the planet. But sustainability becomes the major concern as the conventional concrete is not eco-friendly due the large carbon footprint of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industries. Efforts are needed to develop an eco-friendly material with minimal environmental damage. A concrete with complete replacement of OPC by pozzolanic materials like fly-ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) etc. having a polymeric binder is called Geopolymer concrete (GPC). In Geopolymer concrete, most of the research work has been focused on fly ash based binders. However, the RHA has the potential to be used as a source material in Geopolymer concrete as the RHA is a pozzolanic material containing about 85-90% of silicon dioxide (SiO2).This paper briefly reviews the work carried by various researchers and scientists on RHA based Geopolymer concrete.
Keywords- Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Recycled Asphalt Pavement usin...Basavaraj
Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Recycled Asphalt Pavement using Rejuvenator.
Rejuvenator enhances the binder properties of ecycled asphalt and gives good results.
As replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, plastic and e-waste was suggested based on experiments conducted and theoretical data from publications.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a strain capacity in the range of 3–7%, compared to 0.01% for ordinary portland cement (OPC ...
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Geopolymer cement concrete is made from utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product generated from thermal power plant and ground granulate blast furnace slag is generated as waste material in steel plant.
geopolymer concrete ppt
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable construction material on the planet. But sustainability becomes the major concern as the conventional concrete is not eco-friendly due the large carbon footprint of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industries. Efforts are needed to develop an eco-friendly material with minimal environmental damage. A concrete with complete replacement of OPC by pozzolanic materials like fly-ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) etc. having a polymeric binder is called Geopolymer concrete (GPC). In Geopolymer concrete, most of the research work has been focused on fly ash based binders. However, the RHA has the potential to be used as a source material in Geopolymer concrete as the RHA is a pozzolanic material containing about 85-90% of silicon dioxide (SiO2).This paper briefly reviews the work carried by various researchers and scientists on RHA based Geopolymer concrete.
Keywords- Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Recycled Asphalt Pavement usin...Basavaraj
Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Recycled Asphalt Pavement using Rejuvenator.
Rejuvenator enhances the binder properties of ecycled asphalt and gives good results.
As replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, plastic and e-waste was suggested based on experiments conducted and theoretical data from publications.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production produces
substantial CO2 emission. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
will be of considerable cure to Global Warming related
with construction industry since GPC replaces OPC
completely or about 80% with industrial waste products. In
this study GPC was made up of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) and Red Mud (RM) incorporating
hybrid fibres in various ratios. Results show that, among
all the mixes, one mix showed the best mechanical
properties owing to the incorporation of hybrid fibres
and reduction of Red Mud.
A Review on Geopolymer Concrete Using Partial Replacement of Demolished Aggre...cedmmantc5411
This paper reviews the literature related to geopolymer concrete. Concrete is widely used material
for various construction activities due to its versatile character. But it causes environmental pollution due to
production of Portland cement and quarrying of aggregate. Low calcium Fly ash and alkaline liquid as a binder
is being used to replace the Portland cement to produce geo polymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete use of
cement is completely evaded. This can be one of the methods to reduce the environmental pollution. The
alkaline liquid has been used in geopolymerisation is the combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
The study revealed that there is possibility to replace natural coarse aggregate with demolished concrete in the
geopolymer concrete. By the use of demolished aggregate in concrete, environmental pollution and reduction in
valuable landfill will be evaded.
Rapid industrialization leads to the maximum
discharge of waste products which in turn causing the
environmental hazards. These wastes can be a substitute for
conventional material, when utilized in a best way. Red Mud is
a waste generated by the aluminum industry (an average of
3million tons per year) in a Bayer’s process and its disposal is a
major problem for these industries as this is highly caustic and
causes ground water contamination, leading to health hazards.
By taking cementatious behavior of the red mud into account,
an experiment was carried out to partially replace the cement
by red mud in concrete for different percentages and also its
effects on the strength and other properties of the concrete
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Study on Characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete with E-WasteIOSRJMCE
The usage of industrial by-products in construction industry can be reduced the pollution effects on environment. Geopolymer concrete is a concrete in which Portland cement is fully replaced by fly ash and GGBS (Ground granulated blast furnace slag). The present study covers the use of E-Waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in Geopolymer concrete. Sand is replaced with E-Waste at 10, 20 and 30 percentage.Alkaline liquids used in this study are the solutions of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Molarity of sodium hydroxide (12M) is considered. Fly ash and GGBS were used in the combination of 90 and 10 percent respectively. This study conducted to know the compressive and tensile strengths of Geopolymer concrete with E-waste and to compare the same with Geopolymer concrete. It has been revealed that 20 percentage replacement with E-Waste attained higher strength than the normal Geopolymer concrete of M40 grade
Similar to Fly ash based geopolymer concrete with recycled concrete aggregate (20)
Halcrow low carbon_concrete_sydney_2009
stone, clay and other minerals. Quarrying of these raw
materials is also causes environmental degradation. To
produce 1 ton of cement, about 1.6 tons of raw materials
are required and the time taken to form the lime stone is
much longer than the rate at which humans use it.
On the other side the demand of concrete is
increasing day by day for its ease of preparing and
fabricating in all sorts of convenient shapes. So to
overcome this problem, the concrete to be used should be
environmental friendly. To produce environmental friendly
concrete, we have to replace the cement with the industrial
by products such as fly-ash, GGBS (Ground granulated
blast furnace slag) etc. In this respect, the new technology
geo-polymer concrete is a promising technique. The term
geopolymer was first coined by Davidovits in 1978 to
represent a broad range of materials characterized by
chains or networks of inorganic molecules. [Geo-polymer
institute][6]. Geopolymers are chains or networks of
mineral molecules linked with co-valent bonds.
Geopolymer is produced by a polymeric reaction of
alkaline liquid with source material of geological origin or
by product material such as GGBS. Geo-polymers have the
chemical composition similar to Zeolites but they can be
formed an amorphous structure. For the binding of
materials the silica and alumina present in the source
material are induced by alkaline activators. [4]. The most
common alkaline liquid used in the geo-polymerization is
the combination of Sodium hydroxide/ Potassium
hydroxide and Sodium silicate/ Potassium silicate. This
combination increases the rate of reaction. Among 15
Alumino-silicate minerals, all the Al-Si minerals are more
soluble in NaOH solution than in KoH solution [5]. Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product from
the blast-furnaces used to make iron. During the process,
slag was formed and it is then dried and ground to a fine
powder.
Frgc products for_undergound_infrastructure
An investigation was conduced to achieve concrete of higher strength using crushed brick as aggregate and study the mechanical properties. It was found that higher strength concrete (cf= 4500 to 6600 psi1) with brick aggregate is achievable whose strength is much higher than the parent uncrushed brick. Test results show that the compressive strength of brick aggregate concrete can be increased by decreasing its water-cement ratio and using admixture whenever necessary for workability. The compressive strength as well as the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete were studied. The cylinder strength is found about 90% of the cube strength. The ACI Code relations for determining the modulus of rupture was found to highly underestimate the test values., whereas the code suggested expression for elastic modulus gives much higher values than the experimental ones for brick aggregate concrete. Relations were proposed to estimate the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasti
Collaboration with UAF School of Management:
Associate professor Jim Collins, UAF School of Management Director of
Entrepreneurship, has taken an interest in this project and begun involving some of his
students in working on the economic feasibility and business-planning aspects. This
project provides students with an excellent opportunity to leverage their academic
study and exercises into real-world results. CCHRC is pleased and grateful to have the
opportunity to collaborate with these students and for Dr. Collins’ interest and
mentorship.
Collaboration with Small Businesses in Fairbanks & North Pole:
A growing number of local cement-related business owners and managers are
expressing interest in participating directly in CCHRC’s efforts to develop the commercial
applications of geopolymer cements and concretes. These businesses presently include
Stonecastle Masonry, Fairweather Masonry, MAPPA Test Lab, and Fairbanks Precast &
Rebar.
One of the top 20 in the 2010 Arctic Innovation Competition:
Out of more than 200 entries in the UAF School of Management 2010 Arctic Innovation
Competition, CCHRC’s presentation (given by Ty Keltner) on the potential for local
geopolymer development was selected as one of the top 20. The final four projects
were notably further along in the process of establishing a specific business. CCHRC’s
involvement in the competition helped establish connections with individuals
contributing suggestions and expressing interest in working with us in the future. These
included Jim Collins in the School of Management and Shiva Hullavarad in the Advanced
Materials Group of the UAF Institute of Northern Engineering.
Collection and organization of 2.5GB of relevant literature:
CCHRC staff have collected, organized and partially reviewed more than 2.5 GB of text
on the alternatives to portland cement. That currently amounts to 2,049 files in 161
folders and seven mind-maps, including over 600 research papers. Plus seven text books
on geopolymer cements. Although it is outside the scope of this project, the
organization of this information has been done in a manner which will facilitate
references, abstracts and CCHRC’s notes being made publically available on the Internet
without copyright infringement. It is our hope that this extensive and on-going literature
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Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
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𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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Fly ash based geopolymer concrete with recycled concrete aggregate
1. Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate
Benjamin Galvin1
and Natalie Lloyd2
1
Undergraduate and 2
Senior Lecturer, Curtin University
Synopsis: Concrete is one of the most consumed resources in the world. With an increased global focus
on environmental concerns such as global warming, sustainable development and recycling; alternatives
to conventional concrete are being researched, such as geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete
replaces cement based binder with an alternative binder which contains no Portland cement. One type of
geopolymer binder is that which contains fly-ash activated by an alkaline solution of sodium silicate and
sodium hydroxide. Utilising recycled concrete waste from construction and demolition sites, that would
otherwise be disposed of into landfill, as a source of aggregate offers a potential environmental and
economic benefit. The term recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is used to define aggregate produced
from crushed demolition and construction waste.
Used together, geopolymer concrete and recycled concrete aggregate eliminate the need for Portland
cement and makes use of waste materials. Significant research has been conducted into both recycled
concrete aggregate (RCA) ordinary Portland cement concrete and geopolymer concrete; however there
was limited published data on using RCA in geopolymer at the time of this research. Thus the aim was to
investigate the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete with recycled concrete aggregate as partial
replacement of the natural coarse aggregate. This paper reports on the outcomes of the research which
indicate the potential of incorporating RCA in geopolymer concrete mixtures.
Keywords: geopolymer, fly-ash, recycled concrete aggregate, compressive strength
1. Introduction
1.1 Environmental Concerns
Global warming and climate change are increasingly important issues, with many governments looking at
different ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help fulfil their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol
[1]. Carbon dioxide is one of the most detrimental greenhouse gases with 65 percent of global warming
caused by carbon dioxide [2]. Portland cement contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions with
total emissions due to cement production estimated to be about 1.35 billion tons annually [3]. Cement
production results in approximately 0.8-1 tonne of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement [4], equating to
approximately 3 percent of global total greenhouse emissions [1]. One option to reduce cement utilization
is to use geopolymer concrete.
Increased focus is also being placed on recycling as the world’s natural resources are being depleted and
the amount of waste being disposed of into landfill is increasing globally. Therefore, as the industrial
development process continues, the re-use of construction and demolition waste is becoming increasingly
important and various solutions have been researched for high-volume use of recycled concrete. The
properties of concrete made with either recycled natural aggregate or recycled concrete as coarse
aggregate have been researched and presented elsewhere [5-9]. An option that is being widely
researched and adopted is utilising recycled concrete aggregate in pavement construction and road base
[10-14].
1.2 Geopolymer Concrete
1.2.1 Development
The development of geopolymer concrete is attributed to Davidovits [15] who, in 1978, first proposed that
a geopolymer matrix could replace cement as the binder in concrete. Davidovits’ theory was that an
2. alkaline solution could be added to an aluminium-silicon rich source material to produce cement-like
binder and termed this a ‘geopolymer’ binder.
Fly ash is the most widely used source material for geopolymer concrete in Australia because of its
availability and suitable composition, being a low calcium content fly ash with low loss of ignition.
However, other materials that are high in silicon and aluminium can be used including rice husk ash, blast
furnace slag, metakaolin and natural Al-Si minerals. Fly ash is a by-product of the coal industry. It is a fine
particulate that is produced from the burning of coal and collects in the particle removal system of the
combustion system and its use in Portland cement concrete is well documented [16]. In Australia alone 14
million tons of fly ash was produced in 2008 [17]. However, less than 30% is used in a beneficial way
despite increased utilisation for some applications [17]. The alkaline solution, used to activate the fly ash
or other source material, is generally a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate or potassium
hydroxide and potassium silicate. The silicates result in a reaction which is very rapid and significantly
faster than that caused by the hydroxides [18]. Therefore a combination of the two is used to provide a
matrix which is both workable, strong and sets fairly rapidly.
1.2.1 Properties
The compressive and tensile strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete has been shown to be
comparable to General Portland (GP) concrete of up to 65 MPa [19]. The strength is mainly dependent on
the following parameters: alkaline liquid-to-fly ash ratio by mass, water-to-geopolymer solids ratio by
mass, the wet-mixing time, the heat-curing temperature, and the heat-curing time are selected as
parameters [20]. The fly ash used in this research typically has a loss of ignition of around 1.6% and
calcium oxide content of less than 2% by mass [21]. Geopolymer concrete has also demonstrated very
little shrinkage and creep, excellent resistance to sulphate attack and good acid resistance [21].
Research has been progressing into the ambient curing of geopolymer for applications in tropical
environments to produce geopolymer concrete of moderate compressive strength suitable for many
applications.
1.3 Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
Construction and demolition waste contributes up to 40 percent of all waste generated worldwide. The
majority of recycled aggregate that is used in Australia is recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) produced
form construction and demolition waste, as it is the most suitable replacement of natural coarse
aggregate. Fine recycled aggregates are also used to replace natural sand however this isn’t as
prominent [22]. Utilising recycled aggregate can result in around 60 percent less waste and 50 percentage
less mineral depletion per cubic metre of concrete produced [23]. The strength of ordinary Portland
cement concrete utilising recycled aggregate depends largely on the percentage of recycled aggregate
used. The larger the percentage of RCA, the weaker the concrete becomes in both compressive and
tensile strength. Recycled concrete aggregate Portland cement based concrete also suffers from high
water absorption and thus up to 160% higher shrinkage and creep concrete made with natural aggregates
[6-9,24].
2. Research Programme
2.1 Materials and Mixture design
The basic mixture design used for the non RCA geopolymer mixture was developed based on the
geopolymer mix designs formulated at Curtin University in previous research [19]. The other mixtures
were derived from this with different percentages of the natural aggregate replaced with the RCA. Only the
20 mm natural aggregate was replaced in order to maintain a relatively continuous grading of the
combined aggregates; however the percentage replacement was determined as a percentage of the total
mass of coarse aggregates. Thirty percent replacement is a usual percentage of RCA used in recycled
3. aggregate GP concrete as it has been found that higher replacements of the natural aggregate may lead
to detrimental effects on the mechanical properties. Thus 30 percent was chosen as a starting point for
comparison and 20 and 40 precent batches were also used so that any trends due to variation in RCA
percentage replacement in the mechanical properties of the geopolymer concrete could be determined.
This produced the mixture designs outlined in Table 1. When referring to the batches, the notation R# is
used, where # refers to the percentage of recycled aggregate in the batch. For example, R20 refers to the
batch containing 20 % replacement of the total aggregate mass by recycled concrete aggregate (RCA).
The moisture content was assessed for samples of the aggregates brought to surface saturated dry
condition (SSD) by soaking, draining and drying the aggregates on trays in the laboratory. Once the SSD
moisture content was determined for each aggregate type (0.8% for coarse aggregate and 2.5% for fine
aggregates), the water content of the aggregates at the time of mixing was adjusted to SSD moisture
content by adding water to the aggregates before the addition of fly ash or chemicals. This water added
to achieve SSD of the aggregates is in addition to the water noted in the mixture details of Table 1.
The RCA was nominal 20 mm aggregate containing granite, quartz and crushed concrete, approximately
1/3 of which contained steel fibres. There were small quantities of plaster and masonry contaminants.
The aggregate did not comply with AS 2758.1 limits for a 20 mm aggregate with only 25% of the
aggregate retained on the 20 mm sieve (AS 2758.1 limit 85-100%). The fineness modulus of the graded
aggregates for all mixtures was approximately 5.0 which had previously been found to be suitable for
geopolymer mixtures.
The alkaline solution used was a combination of sodium silicate and 8 M sodium hydroxide. A sodium
based solution with a hydroxide to silicate ratio of 2.5 was preferred over a potassium based solution on
the basis of cost, availability and familiarity with its use [19]
Table 1. Mixture details.
Constituent
Mixture constituents (kg/m
3
)
R0 R20 R30 R40
20 mm 554 306 18 57
10 mm 227 227 227 227
7 mm 462 462 462 462
RCA 0 249 373 497
Sand 554 554 554 554
Flyash 408 408 408 408
Sodium Silicate ( 55.9% solids) 103 103 103 103
Sodium Hydroxide 8M 41 41 41 41
Water 20 20 20 20
Total Mass 2350 2350 2350 2350
Slump (mm) 250 220 200 220
2.2 Casting and Curing Regime
The methodology of mixing and casting was kept as similar to that of GP cement concrete as possible.
This will aid in the commercial adoption of geopolymer concrete by the industry and will also improve
quality control because the methodology is familiar. As such, the method described in AS1012.8.1 [25]
was used as the basis for casting. The geopolymer cylinders were cured in a steam curing room for 18
4. hours at 60°C, a curing regime found to be effective in previous research conducted at Curtin University.
Data logging of the temperature via K type thermocouple wires within the steam room chamber found the
temperature varied between 50-65 degrees Celsius and temperature within the geopolymer specimens
was 40 – 50 degrees Celsius within a few hours; consistent with other curing regimes at Curtin University
[26].
3. Results and Discussion
The main mechanical properties are summarized in Table 2 and discussed further in sections 3.1 through
3.3.
Table 2: Mechanical Properties data
Property
Mixture Designation
R0 R20 R30 R40
Day 1 Compressive Strength
fcm1 (MPa) 23±2 20±2 20±2 17±1
Day 7 Compressive Strength
fcm7 (MPa) 26±1 26±1 24±2 22±2
Day 28 Compressive Strength
fcm28 (MPa) 33±2 29±2 29±1 25±2
Day 91 Compressive Strength
fcm91 (MPa) 36±3 34±0.5 34±1 30±1
Relative (to R0) compressive strength
(average for all days 1, 7, 28 and 91) 1 0.93 0.91 0.80
Day 1 Indirect Tensile Strength
fct.sp1 (MPa) 2.2±0.1 2.1±0.4 2.1±0.2 1.6±0.1
Day 28 Indirect tensile Strength
fct.sp28 (MPa) 2.7±0.1 2.6±0.3 2.8±0.5 2.5±0.3
Day 91 Indirect Tensile Strength
fct.sp91 (MPa) 2.9±0.2 2.9±0.5 3.7±0.2 3.2±0.2
Ratio fct/ fcm at Day 28 0.42 0.36 0.47 0.41
Ratio fcm1/ fcm28 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.68
Density (kg/m
3
) 2370±35 2350±30 2360±30 2340±20
3.1 Compressive Strength
Three compression cylinders were tested at 1 day, 7 days, 28 days and 91 days after casting in
accordance with AS1012.9 [27]. Prior to testing, all of the compression cylinders were sulphur capped to
improve the testing surface. The compressive cylinder tests produced the compressive strengths outlined
in Figure 1 and show that the compressive strength was 25 to 33 MP at 28 days and the ratio of day 1 to
day 28 mean compressive strength was around 70%. These strengths are suitable for many applications
and correspond to a characteristic strength of approximately 30 MPa (25 MPa for the R40 mixture).
The addition of the RCA to the geopolymer concrete did not result in an increase in the standard deviation
of the compressive strengths thus showing that the batches had adequate consistency compared with the
non RCA batch despite the compositional variability of the RCA. As shown in Figure 1, the 28 day mean
compressive strengths of all batches containing RCA were less than the R0 batch; however the strength
decrease of the R20 and R30 batches were statistically insignificant. The decrease in strength is
expressed by the average ratio of the relative compressive strengths in Table 2 (the ratio is calculated as
the ratio of the compressive strengths for each age compared with the corresponding R0 compressive
strengths e.g. for R20 the ratio was, at day 28, equal to 29/33 = 0.88).
5. 0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Stress(MPa)
Days
Mean CompressiveStrength
R0
R20
R30
R40
Figure 1. Compressive Strength Gain with Time.
The reduction is similar to what has been observed with GP concrete containing RCA and falls within a
range of strength reduction (less than 10%) for the R20 and R30 mixtures observed in OPC mixtures with
similar proportions of RCA. However, a more severe reduction (of the order of 20% for the mean
compressive strengths) is shown in the R40 mixture which is greater than that indicated by other research
on GP cement concrete with RCA [28]. This suggests that the proportion of RCA should be limited to 30
percent due to strength considerations. However, the mix design can be adapted to produce geopolymer
concrete with a similar compressive strength to the R0 batch. This can be achieved by adjusting the
water-to-geopolymer solids ratio by mass. Changing the ratio can be accomplished through one or a
combination of the following methods: reducing the water content or increasing the amount of binder (fly
ash and alkaline solution). The mixtures had constant (0.2) water to geopolymer solids by mass ratio. If
the water was reduced or the binder content increased the decrease in compressive strength may be
counteracted in a manner analogous to adjusting the eater to cement ratio in conventional concrete.
3.2 Indirect Tensile Strength
The tensile cylinders were tested using the Brazilian indirect tensile method. Tensile tests were
conducted on 2 cylinders at 1 day, 28 days and 91 days in accordance with AS1012.10 [20]. The tensile
cylinder tests produced the tensile strengths illustrated in Figure 2 and Table 2.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Stress(MPa)
Days
Mean Tensile Strength
R0
R20
R30
R40
Figure 2: Tensile Strength Gain with Time
6. The tensile strengths of the different batches appear to show no discernable trend due to percentage
replacement of aggregate with RCA and the limited data inhibits interpretation. However the indirect
tensile strength was determined to be approximately 2.5 MPa for all mixtures. The general observation is
that the tensile strength was approximately 15% greater than the predicted value using A.S. 3600- 2009
where fct =0.9 fct.sp or in the absence of such data may be estimated as 0.36 fcm. This is consistent with
other geopolymer concrete mixtures with a variety of compositions and curing conditions [26]. The ratio of
fct to fcm for the geopolymer mixtures was 0.41 at 28 days, 15% greater than 0.36. The influence of the
steel fibre content and variable content of the RCA is possibly reflected in the larger standard deviations
for the batches containing RCA.
3.3 Shrinkage
The shrinkage was measured using a micrometer and standard shrinkage specimens. Testing was done
every two or three days during the first week, weekly for the first month and less regularly until 91 days in
accordance with AS1012.13 [30]. The experimental shrinkage results can be compared to the theoretical
shrinkage. The theoretical values in Figure 3 are based on a grade 30 MPa GP concrete using natural
aggregates and data in AS3600 [31].
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shrinkage()
Days
Shrinkage
R0
R20
R30
R40
Theoretical
(AS3600)
Figure 3: Shrinkage Summary and Comparison with AS 3600
The batches with RCA compare favourably with the R0 batch. The batches with RCA do show greater
shrinkage however this is expected based on previous research using GP concrete [24]. The shrinkage of
all of the batches is also significantly lower than the theoretical values for GP concrete based on AS3600.
These results demonstrate that the shrinkage problems normally associated with RCA GP concrete are
not an issue in RCA geopolymer concrete. This is because the lower shrinkage values of geopolymer
concrete counterbalances the increased shrinkage associated with the RCA. This leads to shrinkages that
are significantly below the predicted values of equivalent strength GP concrete.
4. Concluding remarks
Geopolymer concrete can be produced with fly ash and alkaline solutions utilising conventional concrete
mixing and casting procedures. Steam curing at relatively moderate temperatures (60 degrees Celsius)
overnight (16 hours) result in geopolymer concrete which exhibits mid-range compressive strengths of the
order of 32 MPa and significantly reduced shrinkage and increased tensile strength compared with GP
7. concrete of the same compressive strength. The shrinkage increased as the proportion of recycled
concrete aggregate (RCA) increased, however the shrinkage results of the geopolymer mixtures with RCA
were significantly lower than the results predicted by AS3600 and this has been demonstrated in previous
research on geopolymer concrete. These benefits may be applied in structural applications and research
continues on the design and durability of products utilising geopolymer concrete. The partial replacement
of coarse aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate in geopolymer concrete may lead to a positive
ecological benefit considering the reduction in cement and reuse of industrial by-products, typically
destined for land fill, in geopolymer concrete with RCA.
The observed compressive strength decrease in geopolymer concrete mixtures with the partial
replacement of natural coarse aggregate with RCA is similar to that observed in comparable GP cement
based concrete with RCA. This demonstrates that strengths for nominal grade 32 MPa concrete can be
developed by geopolymer concrete containing up to 30 percent RCA with no change to the mix design
and higher strengths may be able to be produced with minor changes to the mix design, analogous to
adjusting the water to cement ratio, by adjusting the water to geopolymer solids ratio. The compressive
strength results of the RCA geopolymer batches presented low standard deviations, which demonstrate
that the RCA may not affect the quality and consistency of the mix in terms of compressive strength and
further research is currently underway at Curtin to assess this impact in both geopolymer and GP cement
base concretes with RCA.
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