GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - FARMING IN RURAL AREAS. It contains: what is farming, sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed farming, extensive or intensive farming, distribution of farming, case study UK.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL AREAS. It contains: what is a rural area, rural area changes, decline in primary employment, rural urban migration, commuting areas, retirement homes, second homes, land use, infrastructure, glossary.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - RURAL ENVIRONMENTSGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - RURAL ENVIRONMENTS. It contains: what is a rural area, factors and changes, decline in primary industries, rural-urban migration, commuting areas, retirement homes, second homes, land use, infrastructure.
Habitat losses in the UK since 1949 have included 95% of lowland grassland, 40% of lowland heaths on acid soils, and 30-50% of ancient lowland woods. Some 140,000 miles of hedgerow have also been removed by 1974. While artificial fertilizers and pesticides have increased global agricultural yields, problems include them being washed into waterways and causing eutrophication, ending up in water supplies and costing money to remove, and requiring fossil fuels to produce which increases carbon emissions.
Habitat losses in the UK since 1949 have included 95% of lowland grassland, 40% of lowland heaths on acid soils, and 30-50% of ancient lowland woods. Some 140,000 miles of hedgerow have also been removed by 1974. While artificial fertilizers and pesticides have increased global agricultural yields, problems include them being washed into waterways causing eutrophication, and ending up in water supplies, costing countries millions each year to remove from drinking water. Overuse of chemicals can damage the environment while organic farming provides a cheaper alternative for water companies.
Deforestation negatively impacts the environment in several ways:
1) Without trees to hold the soil, erosion increases, causing soil to wash into rivers which turns the water chalky.
2) Lack of oxygen in rivers kills plants and sea creatures like fish.
3) The disrupted food chain affects the whole ecosystem.
The Dust Bowl was a period in the 1930s where severe dust storms damaged the environment of the US prairies. The dust storms were caused by extreme winds that picked up the loose soil left exposed after years of over-farming during a drought. Farmers had plowed up millions of acres of grassland for wheat farming due to high prices and new technologies. The deadly dust storms choked cattle and people, causing 60% of residents to flee the region and many to develop dust pneumonia from constant dust exposure. The dust made farming impossible, putting many out of business during the Great Depression.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL AREAS. It contains: what is a rural area, rural area changes, decline in primary employment, rural urban migration, commuting areas, retirement homes, second homes, land use, infrastructure, glossary.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - RURAL ENVIRONMENTSGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - RURAL ENVIRONMENTS. It contains: what is a rural area, factors and changes, decline in primary industries, rural-urban migration, commuting areas, retirement homes, second homes, land use, infrastructure.
Habitat losses in the UK since 1949 have included 95% of lowland grassland, 40% of lowland heaths on acid soils, and 30-50% of ancient lowland woods. Some 140,000 miles of hedgerow have also been removed by 1974. While artificial fertilizers and pesticides have increased global agricultural yields, problems include them being washed into waterways and causing eutrophication, ending up in water supplies and costing money to remove, and requiring fossil fuels to produce which increases carbon emissions.
Habitat losses in the UK since 1949 have included 95% of lowland grassland, 40% of lowland heaths on acid soils, and 30-50% of ancient lowland woods. Some 140,000 miles of hedgerow have also been removed by 1974. While artificial fertilizers and pesticides have increased global agricultural yields, problems include them being washed into waterways causing eutrophication, and ending up in water supplies, costing countries millions each year to remove from drinking water. Overuse of chemicals can damage the environment while organic farming provides a cheaper alternative for water companies.
Deforestation negatively impacts the environment in several ways:
1) Without trees to hold the soil, erosion increases, causing soil to wash into rivers which turns the water chalky.
2) Lack of oxygen in rivers kills plants and sea creatures like fish.
3) The disrupted food chain affects the whole ecosystem.
The Dust Bowl was a period in the 1930s where severe dust storms damaged the environment of the US prairies. The dust storms were caused by extreme winds that picked up the loose soil left exposed after years of over-farming during a drought. Farmers had plowed up millions of acres of grassland for wheat farming due to high prices and new technologies. The deadly dust storms choked cattle and people, causing 60% of residents to flee the region and many to develop dust pneumonia from constant dust exposure. The dust made farming impossible, putting many out of business during the Great Depression.
Re-greening efforts in the Sahel region of Niger have led to increased food security. Over 5 million hectares in the Maradi and Zinder regions have seen re-greening since 1955. This has increased cereal production by 500,000 tons annually, helping to address Niger's food deficit of 600,000 tons in 2011-2012. One district in Zinder with high on-farm tree densities consistently produced grain surpluses of over 10,000 tons annually between 2007-2011. Farmers invest in re-greening primarily to improve soil fertility and food production, as well as for firewood, construction wood, and fodder. Incomes have increased for households employing new agroforestry techniques.
Zambia is proposing a financing framework to mobilize domestic resources for climate resilient programs that support vulnerable communities. The framework involves establishing a National Catalytic Fund to unlock private sector financing for essential oils and biofuels value chain programs. These programs are expected to economically empower rural communities through job creation, alleviate poverty, and promote conservation. The financing strategy utilizes a risk mitigating approach and pools various funding sources into a liquid fund to leverage domestic financial resources and support agricultural value chain projects.
The document summarizes the impacts of major flooding in Arkansas in 1927 and the subsequent drought and Dust Bowl period in the 1930s. The 1927 flood was one of the most destructive in U.S. history, heavily impacting areas like Yell County and Little Rock in Arkansas. Refugee camps provided housing and food for many displaced by the floods. The floods and drought devastated agriculture, sharecropping, farming and forestry. During the 1930s drought and Dust Bowl, dust storms were severe after farmers' lands could no longer support crops due to lack of rain, impacting areas in the Midwest and west of Arkansas.
Presentation hold by Chris Reij, Sustainable Land Management specialist, and a Senior Fellow of the World Resources Institute, as part of the second panel of the 30th edition of the Brussels Briefing on “Agricultural resilience in the face of crisis and shocks", organized by CTA in collaboration with the ACP Secretariat, the EC/DEVCO, Concord, and IFPRI on 4th March 2013.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Climate Change and Jamaica's Agricultural SectorACDI/VOCA
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Jamaica's agricultural sector. It notes that small farmers, who make up 85% of agricultural holdings and rely on rain-fed production, are highly vulnerable. Climate change is already causing more variable rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather. This has resulted in losses estimated at $14.4 billion between 1994-2010. More frequent droughts and hurricanes damage infrastructure and lower crop yields, threatening food security as local production becomes less predictable and reliable.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TOURISM - CASE STUDY TOURISM IN UNITED KINGDOM.George Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TOURISM - CASE STUDY TOURISM IN UNITED KINGDOM. It contains: models of tourist development, exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline, rejuvenation, UK national parks, the Lake District national park.
Heavy flooding hit Boulder, Colorado in September 2013 after over a week of rainfall, breaking rainfall records set in 1919. Boulder saw widespread power outages, school and university closures, mudslides, and isolated mountain communities as debris-filled rivers overflowed their banks. The flooding caused over $150 million in damages, thousands of evacuations, stranded communities, and at least 5 deaths.
Farming and human development alter habitats in several ways:
1) Farming activities like growing crops and raising livestock change environments by removing trees, draining wetlands, digging up soil, and overgrazing grasslands.
2) As the human population increases, more housing, roads, and infrastructure are built, reducing animal and plant habitats. Over 70-100 million acres of open space in the U.S. have been lost since World War II.
3) Pollution from vehicles, chemicals, litter also damages habitats and harms living things by contaminating air, water, and land.
Agriculture is important as it produces food that people need to survive. Modern agriculture requires huge inputs like land, water, fertilizers, labor, and machinery. It has both positive impacts like high food yields, but also negative environmental and social impacts such as water shortages, pollution, soil depletion, and poor labor conditions. Assessing agriculture's multi-dimensional impacts across different forms of capital is needed to understand how to improve its sustainability.
Desertification is land degradation in dry areas caused by climate variations and human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, and agriculture. It impacts over 35% of the global land area and costs $300-600 billion annually. India has 32.7% of its land affected by desertification processes like soil erosion and loss of vegetation cover. Integrated land and water management, protecting vegetation cover, sustainable grazing/farming, and alternative livelihoods can help prevent further desertification.
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river floodingEvie-Anne Davis
Over 2,000 people died due to reluctance to evacuate as wells became polluted, causing 10,000 to contract waterborne diseases. 25 million people were left homeless as 44 schools were destroyed and 4,000 damaged, disrupting education. The floods caused $1 billion in damages to crops, property, and factories, leaving many unemployed as 80% of Bangladesh relies on agriculture and 550,000 hectares of land couldn't be planted. 100,000 km of roads were destroyed. The floods deposited fertile silt but also polluted rivers with sewage and waste. The flooding in Bangladesh was made worse by deforestation, urban growth, location in a floodplain with low elevation, heavy monsoon rains, and
The document discusses fossil fuels, which get their energy from biomass that accumulated over millions of years to form fossils. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that have nearly doubled in consumption every 20 years since 1900. The energy from burning fossil fuels is used to generate electricity and power machines. However, relying on fossil fuels causes pollution, destroys landscapes, decreases tourism, and contributes to the greenhouse effect by releasing gases into the atmosphere. While fossil fuels are widely used as an energy source, their use also leads to various negative consequences like pollution of water and air and threats to underwater life and fishing industries.
22april 2009 Pr Address Climate Change Not Charter Changelisa.ito
Several hundred environmental activists, indigenous peoples, and others commemorated Earth Day 2009 with a protest march from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to the House of Representatives in Quezon City. The march featured floats symbolizing issues like climate change, the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, large-scale mining, and logging. A central float depicted Mother Earth overwhelmed by threats like coal plants and deforestation. A representative from Kalikasan PNE said the Philippine environment faces massive degradation from unsustainable resource extraction allowed by the government. While climate change threatens the country, the government pushes for charter change that could allow more foreign control of lands and resources. The group called on the government to prioritize addressing climate change over charter change
PROEXPOSURE East Africa Drought: Borana Pastoralists Southern EthiopiaPROEXPOSURE CIC
More than three consecutive years of failed rains in East Africa has caused the worst drought in ten years.
A slideshow by ProExposure photographers Karayour Debese Wariyo, Dama Boru, Dhaki Tukuu and Borbor Bule.
Eastern Africa has experienced widespread land degradation over the past century. Approximately 65% of agricultural land in Kenya has become degraded, largely through overgrazing, mismanagement, and deforestation. Soil quality has declined significantly, reducing crop production across Sub-Saharan Africa, where yields have decreased over the past 20 years unlike other regions. Improving farming practices, education, environmental protection, and aid can help address this problem.
Existing Landcare programs are present across the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region. The most establish program is in South Africa, where a National LandCare program has been in place since 1997. Leadership from South Africa has seen the application of Landcare in trans-boundary projects, including the Kalahari Namib Project within the Molopo-Nossob River Basin across Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
Mining activities, overgrazing, and over-irrigation have led to land degradation through abandoned mining sites, deforestation, water logging, and increased soil salinity. Dust from mineral processing and industrial effluents have also polluted land and water. Conservation measures include afforestation, controlling overgrazing, stabilizing sand dunes, managing waste lands, controlling mining activities, and properly disposing of industrial effluents.
Farmers in Niger have regreened over 5 million hectares of land over 20 years through farmer-managed techniques. This has led to 200 million new trees growing without being planted, an additional 500,000 tons of annual cereal production, and feeding an additional 2.5 million people. Simple techniques like zaï holes, half-moon planting, and agroforestry have improved soil fertility, fodder production, provided shade, and increased resilience to climate change. There is a need to scale up these successful regreening efforts through community participation, communication strategies, and developing agroforestry value chains.
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was a period of severe dust storms and drought in the central United States that greatly damaged agriculture. Over 500 people died from dust pneumonia or malnutrition during this time as dust storms sometimes blocked out the sun. The drought affected the Southern Plains and turned 100 million acres of land into wastelands, worsening the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their homes and jobs since the dust killed their crops and caused a widespread drought.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
This document discusses different types of farming including sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, extensive, intensive and organic farming. It then focuses on farming in Cambridgeshire, noting that it is one of the most agriculturally productive areas in Europe due to its low-lying and well-drained soil, warm summers, good access to markets, and large farm sizes enabled by company investment. While farming in the UK is no longer as profitable as in the past due to factors like supermarkets and imports, farms can diversify through activities like agritourism to maintain profits.
Agricultural systems can be analyzed as inputs, processes, and outputs. There are different types of farming systems including arable, pastoral, and mixed farming as well as subsistence and commercial farming. Extensive farming uses large areas of land with low inputs of labor and capital to produce low yields, while intensive farming uses high inputs on small areas of land to achieve high yields. Organic farming avoids chemical inputs while non-organic or conventional farming utilizes synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other inputs.
Re-greening efforts in the Sahel region of Niger have led to increased food security. Over 5 million hectares in the Maradi and Zinder regions have seen re-greening since 1955. This has increased cereal production by 500,000 tons annually, helping to address Niger's food deficit of 600,000 tons in 2011-2012. One district in Zinder with high on-farm tree densities consistently produced grain surpluses of over 10,000 tons annually between 2007-2011. Farmers invest in re-greening primarily to improve soil fertility and food production, as well as for firewood, construction wood, and fodder. Incomes have increased for households employing new agroforestry techniques.
Zambia is proposing a financing framework to mobilize domestic resources for climate resilient programs that support vulnerable communities. The framework involves establishing a National Catalytic Fund to unlock private sector financing for essential oils and biofuels value chain programs. These programs are expected to economically empower rural communities through job creation, alleviate poverty, and promote conservation. The financing strategy utilizes a risk mitigating approach and pools various funding sources into a liquid fund to leverage domestic financial resources and support agricultural value chain projects.
The document summarizes the impacts of major flooding in Arkansas in 1927 and the subsequent drought and Dust Bowl period in the 1930s. The 1927 flood was one of the most destructive in U.S. history, heavily impacting areas like Yell County and Little Rock in Arkansas. Refugee camps provided housing and food for many displaced by the floods. The floods and drought devastated agriculture, sharecropping, farming and forestry. During the 1930s drought and Dust Bowl, dust storms were severe after farmers' lands could no longer support crops due to lack of rain, impacting areas in the Midwest and west of Arkansas.
Presentation hold by Chris Reij, Sustainable Land Management specialist, and a Senior Fellow of the World Resources Institute, as part of the second panel of the 30th edition of the Brussels Briefing on “Agricultural resilience in the face of crisis and shocks", organized by CTA in collaboration with the ACP Secretariat, the EC/DEVCO, Concord, and IFPRI on 4th March 2013.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Climate Change and Jamaica's Agricultural SectorACDI/VOCA
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Jamaica's agricultural sector. It notes that small farmers, who make up 85% of agricultural holdings and rely on rain-fed production, are highly vulnerable. Climate change is already causing more variable rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather. This has resulted in losses estimated at $14.4 billion between 1994-2010. More frequent droughts and hurricanes damage infrastructure and lower crop yields, threatening food security as local production becomes less predictable and reliable.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TOURISM - CASE STUDY TOURISM IN UNITED KINGDOM.George Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TOURISM - CASE STUDY TOURISM IN UNITED KINGDOM. It contains: models of tourist development, exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline, rejuvenation, UK national parks, the Lake District national park.
Heavy flooding hit Boulder, Colorado in September 2013 after over a week of rainfall, breaking rainfall records set in 1919. Boulder saw widespread power outages, school and university closures, mudslides, and isolated mountain communities as debris-filled rivers overflowed their banks. The flooding caused over $150 million in damages, thousands of evacuations, stranded communities, and at least 5 deaths.
Farming and human development alter habitats in several ways:
1) Farming activities like growing crops and raising livestock change environments by removing trees, draining wetlands, digging up soil, and overgrazing grasslands.
2) As the human population increases, more housing, roads, and infrastructure are built, reducing animal and plant habitats. Over 70-100 million acres of open space in the U.S. have been lost since World War II.
3) Pollution from vehicles, chemicals, litter also damages habitats and harms living things by contaminating air, water, and land.
Agriculture is important as it produces food that people need to survive. Modern agriculture requires huge inputs like land, water, fertilizers, labor, and machinery. It has both positive impacts like high food yields, but also negative environmental and social impacts such as water shortages, pollution, soil depletion, and poor labor conditions. Assessing agriculture's multi-dimensional impacts across different forms of capital is needed to understand how to improve its sustainability.
Desertification is land degradation in dry areas caused by climate variations and human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, and agriculture. It impacts over 35% of the global land area and costs $300-600 billion annually. India has 32.7% of its land affected by desertification processes like soil erosion and loss of vegetation cover. Integrated land and water management, protecting vegetation cover, sustainable grazing/farming, and alternative livelihoods can help prevent further desertification.
AS geography - Bangladesh case study for river floodingEvie-Anne Davis
Over 2,000 people died due to reluctance to evacuate as wells became polluted, causing 10,000 to contract waterborne diseases. 25 million people were left homeless as 44 schools were destroyed and 4,000 damaged, disrupting education. The floods caused $1 billion in damages to crops, property, and factories, leaving many unemployed as 80% of Bangladesh relies on agriculture and 550,000 hectares of land couldn't be planted. 100,000 km of roads were destroyed. The floods deposited fertile silt but also polluted rivers with sewage and waste. The flooding in Bangladesh was made worse by deforestation, urban growth, location in a floodplain with low elevation, heavy monsoon rains, and
The document discusses fossil fuels, which get their energy from biomass that accumulated over millions of years to form fossils. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that have nearly doubled in consumption every 20 years since 1900. The energy from burning fossil fuels is used to generate electricity and power machines. However, relying on fossil fuels causes pollution, destroys landscapes, decreases tourism, and contributes to the greenhouse effect by releasing gases into the atmosphere. While fossil fuels are widely used as an energy source, their use also leads to various negative consequences like pollution of water and air and threats to underwater life and fishing industries.
22april 2009 Pr Address Climate Change Not Charter Changelisa.ito
Several hundred environmental activists, indigenous peoples, and others commemorated Earth Day 2009 with a protest march from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to the House of Representatives in Quezon City. The march featured floats symbolizing issues like climate change, the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, large-scale mining, and logging. A central float depicted Mother Earth overwhelmed by threats like coal plants and deforestation. A representative from Kalikasan PNE said the Philippine environment faces massive degradation from unsustainable resource extraction allowed by the government. While climate change threatens the country, the government pushes for charter change that could allow more foreign control of lands and resources. The group called on the government to prioritize addressing climate change over charter change
PROEXPOSURE East Africa Drought: Borana Pastoralists Southern EthiopiaPROEXPOSURE CIC
More than three consecutive years of failed rains in East Africa has caused the worst drought in ten years.
A slideshow by ProExposure photographers Karayour Debese Wariyo, Dama Boru, Dhaki Tukuu and Borbor Bule.
Eastern Africa has experienced widespread land degradation over the past century. Approximately 65% of agricultural land in Kenya has become degraded, largely through overgrazing, mismanagement, and deforestation. Soil quality has declined significantly, reducing crop production across Sub-Saharan Africa, where yields have decreased over the past 20 years unlike other regions. Improving farming practices, education, environmental protection, and aid can help address this problem.
Existing Landcare programs are present across the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region. The most establish program is in South Africa, where a National LandCare program has been in place since 1997. Leadership from South Africa has seen the application of Landcare in trans-boundary projects, including the Kalahari Namib Project within the Molopo-Nossob River Basin across Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
Mining activities, overgrazing, and over-irrigation have led to land degradation through abandoned mining sites, deforestation, water logging, and increased soil salinity. Dust from mineral processing and industrial effluents have also polluted land and water. Conservation measures include afforestation, controlling overgrazing, stabilizing sand dunes, managing waste lands, controlling mining activities, and properly disposing of industrial effluents.
Farmers in Niger have regreened over 5 million hectares of land over 20 years through farmer-managed techniques. This has led to 200 million new trees growing without being planted, an additional 500,000 tons of annual cereal production, and feeding an additional 2.5 million people. Simple techniques like zaï holes, half-moon planting, and agroforestry have improved soil fertility, fodder production, provided shade, and increased resilience to climate change. There is a need to scale up these successful regreening efforts through community participation, communication strategies, and developing agroforestry value chains.
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was a period of severe dust storms and drought in the central United States that greatly damaged agriculture. Over 500 people died from dust pneumonia or malnutrition during this time as dust storms sometimes blocked out the sun. The drought affected the Southern Plains and turned 100 million acres of land into wastelands, worsening the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their homes and jobs since the dust killed their crops and caused a widespread drought.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
This document discusses different types of farming including sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, extensive, intensive and organic farming. It then focuses on farming in Cambridgeshire, noting that it is one of the most agriculturally productive areas in Europe due to its low-lying and well-drained soil, warm summers, good access to markets, and large farm sizes enabled by company investment. While farming in the UK is no longer as profitable as in the past due to factors like supermarkets and imports, farms can diversify through activities like agritourism to maintain profits.
Agricultural systems can be analyzed as inputs, processes, and outputs. There are different types of farming systems including arable, pastoral, and mixed farming as well as subsistence and commercial farming. Extensive farming uses large areas of land with low inputs of labor and capital to produce low yields, while intensive farming uses high inputs on small areas of land to achieve high yields. Organic farming avoids chemical inputs while non-organic or conventional farming utilizes synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other inputs.
A farm is an area of land used primarily for food production through managing and practicing agriculture. Farms can range in size and can be owned and operated by individuals, families, communities, or corporations. The development of farms was an important part of establishing towns and evolving social systems like transportation and markets as people transitioned from hunting/gathering to active farming. There are many types of farms defined by what they produce like orchards, vineyards, dairy farms, and plantations, as well as by farming practices like organic, intensive, collective, factory, and vertical farming.
Agriculture can take several forms including commercial farming which aims to make a profit, sedentary farming where people permanently settle to farm the land, and shifting farming where farmers move areas. Arable farming involves growing crops while pastoral farming focuses on rearing animals. Political factors also influence farming through policies like set-aside which pays farmers not to use some lands, production quotas from the EU, and subsidies to support farmers.
This document defines and describes various types of agriculture. It begins by explaining how nomadic humans settled and began growing crops, establishing the origins of agriculture. Key types of agriculture discussed include subsistence farming, where farmers focus on growing enough food for their families; intensive cultivation, using high amounts of labor, capital and technology; and extensive cultivation, utilizing large areas of land with low labor and capital inputs. The document also outlines plantation farming, organic farming, mixed farming, truck farming, dairy farming, and cooperative farming. Each type is concisely defined.
This document provides information about primary sector activities and traditional and modern agricultural landscapes. It discusses traditional farming methods like slash and burn agriculture, dry sedentary agriculture, and monsoon irrigation agriculture. It also describes developed agricultural landscapes in new world countries and Europe. Livestock farming systems like nomadic, transhumant, extensive, and intensive are explained. The document concludes with a section about fishing and fishing grounds.
Agriculture production in Mountain Area a Lecture at PARD by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses agriculture production and land use planning in mountain areas. It begins by providing background information on the location and climate of Pakistan. It then discusses characteristics of the eastern mountain agricultural zone, including climate, rainfall, temperatures, altitudes, soils and typical crops grown. The document outlines some challenges facing agriculture in the region, such as unpredictable rainfall and increased heat spells and droughts. It provides suggestions to address problems and improve rural livestock production and agriculture overall, including improving genetic potential, feeding, housing, veterinary services and more. Finally, it discusses land use planning and its goals of making the best use of limited land resources by assessing needs, resolving conflicts between competing uses, and selecting sustainable options.
This document discusses different types of agricultural practices around the world. It contrasts subsistence agriculture, which is aimed at producing only enough food for a farmer's family, with commercial agriculture which produces surpluses for sale. Subsistence agriculture is more common in less developed countries and involves small family farms, while commercial agriculture with larger farms is more prevalent in developed nations. The document also examines different forms of subsistence agriculture including intensive farming, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.1 AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AND FOOD PRODUCTION. It contains: ley terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
This document discusses several types of agriculture including primitive, subsistence, commercial, plantation, nomadic, shifting, mixed, and genetic engineering agriculture. Primitive agriculture involves slash and burn techniques with low productivity. Subsistence and shifting agriculture focus on growing just enough for family consumption. Commercial, plantation and mixed agriculture are practiced on a larger scale for profit. Genetic engineering can increase yields and nutrition. Nomadic groups move according to seasonal patterns.
This document provides an overview of agriculture and different types of agricultural systems. It discusses primary, secondary and tertiary economic activities as they relate to agriculture. Agriculture involves growing crops and rearing livestock. There are two main types of farming: subsistence farming, which meets the needs of the farmer's family, and commercial farming, which grows crops and raises livestock to sell for profit. The document also outlines different agricultural practices around the world like shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, plantations, and mixed farming. It provides examples of major crops grown in India and discusses agricultural development.
Presentation of 1st Thematic section. European ways of food production.elkostop
This document summarizes the students' activities researching European food production methods in Greece. They visited several farms practicing organic cultivation, animal husbandry, integrated farming, and new alternative cultivations like mushrooms. The students learned about the benefits and challenges of these practices, such as using fewer synthetic chemicals in organic farming and maximizing land use through integrated methods. The document concludes that while conventional farming dominates Greek food production, farmers are adopting more sustainable alternative methods.
- Agroforestry, which involves integrating trees into agricultural landscapes, is an essential resilience tool to address future food security challenges. It can help increase food production on existing land while making farms more resistant to weather extremes and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- By 2050, global population growth will require 60% more food production on similar land, while making agriculture more resilient to climate change and reducing emissions. Agroforestry can help achieve these goals through increased yields, soil fertility improvements, weather protection, and carbon sequestration.
- Research shows that agroforestry practices like fertilizer trees can significantly increase crop yields compared to non-tree systems or chemical fertilizers alone. These yield gains have been observed
This document discusses factors that contribute to sustainable food production systems. It explains that climate, geography and geology influence agriculture in different regions, with some areas able to use almost all land for farming while others have limitations. Sustainable agriculture is defined as a system that satisfies food needs over the long term while conserving resources. Methods to improve sustainability include pest management, rotational grazing, soil conservation, and increasing crop diversity. The document also discusses aquaculture and concerns about effects of climate change on European agriculture. Achieving global food security by 2050 will require increased production while maintaining sustainability.
This document discusses different types of farming in Britain. It describes extensive and intensive farming, with extensive having a low yield per large area and intensive having a high yield per small area with more capital and technology. It also outlines different types of farming including arable, pastoral, market gardening, and hill farming. Hill farming focuses on sheep grazing and is suitable for mountainous regions with steep slopes. The document also discusses the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which aims to support farmers and ensure food security through guaranteed prices and subsidies.
Agriculture is a basic part of every society as everyone needs food. In the United States, advances over the past 200 years have led to farmers producing enough food to feed over 280 million Americans and millions more around the world using only 1% of the global agricultural workforce. Pennsylvania plays an important role in American agriculture through dairy farming, poultry, and mushroom production. Modern farming techniques like machinery, irrigation, fertilizers and genetically modified crops have increased yields and efficiency.
Farmland: Cultivating Life and Sustaining Communitiesholidaysfarmin
Farmland is a precious resource that sustains life and communities. By investing in sustainable farming practices and protecting agricultural land, we can ensure a bright future for generations to come
This document provides information about different types of farms and farming. It defines a farm, farmer, and farming. It then describes various types of farms including subsistence farms, commercial farms, arable farms, fish farms, dairy farms, poultry farms, meat farms, mixed farms, and greenhouse farms. It also discusses farm tourism. The document covers safety risks, hazards, and equipment associated with farms. Grammar and language skills related to farming are presented.
This document provides an overview of food farming. It begins with introductions to food and farming. There are then sections on the history of food farming, types of farming including crop, livestock, and organic, challenges facing food farming like climate change and soil degradation, solutions and innovations, and the concept of "farm to fork" representing the entire food supply chain. The document concludes that food farming is critical to global food security and environmental sustainability.
Organic farming provides several benefits over conventional farming methods. It improves soil health and fertility through practices like crop rotation and use of organic fertilizers. This leads to higher crop yields and more stable production over time. Organic farms also use less energy and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Adopting organic farming techniques can help improve food security and mitigate climate change by increasing sustainable agricultural production and building climate resilience.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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2. Farms can be categorised according to what is being grown
or reared, the size of the operation and the agricultural
techniques being used.
Farming can be:
• sedentary or nomadic
• subsistence or commercial
• arable, pastoral or mixed
• extensive or intensive
3.
4. Sedentary farming is when a farm is based in the same
location all the time.
Nomadic farming is when a farmer moves from one place to
another.
This is common in some LEDCs.
5. Subsistence farming is when crops and animals are produced
by a farmer to feed their family, rather than to take to
market.
Commercial farming is when crops and animals are produced
to sell at market for a profit.
6. Arable farms grow crops.
Crops are plants that are harvested from the ground to be
eaten or sold.
Pastoral farms rear animals - either for animal by-products
such as milk, eggs or wool, or for meat.
Mixed farms grow crops and rear animals.
7. Extensive farming is where a relatively small amount of
produce is generated from a large area of farmland.
Intensive farming is where a large amount of produce is
generated from a relatively small area of land.
Inputs will be high to achieve a high yield per hectare. Inputs
could be either fertilisers, machines or labour.
8. Physical factors will determine which type of farming takes
place in a particular area.
Climate and relief are the dominant factors in determining
which crops will grow and which animals are suited to the
landscape.
Human factors, such as proximity to markets, are important
with some types of farming, such as market gardening.
9.
10. Arable farming is common in the south east where the
summers are warm and the land is low, flat and fertile.
The south east also has good transport links and farms are
close to markets in towns and cities such as London.
11. Human factors such as finance and proximity to markets are
important to market gardening.
It is common in East Anglia where fruit, vegetables and
flowers are grown.
12. Hill sheep farming takes place in the north and west of Britain
in highland areas such as Snowdonia and the Lake District.
There are cool summers and high rainfall.
The climate and steep land make these areas unsuitable for
growing crops.
13. Dairy farming is common in the south west and the west of
England where the climate is warm and wet.
There are also good transport links and good access routes to
markets in these areas.
The land may be flat or hilly, but not too steep.
14. Mixed farming is found in areas where the climate and relief
suit both crops and animals.
It needs to be warm, but not too wet, and the soils need to be
fertile and flat.
Mixed farms need good transport links and accessibility to
markets.
15. Cambridgeshire is one of the most agriculturally productive
areas in Europe.
The area is used for arable farming because of:
Physical factors
• Low lying land
• Well-drained soil
• Warm summers (18°C in July)
Human factors
• Good access to markets
• Large areas of farmland so larger machines can be used
• Investment by companies - farms are owned by large companies able to use
economies of scale
16. Farming in the UK today is no longer as profitable for
everybody as it has been. Reasons for this are:
• Supermarkets buy in bulk and are driving down the price of
the food
• Imported food is often cheaper
• Mechanisation and changes to grants have meant smaller
farms and hill farms go out of business
Farms can diversify to try and keep making money. This
means that the farm will start to create other areas of income,
such as creating a tourist attraction, offering bed and
breakfast or selling produce via a farm shop. Some farms may
also close and start a different business on the land.
17. Organic farming does not use chemical fertilisers or feed
additives for livestock.
It relies upon more natural forms of farming such as
biological pest control and crop rotation.
Using ladybirds which eat aphids is one example where a
natural process replaces a chemical pesticide.
Organic farming is less efficient and so produce does cost
more.
The demand for organic produce is increasing in the UK.
However people may go back to non-organic produce if their
income falls.
18. The environment benefits because natural habitats are less
threatened.
The soil can be in better condition because of the manure
used.
It can provide healthier food for people.
Biodiversity increases with fewer chemicals which harm bees
and other insects.
The industry is worth over £1 billion a year.
19. More produce is damaged by pests.
Weed control is time consuming as weeds are often removed
mechanically.
Some organic pesticides, such as copper can remain in the soil
and be harmful.
Organic dairy farms produce more methane per animal than
non organic. This is because of the diet of the cattle.
Some organic farming methods use more water than non-
organic methods.
The crop yield is lower on organic farms (about 20% less
compared to non-organic farming).
Most of the organic food bought is actually imported.