This document discusses several types of agriculture including primitive, subsistence, commercial, plantation, nomadic, shifting, mixed, and genetic engineering agriculture. Primitive agriculture involves slash and burn techniques with low productivity. Subsistence and shifting agriculture focus on growing just enough for family consumption. Commercial, plantation and mixed agriculture are practiced on a larger scale for profit. Genetic engineering can increase yields and nutrition. Nomadic groups move according to seasonal patterns.

1. B. K. BIRLA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE
(AUTONOMOUS), KALYAN
TOPIC: TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
NAME:RUMANIYA SHARAFAT ALI ANSARI
ROLL NO:412
CLASS:SYBA {ENG}
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY{AGRICULTURE}

2. INTRODUCTION
 The Emerging trends in agriculture which are very much prominent
in the post- liberalisation period include the rising productivity,
growing investment, diversification of the sector, application of
modern techniques, development of horticulture and floriculture,
growing volume of exports and development of food processing
industry.
 India with its rising population is in an advantageous position to
develop its agricultural and allied sectors which arc mostly labour
intensive. Liberalisation has provided ample scope for the
modernization and development of the agricultural sector and also
to reap the maximum benefit from the increasing scope of
agricultural exports arising out of the path of globalisation adopted
by the economy.

3. PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE
 Primitive subsistence agriculture is also known as shifting cultivation
or slash and burn cultivation. In this type of farming, a patch of land
is cleared and then set on fire. This patch of land is used to sow seeds
and grow crops. As fertilizers and modern inputs like tractors and
harvesting machineries are not used, land productivity is low in
primitive subsistence farming.
 Primitive farming is the oldest form of agriculture and still prevalent
in some areas of the world. From primitive gathering, some people
have taken a step ‘upward’ on the economic ladder by learning the
art of domesticating plants and their economy has moved into
primitive cultivation.

4.  SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
 Subsistence farming, form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used
to maintain the farmer and the farmer’s family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade.
Preindustrial agricultural peoples throughout the world have traditionally practiced subsistence
farming.
 Subsistence farming persists today on a relatively wide scale in various areas of the
world, including large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Subsistence farms usually
consist of no more than a few acres, and farm technology tends to be primitive and
of low yield.

5. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
 “The Commercial farming meaning is that where farmer producing crops on a
large scale. It is a type of agribusiness where farmers raise crops and livestock
to make money by selling them in the market. As we know marginal farmers
are raising crops to take care of their livelihood. On the other side, farming
business owners raise crops or livestock on large scale to make a profit from
it.”
 Mostly, Indian farmers are also engaged in this farming. Along with this, 75%
percent of the rural population involved with Commercial farming. In an
urban area, farming business owners buy land to produce crops, but they rent
to farmers to take care of it and raise the crop.

6. GENETIC ENGINEERING IN
AGRICULTURE
 Broadly, biotechnology can be defined as “the application of science and
engineering in the direct or indirect use of living organisms, or parts or
products of living organisms, in their natural or modified forms.” In most
cases, this term is used to refer to modern technologies developed through
various life sciences such as molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics.
 Genetic engineering, including gene editing, can have numerous benefits:
faster and more precise breeding, higher crop yields, development of more
nutritious food, and decreased need for herbicides and pesticides. Moreover,
this technology has also enabled the development of disease-resistant crops,
such as a virus-resistant papaya in Hawaii and an eggplant engineered to
produce a natural bacterium-derived pesticide in Bangladesh. In both cases,
the GM varieties were developed in response to a crop disease that could
have devastated local food production.

7. PLANTATION
 Plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew,
rubber, banana or cotton is grown. A large amount of labor and capital are required. The produce may
be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. The development of a transport network is thus
essential for such farming. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some
examples.

8.  NOMADIC AGRICULTURE
Nomads are people who travel around from place to place without having one
settled place where they live.Most nomadic groups follow a fixed annual or
seasonal pattern of movements and settlements.
The first people to grow plants had to learn three main tasks: how to concentrate
desirable plants into a manageable area; how to prevent weeds from growing
there; and how best to encourage the plants to flourish. In short, people learned to
plant, weed, and water or drain crops. In the English climate , there is enough
natural rainfall to grow staple crops. But in a dry climate, most crop plants need
water, and it must be provided by the farmer.

9. SHIFTING AGRICULTURE
 Shifting agriculture, system of cultivation that preserves soil fertility by plot (field) rotation,
as distinct from crop rotation. In shifting agriculture a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for
a short period of time; then it is abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural vegetation
while the cultivator moves on to another plot. The period of cultivation is usually terminated
when the soil shows signs of exhaustion or, more commonly, when the field is overrun by
weeds. The length of time that a field is cultivated is usually shorter than the period over
which the land is allowed to regenerate by lying fallow.
 One land-clearing system of shifting agriculture is the slash-and-burn method, which leaves
only stumps and large trees in the field after the standing vegetation has been cut down and
burned, its ashes enriching the soil. Cultivation of the earth after clearing is usually
accomplished by hoe or digging stick and not by plow.

10.  MIXED AGRICULTURE
 Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops and the
raising of livestock. Such agriculture occurs across Asia and in countries
 Such as India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, South Africa, China, Central Europe,
Canada, and Russia. Though at first[when?] it mainly served domestic consumption,
countries such as the United States and Japan now use it for commercial purposes.
 The cultivation of crops alongside the rearing of animals for meat or eggs or milk
defines mixed farming. For example, a mixed farm may grow cereal crops such as wheat
or rye and also keep cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry. Often the dung from the cattle serves
to fertilize the cereal crops. Before horses were commonly used for haulage, many
young male cattle on such farms were often not butchered as surplus for meat but
castrated and used as bullocks to haul the cart and the plough..

11. CONCLUSION
 The agricultural sector is of vital importance for the region. It is undergoing a process of
transition to a market economy, with substantial changes in the social, legal, structural,
productive and supply set-ups, as is the case with all other sectors of the economy.
 In order to address the main constraints affecting the development of the national and
regional seed supplies that are mentioned here, the region requires integrated efforts by all
national and international stakeholders and institutions involved in seed supply and plant
genetic resource management. On practical issues, lessons learned by some countries could
be shared with other countries; e.g. on how to progress with the transition or how to
recognize the most immediate needs of farmers.