This document discusses the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in environmental epidemiology. It begins by describing how Dr. John Snow used maps in 1854 to identify the source of a cholera outbreak in London, which was a seminal early use of spatial analysis. The document then defines GIS and explains how it links location databases to maps to display and analyze spatial health and environmental data. Several key GIS functions are outlined, including overlays, interpolation, and buffers. The strengths of GIS for environmental epidemiology are communicating spatial patterns and relationships and enabling early warning of health issues. Some weaknesses are that maps only display information and do not prove causal relationships.
Remote sensing has enabled mapping, monitoring and management of various resources like agriculture, forestry, water, and oceans over the last four decades. It has contributed significantly to development in India through applications like groundwater mapping, wasteland monitoring, flood mapping, agriculture monitoring, fisheries forecasting, snow and glacier studies, and forestry assessments. Current and future uses include urban planning through databases and indicators, and watershed development through projects like Sujala in Karnataka. Advances in remote sensing will continue to improve emergency response, mapping, and geospatial information.
Integrated Approach of GIS and USLE for Erosion Risk Analysis in the Sapanca ...theijes
The primary objectives of this study is to establish a Geographical Information System (GIS) for soil loss based upon the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method, and to determine erosion risk zones in the Sapanca lake watershed. In this study, rainfall erosivity (R) factor was computed from monthly and annual precipitation data of six methodological stations. Soil erodibility (K) factor were extracted from soil map by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Land cover and management (C) factor were derived from Landsat TM imagery and from Statip 2009 map. Topographic (LS) factor was interpolated from a digital elevation model (DEM). Support practice (P) factor was assigned a value of 1 due to lack of support practices in the watershed. The study indicated that the method can be reasonably used for soil erosion risk analysis in the Sapanca Lake Watershed, and also moderate and highly eroded areas associated with new settlements and bare lands since new settlers either cleared of native forests or used intensively for agriculture. Such analysis is essential for water management practices, specifically identification of critical risk zones for investigating watershed management strategies to achieve management goals.
Role of GIS and remote sensing in Disaster ManagementLeema Margret A
GIS and remote sensing can help manage various natural disasters in several ways:
1) For drought, they can provide early warnings, help target groundwater exploration, and monitor desertification.
2) For earthquakes, they can create seismic hazard maps, identify faults, and detect potential earthquake zones.
3) For floods, they can map inundated areas, identify flood plains, and assist post-flood assessment and management.
4) For landslides, they can provide land use data to predict occurrences, recognize landslide characteristics, and create landslide hazard zonation maps.
This document discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their applications in health. It provides examples of early GIS use in health like John Snow's cholera maps. It then outlines key uses of GIS in health like mapping disease spread, locating health facilities, and aiding hospital administration. Specific applications mentioned include tracking breast cancer, malaria, nursing homes, and hazardous spill sites. Finally, it lists some free and open source GIS software and resources for further information on health and GIS.
Geomorphological Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS A Tool for Land Use Pla...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map geomorphological units around Shivpuri City, India using IRS-1D LISS-III satellite imagery from 2006.
2) Six main geomorphic units were identified and mapped - denudational hills, structural hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, and alluvial plains.
3) Remote sensing and GIS allowed efficient mapping of the geomorphic units over a large area to inform land use planning decisions by local authorities.
GIS application in Natural Resource ManagementAchal Gupta
This document discusses how GIS can be used for natural resource management. It provides examples of using GIS to assess watershed management in Uttarakhand, India. Specifically, it details how GIS was used to quantify soil loss and sediment flow under different scenarios, spatially distribute those results, delineate micro-basins and watersheds, and identify suitable areas for water harvesting. The results of this analysis can help inform development actions and priorities by providing spatial information on natural resources and how they vary across a landscape.
This document summarizes a report on using GIS and remote sensing for natural resource mapping and management. It was prepared by Kamal Abdurahman for his supervisor at Koya University. The report describes using satellite imagery to map geology, vegetation, soils, and land use/land cover in a region of the Middle East. Imagery was analyzed using GIS software to extract spatial information on natural resources for sustainable management and decision making. Field verification involved collecting GPS points to validate mapped resources. Final maps of the study area's geology, soils, vegetation and land use were produced at a scale of 1:25,000.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENTSriram Chakravarthy
This document discusses watershed management and the role of remote sensing and GIS applications. It begins with defining a watershed and the watershed approach. It then discusses watershed characterization, prioritization, development activities, and monitoring. Remote sensing provides synoptic data to map natural resources within watersheds. GIS is used to integrate spatial data for watershed delineation and analysis. The goal of watershed management is sustainable development through activities like water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods.
Remote sensing has enabled mapping, monitoring and management of various resources like agriculture, forestry, water, and oceans over the last four decades. It has contributed significantly to development in India through applications like groundwater mapping, wasteland monitoring, flood mapping, agriculture monitoring, fisheries forecasting, snow and glacier studies, and forestry assessments. Current and future uses include urban planning through databases and indicators, and watershed development through projects like Sujala in Karnataka. Advances in remote sensing will continue to improve emergency response, mapping, and geospatial information.
Integrated Approach of GIS and USLE for Erosion Risk Analysis in the Sapanca ...theijes
The primary objectives of this study is to establish a Geographical Information System (GIS) for soil loss based upon the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method, and to determine erosion risk zones in the Sapanca lake watershed. In this study, rainfall erosivity (R) factor was computed from monthly and annual precipitation data of six methodological stations. Soil erodibility (K) factor were extracted from soil map by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Land cover and management (C) factor were derived from Landsat TM imagery and from Statip 2009 map. Topographic (LS) factor was interpolated from a digital elevation model (DEM). Support practice (P) factor was assigned a value of 1 due to lack of support practices in the watershed. The study indicated that the method can be reasonably used for soil erosion risk analysis in the Sapanca Lake Watershed, and also moderate and highly eroded areas associated with new settlements and bare lands since new settlers either cleared of native forests or used intensively for agriculture. Such analysis is essential for water management practices, specifically identification of critical risk zones for investigating watershed management strategies to achieve management goals.
Role of GIS and remote sensing in Disaster ManagementLeema Margret A
GIS and remote sensing can help manage various natural disasters in several ways:
1) For drought, they can provide early warnings, help target groundwater exploration, and monitor desertification.
2) For earthquakes, they can create seismic hazard maps, identify faults, and detect potential earthquake zones.
3) For floods, they can map inundated areas, identify flood plains, and assist post-flood assessment and management.
4) For landslides, they can provide land use data to predict occurrences, recognize landslide characteristics, and create landslide hazard zonation maps.
This document discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their applications in health. It provides examples of early GIS use in health like John Snow's cholera maps. It then outlines key uses of GIS in health like mapping disease spread, locating health facilities, and aiding hospital administration. Specific applications mentioned include tracking breast cancer, malaria, nursing homes, and hazardous spill sites. Finally, it lists some free and open source GIS software and resources for further information on health and GIS.
Geomorphological Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS A Tool for Land Use Pla...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map geomorphological units around Shivpuri City, India using IRS-1D LISS-III satellite imagery from 2006.
2) Six main geomorphic units were identified and mapped - denudational hills, structural hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, and alluvial plains.
3) Remote sensing and GIS allowed efficient mapping of the geomorphic units over a large area to inform land use planning decisions by local authorities.
GIS application in Natural Resource ManagementAchal Gupta
This document discusses how GIS can be used for natural resource management. It provides examples of using GIS to assess watershed management in Uttarakhand, India. Specifically, it details how GIS was used to quantify soil loss and sediment flow under different scenarios, spatially distribute those results, delineate micro-basins and watersheds, and identify suitable areas for water harvesting. The results of this analysis can help inform development actions and priorities by providing spatial information on natural resources and how they vary across a landscape.
This document summarizes a report on using GIS and remote sensing for natural resource mapping and management. It was prepared by Kamal Abdurahman for his supervisor at Koya University. The report describes using satellite imagery to map geology, vegetation, soils, and land use/land cover in a region of the Middle East. Imagery was analyzed using GIS software to extract spatial information on natural resources for sustainable management and decision making. Field verification involved collecting GPS points to validate mapped resources. Final maps of the study area's geology, soils, vegetation and land use were produced at a scale of 1:25,000.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENTSriram Chakravarthy
This document discusses watershed management and the role of remote sensing and GIS applications. It begins with defining a watershed and the watershed approach. It then discusses watershed characterization, prioritization, development activities, and monitoring. Remote sensing provides synoptic data to map natural resources within watersheds. GIS is used to integrate spatial data for watershed delineation and analysis. The goal of watershed management is sustainable development through activities like water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods.
Introduction to Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing (RS)chala hailu
GIS and remote sensing are introduced. GIS is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and presenting spatial or geographic data. It integrates hardware, software and data to help answer questions about location and spatial patterns. Remote sensing involves collecting information about objects through sensors without physical contact. Sensors measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface across spectral bands from ultraviolet to microwave. Data from remote sensing are then processed and analyzed.
GIS technology can help with environmental conservation and management in several ways. It allows for effective analysis of environmental data and planning by better viewing and understanding physical features. GIS is used to collect and map spatial data on natural resources, species and habitat distribution, and to monitor changes over time. It can also help with tasks like identifying ideal land types for forest management, predicting water safety, locating issues with water systems, and monitoring flood basins to predict flood impacts.
This document discusses various applications of remote sensing including land cover/land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, geology, geomorphology, urban analysis, hydrology, mapping, and ocean/coastal monitoring. Remote sensing is used for tasks such as crop health monitoring, deforestation detection, structural and terrain analysis, water quality monitoring, flood mapping, and oil spill monitoring. It provides data to study a wide range of Earth science topics and human impacts on the environment.
Remote sensing based water management from the watershed to the field levelCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Reviewijtsrd
Quality and quantity of water bodies is considered main pillar for sustainable development. Assessment of surface water bodies is required for growing urban cities like Surat. Due to impact of urbanization, the surface water bodies of Surat City have been adversely affected. The main Scope of study is the qualitative classification of the Creek and Tapi River of Surat City based on the effective qualitative parameters in the Indian water standards for drinking purpose. The study focuses on spatial changes in surface water quality based on a combined examination of physical and chemical parameters.GIS is proper solution for analysing the useful information obtain from spatial and temporal data because this analysis extract information from the available spatial data which can be very helpful in the future decision making. To obtain spatial dissemination of surface water quality parameters (as COD, BOD, pH, DO, Turbidity, EC, TDS, TSS and Chloride), interpolating technique is used. Divya A. Lad | Dr. Mehali J. Mehta | Prof. Manisha P. Vashi"Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10706.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/10706/assessment-of-water-pollution-of-water-bodies-using-gis---a-review/divya-a-lad
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
use of gis and remote sensing in wildlife and forestrywaiton sherekete
GIS technology and remote sensing are effective tools for managing, analyzing, and visualizing wildlife and forestry data to support conservation efforts. GIS helps professionals examine habitat requirements and ranges, population distributions, disease levels, and monitor the effectiveness of management activities. It provides detailed spatial data and enables the evaluation of alternative resource management plans. GIS is useful for wildlife and forestry inventory, simulation of scenarios, and developing decision support systems.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to acquire geospatial data without direct contact with objects. It provides a view of large regions, offering geo-referenced digital information even in tough weather. Common remote sensing tools include Landsat, Ikonos, and Quickbird satellites. Satellite imagery provides information on land cover, land use, habitats, and infrastructure through multiple observations over time, allowing for mapping and monitoring of changes. Applications of remote sensing include urban planning, agriculture, natural resource management, land use mapping, and more. Common satellite types used are geostationary satellites directly over the equator and polar-orbiting satellites that orbit near the poles.
This document summarizes a remote sensing project for water resource management in agriculture in Jordan. The project aims to utilize satellite data and remote sensing to produce crop maps, calculate net crop water requirements, and assess water productivity. Key steps include analyzing satellite images using software to identify cloud cover and extract vegetation indices, validating results with field trips, and cooperating with various partners in Jordan on data processing and analysis to support water management goals. The expected outcomes are increased regional knowledge sharing, capacity building, and research on remote sensing applications for agriculture and water resources.
Using GIS for Water Resources Management – Selected U.S. and International Ap...Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
This document discusses the use of GIS for water resource management in the US and developing countries. In the US, GIS is commonly used for watershed management, stormwater and wastewater management, surface and groundwater management through data analysis, modeling and communication. Developing countries face challenges of limited data, expertise and resources but GIS shows promise for disaster risk reduction and basin-wide water management. The document provides examples of GIS applications in flood risk mapping, water quality assessment and decision support for water managers in Morocco.
This document provides an introduction to health GIS. It defines key terms like geography, geospatial, health geography and GIS. It discusses the history of GIS in health, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 London cholera outbreak. The document outlines applications and advantages of health GIS, basic techniques like spatial analysis and overlay, and proposes developing a health GIS layer for Sri Lanka to improve data management, decision making and policy.
This document summarizes a study that assessed flood damage to agricultural lands in Bangladesh using earth observation techniques. Sentinel-1 radar data and Sentinel-2 optical data were used to map flooded areas during a 2017 flood event and estimate damage to paddy fields. Polarimetry and spectral/spatial analysis techniques were applied to the radar and optical images respectively to extract inundated areas. Over 4,700 hectares of damaged croplands were identified from the radar data and over 3,900 hectares from the optical data, resulting in estimated economic losses of 18 million and 14.8 million respectively. Sensitivity analysis was performed to select the best parameters for flood mapping and damage assessment.
Water-Body Area Extraction From High Resolution Satellite Images-An Introduct...CSCJournals
Water resources play an important role in region planning, natural disaster, industrial and agricultural production and so on. Surveying of water-bodies and delineate its features properly is very first step for any planning, especially for places like India, where the land-cover is dominated by water-bodies. Recording images, such as from satellite, sometimes does not reflect the distinguished characteristics of water with non-water features, e.g. shadows of super structures. Image of water body is confused easily with the shadow of skyscraper, since calm water surface induces mirror reflection when it gives birth to echo wave. Over the past decade, a significant amount of research been conducted to extract the water body information from multi-resolution satellite image. The objective of this paper is to review methodologies applied for water body extraction using satellite remote sensing. First, studies on water body detection are treated. Methodological issues related to the use of these methods were summarized. Results from empirical studies, applying water-body extraction techniques are collected and discussed. Important issues for future research are also identified and discussed.
Disaster management using Remote sensing and GISHarsh Singh
The document discusses the roles of remote sensing and GIS in disaster management. It provides definitions of disaster and disaster management. GIS and remote sensing help in all phases of disaster management including planning, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Specific examples are given of how they assist with cyclones, floods and droughts. A case study is summarized showing how GIS was used to generate maps to help manage flooding in a district in India.
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Land suitability can be assessed as either actual (based on current conditions) or potential (after improvements). Actual suitability uses physical data from soil surveys, while potential accounts for improvements. Land use planning should suggest uses based on characteristics like soil, water resources, vegetation, existing use, and socioeconomics, without harming ecological balance. Geographic information systems (GIS) can create thematic maps for natural resource management and land suitability analysis by integrating remote sensing data, GPS, and digital soil maps produced using GIS technologies. GIS allows viewing and analysis of geographically referenced data in maps, globes, reports and charts.
Mapping of degraded lands using remote sensing andsethupathi siva
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to efficiently map soil resources and degraded lands over large areas. High-resolution satellite imagery allows identification of soil types and boundaries with greater precision than conventional surveying. Multiple dates of imagery also facilitate monitoring of land use/land cover changes and degradation over time. GIS is a powerful tool for analyzing and displaying spatial relationships between soils, land use, degradation patterns and other geographic data. The document provides examples of studies mapping soils at different scales, identifying wastelands, and characterizing degraded landforms using these remote sensing and GIS methods.
Application of gis and remote sensing in disease prevention and control withDr. Ramkesh Prasad
Remote sensing uses sensors to acquire information about objects or areas without direct contact. It can be passive, using natural radiation sources, or active, using artificial sources. GIS organizes spatial data in databases and allows for visualization and analysis. Both tools have many applications in public health, including disease surveillance, outbreak prediction and response, health resource allocation, and monitoring interventions over time. In Assam, a project used remote sensing and GIS along with epidemiological data to develop an early warning system for Japanese encephalitis outbreaks from 2002-2006. The NRHM in Assam has also created a web-based GIS system for health facility planning and management. Overall, remote sensing and GIS are valuable tools for improving public health when
This document discusses geographic informatics and its applications in health and healthcare. It begins with an introduction to health geography and spatial analysis, using John Snow's study of the 1854 London cholera outbreak as an example. It then covers essential concepts of geographic information systems (GIS) and technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and internet GIS. Examples are given of how GIS can be used for disease surveillance and healthcare planning. The document concludes with a discussion of new opportunities in consumer geoinformatics and geography 2.0 through online mapping services.
This document discusses geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in public health. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze and visualize spatial health data on maps. It has been used historically to identify relationships between location and disease. Today, GIS supports public health planning and management by helping to optimize resource allocation, target interventions, and monitor disease trends and the impact of interventions over time.
This document discusses the use of geographical information systems (GIS) in public health. It provides background on GIS, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 cholera outbreak in London. The document outlines key GIS concepts like geocoding, layers, and thematic mapping. It describes GIS functions such as data acquisition, storage, analysis, and presentation. Examples are given of how GIS can be used for tasks like calculating rates, measuring distances, and cluster analysis. Commonly used GIS software and advantages of GIS for public health are also summarized.
Introduction to Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing (RS)chala hailu
GIS and remote sensing are introduced. GIS is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and presenting spatial or geographic data. It integrates hardware, software and data to help answer questions about location and spatial patterns. Remote sensing involves collecting information about objects through sensors without physical contact. Sensors measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface across spectral bands from ultraviolet to microwave. Data from remote sensing are then processed and analyzed.
GIS technology can help with environmental conservation and management in several ways. It allows for effective analysis of environmental data and planning by better viewing and understanding physical features. GIS is used to collect and map spatial data on natural resources, species and habitat distribution, and to monitor changes over time. It can also help with tasks like identifying ideal land types for forest management, predicting water safety, locating issues with water systems, and monitoring flood basins to predict flood impacts.
This document discusses various applications of remote sensing including land cover/land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, geology, geomorphology, urban analysis, hydrology, mapping, and ocean/coastal monitoring. Remote sensing is used for tasks such as crop health monitoring, deforestation detection, structural and terrain analysis, water quality monitoring, flood mapping, and oil spill monitoring. It provides data to study a wide range of Earth science topics and human impacts on the environment.
Remote sensing based water management from the watershed to the field levelCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Reviewijtsrd
Quality and quantity of water bodies is considered main pillar for sustainable development. Assessment of surface water bodies is required for growing urban cities like Surat. Due to impact of urbanization, the surface water bodies of Surat City have been adversely affected. The main Scope of study is the qualitative classification of the Creek and Tapi River of Surat City based on the effective qualitative parameters in the Indian water standards for drinking purpose. The study focuses on spatial changes in surface water quality based on a combined examination of physical and chemical parameters.GIS is proper solution for analysing the useful information obtain from spatial and temporal data because this analysis extract information from the available spatial data which can be very helpful in the future decision making. To obtain spatial dissemination of surface water quality parameters (as COD, BOD, pH, DO, Turbidity, EC, TDS, TSS and Chloride), interpolating technique is used. Divya A. Lad | Dr. Mehali J. Mehta | Prof. Manisha P. Vashi"Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10706.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/10706/assessment-of-water-pollution-of-water-bodies-using-gis---a-review/divya-a-lad
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
use of gis and remote sensing in wildlife and forestrywaiton sherekete
GIS technology and remote sensing are effective tools for managing, analyzing, and visualizing wildlife and forestry data to support conservation efforts. GIS helps professionals examine habitat requirements and ranges, population distributions, disease levels, and monitor the effectiveness of management activities. It provides detailed spatial data and enables the evaluation of alternative resource management plans. GIS is useful for wildlife and forestry inventory, simulation of scenarios, and developing decision support systems.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to acquire geospatial data without direct contact with objects. It provides a view of large regions, offering geo-referenced digital information even in tough weather. Common remote sensing tools include Landsat, Ikonos, and Quickbird satellites. Satellite imagery provides information on land cover, land use, habitats, and infrastructure through multiple observations over time, allowing for mapping and monitoring of changes. Applications of remote sensing include urban planning, agriculture, natural resource management, land use mapping, and more. Common satellite types used are geostationary satellites directly over the equator and polar-orbiting satellites that orbit near the poles.
This document summarizes a remote sensing project for water resource management in agriculture in Jordan. The project aims to utilize satellite data and remote sensing to produce crop maps, calculate net crop water requirements, and assess water productivity. Key steps include analyzing satellite images using software to identify cloud cover and extract vegetation indices, validating results with field trips, and cooperating with various partners in Jordan on data processing and analysis to support water management goals. The expected outcomes are increased regional knowledge sharing, capacity building, and research on remote sensing applications for agriculture and water resources.
Using GIS for Water Resources Management – Selected U.S. and International Ap...Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
This document discusses the use of GIS for water resource management in the US and developing countries. In the US, GIS is commonly used for watershed management, stormwater and wastewater management, surface and groundwater management through data analysis, modeling and communication. Developing countries face challenges of limited data, expertise and resources but GIS shows promise for disaster risk reduction and basin-wide water management. The document provides examples of GIS applications in flood risk mapping, water quality assessment and decision support for water managers in Morocco.
This document provides an introduction to health GIS. It defines key terms like geography, geospatial, health geography and GIS. It discusses the history of GIS in health, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 London cholera outbreak. The document outlines applications and advantages of health GIS, basic techniques like spatial analysis and overlay, and proposes developing a health GIS layer for Sri Lanka to improve data management, decision making and policy.
This document summarizes a study that assessed flood damage to agricultural lands in Bangladesh using earth observation techniques. Sentinel-1 radar data and Sentinel-2 optical data were used to map flooded areas during a 2017 flood event and estimate damage to paddy fields. Polarimetry and spectral/spatial analysis techniques were applied to the radar and optical images respectively to extract inundated areas. Over 4,700 hectares of damaged croplands were identified from the radar data and over 3,900 hectares from the optical data, resulting in estimated economic losses of 18 million and 14.8 million respectively. Sensitivity analysis was performed to select the best parameters for flood mapping and damage assessment.
Water-Body Area Extraction From High Resolution Satellite Images-An Introduct...CSCJournals
Water resources play an important role in region planning, natural disaster, industrial and agricultural production and so on. Surveying of water-bodies and delineate its features properly is very first step for any planning, especially for places like India, where the land-cover is dominated by water-bodies. Recording images, such as from satellite, sometimes does not reflect the distinguished characteristics of water with non-water features, e.g. shadows of super structures. Image of water body is confused easily with the shadow of skyscraper, since calm water surface induces mirror reflection when it gives birth to echo wave. Over the past decade, a significant amount of research been conducted to extract the water body information from multi-resolution satellite image. The objective of this paper is to review methodologies applied for water body extraction using satellite remote sensing. First, studies on water body detection are treated. Methodological issues related to the use of these methods were summarized. Results from empirical studies, applying water-body extraction techniques are collected and discussed. Important issues for future research are also identified and discussed.
Disaster management using Remote sensing and GISHarsh Singh
The document discusses the roles of remote sensing and GIS in disaster management. It provides definitions of disaster and disaster management. GIS and remote sensing help in all phases of disaster management including planning, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Specific examples are given of how they assist with cyclones, floods and droughts. A case study is summarized showing how GIS was used to generate maps to help manage flooding in a district in India.
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Land suitability can be assessed as either actual (based on current conditions) or potential (after improvements). Actual suitability uses physical data from soil surveys, while potential accounts for improvements. Land use planning should suggest uses based on characteristics like soil, water resources, vegetation, existing use, and socioeconomics, without harming ecological balance. Geographic information systems (GIS) can create thematic maps for natural resource management and land suitability analysis by integrating remote sensing data, GPS, and digital soil maps produced using GIS technologies. GIS allows viewing and analysis of geographically referenced data in maps, globes, reports and charts.
Mapping of degraded lands using remote sensing andsethupathi siva
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to efficiently map soil resources and degraded lands over large areas. High-resolution satellite imagery allows identification of soil types and boundaries with greater precision than conventional surveying. Multiple dates of imagery also facilitate monitoring of land use/land cover changes and degradation over time. GIS is a powerful tool for analyzing and displaying spatial relationships between soils, land use, degradation patterns and other geographic data. The document provides examples of studies mapping soils at different scales, identifying wastelands, and characterizing degraded landforms using these remote sensing and GIS methods.
Application of gis and remote sensing in disease prevention and control withDr. Ramkesh Prasad
Remote sensing uses sensors to acquire information about objects or areas without direct contact. It can be passive, using natural radiation sources, or active, using artificial sources. GIS organizes spatial data in databases and allows for visualization and analysis. Both tools have many applications in public health, including disease surveillance, outbreak prediction and response, health resource allocation, and monitoring interventions over time. In Assam, a project used remote sensing and GIS along with epidemiological data to develop an early warning system for Japanese encephalitis outbreaks from 2002-2006. The NRHM in Assam has also created a web-based GIS system for health facility planning and management. Overall, remote sensing and GIS are valuable tools for improving public health when
This document discusses geographic informatics and its applications in health and healthcare. It begins with an introduction to health geography and spatial analysis, using John Snow's study of the 1854 London cholera outbreak as an example. It then covers essential concepts of geographic information systems (GIS) and technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and internet GIS. Examples are given of how GIS can be used for disease surveillance and healthcare planning. The document concludes with a discussion of new opportunities in consumer geoinformatics and geography 2.0 through online mapping services.
This document discusses geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in public health. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze and visualize spatial health data on maps. It has been used historically to identify relationships between location and disease. Today, GIS supports public health planning and management by helping to optimize resource allocation, target interventions, and monitor disease trends and the impact of interventions over time.
This document discusses the use of geographical information systems (GIS) in public health. It provides background on GIS, including Dr. John Snow's use of maps to study the 1854 cholera outbreak in London. The document outlines key GIS concepts like geocoding, layers, and thematic mapping. It describes GIS functions such as data acquisition, storage, analysis, and presentation. Examples are given of how GIS can be used for tasks like calculating rates, measuring distances, and cluster analysis. Commonly used GIS software and advantages of GIS for public health are also summarized.
ABUBAKAR Remote Sensing Application In Civil Engineering.pptxAbubakarKhan193120
Remote sensing uses sensors to acquire information about objects without physical contact. It works by measuring radiation scattered from the sun. Civil engineering applications of remote sensing include resource exploration, environmental studies, land use mapping, site analysis, hazard monitoring, town planning, urban development, water resource management, and terrain mapping. Remote sensing provides useful data to support infrastructure projects and address various challenges in civil engineering.
Soil mapping , remote sensing and use of sensors in precision farmingDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
Soil mapping involves identifying different soil types, recording their properties and locations on maps. Soil maps show the spatial distribution of soils and are used for land evaluation, planning, and environmental protection. Digital soil mapping uses statistical, data mining and GIS tools to create more detailed and accurate soil maps. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to image land, oceans, and the atmosphere from ground, air, or space. It provides data that can be used to identify crops, estimate yields, and monitor land and crop conditions. Precision farming uses remote sensing and GNSS data in geographical information systems to help make crop management decisions.
The document discusses the concept and functioning of geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in agriculture. Some key points:
1) GIS allows capturing, storing, manipulating and displaying spatially referenced data. It integrates various data types such as maps, satellite images, surveys etc.
2) In agriculture, GIS is used for applications like soil mapping, watershed management, crop production forecasting, locating suitable areas for crops/livestock, and monitoring droughts/floods.
3) Case studies showed how GIS helped with land capability classification, fuelwood/fodder resource planning, and locating water harvesting structures in a watershed management project in India.
4) Establ
This document discusses how remote sensing and classified land cover data from satellite imagery can help improve land use decision making. It provides an overview of Landsat satellites and moderate resolution imagery, which have collected data for over 30 years. Land cover classifications can be created from Landsat imagery to document landscape changes. The document highlights a case study of coastal Southern California where land cover changes from 1984 to 2011 were analyzed using Landsat imagery. Key findings included increases in impervious surfaces and fire risk from urban expansion. Growth projections to 2020 also estimated increases in stormwater runoff and decreases in water infiltration.
This document discusses how geospatial technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS can be used for pollution control programs. It describes how these technologies have been used over 50 years to examine environmental factors related to diseases. It provides examples of how remote sensing can be used to monitor things like pollution, fires, and volcanic eruptions from satellites. It also explains how GIS can analyze and map spatial patterns of pollution. GPS is summarized as a system that uses satellites to precisely determine location, velocity and timing for navigation and tracking applications.
LECTURE 3-HYDROLOGICAL DATA FOR WATERSHED PLANNING.pptxCHU DICKSON
The document provides an overview of watershed planning and the importance of hydrological data in watershed planning. It discusses key concepts such as watershed delineation, topographic maps, and contour lines. The document also outlines the steps in the watershed planning process and describes the types of hydrological, meteorological, physiographical, and land use data required for effective watershed planning.
1) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow users to visualize and analyze spatial data by linking geographical features to tabular data.
2) Pioneered in the 1960s, GIS has since become a valuable tool for epidemiology by allowing disease data to be mapped and analyzed in relation to environmental, demographic, and other spatial factors.
3) Key functions of GIS in spatial epidemiology include disease mapping, cluster detection, and risk analysis to better understand patterns and associations between disease occurrence and location.
This document discusses geographic information systems (GIS) and their uses in public health. It begins with defining GIS as a system for capturing, storing, editing, integrating, querying, analyzing and distributing geographic data. It then provides a brief history of GIS and its use in public health applications since the 19th century. Examples are given of how GIS has been used by organizations like the WHO for disease mapping and surveillance. The advantages of GIS for public health include improved understanding of community health needs, analysis of health emergencies, and planning interventions.
This document provides an introduction and overview of an Ecosystem Diagnostic Analysis (EDA) conducted along a transect from Bernau to Eberswalde in northeastern Germany. The EDA analyzed three plots along the transect to observe the modification from a closed beech forest to an open agricultural landscape with increasing human influence. The document describes the methodology of the EDA and provides detailed findings and analyses from each of the three plots, including Bernau, Biesenthal-Sydower Fliess, and Eberswalde. Key activities like urbanization, agriculture, and land use change over time are discussed as major drivers of landscape and ecosystem changes in the region.
Identification Of Ground Water Potential Zones In Tamil Nadu By Remote Sensin...IJERA Editor
A case study was conducted to find out the groundwater potential zones in Salem, Erode and Namakkal districts, Tamil Nadu, India with an aerial extent of 360.60 km2. The thematic maps such as geology, geomorphology, soil hydrological group, land use / land cover and drainage map were prepared for the study area. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated from the 10 m interval contour lines (which is derived from SOI, Toposheet 1:25000 scale) and obtained the slope (%) of the study area. The groundwater potential zones were obtained by overlaying all the thematic maps in terms of weighted overlay methods using the spatial analysis tool in Arc GIS 9.3. During weighted overlay analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to the influence such as soil −25%, geomorphology − 25%, land use/land cover −25%, slope − 15%, lineament − 5% and drainage / streams − 5% and find out the potential zones in terms of good, moderate and poor zones with the area of 49.70 km2, 261.61 km2 and 46.04 km2 respectively. The potential zone wise study area was overlaid with village boundary map and the village wise groundwater potential zones with three categories such as good, moderate and poor zones were obtained. This GIS based output result was validated by conducting field survey by randomly selecting wells in different villages using GPS instruments. The coordinates of each well location were obtained by GPS and plotted in the GIS platform and it was clearly shown that the well coordinates were exactly seated with the classified zones.
This document describes a predictive modeling study to identify areas of high probability for containing prehistoric archaeological sites in western Whatcom County, Washington. The study uses known site locations and environmental variables like slope, aspect, distance to water and land cover to develop a predictive model. The results divide the study area into three suitability levels: unsuitable, moderately suitable and highly suitable. Areas deemed highly suitable correlate well with known site locations and proximity to water bodies like the Nooksack River. The model identifies over 100 square kilometers of highly suitable land.
Remote sensing via satellite provides opportunities to fill information gaps for sustainable water management. Recent developments in satellite technology, such as the Sentinel missions, allow for more accurate monitoring of surface water resources. Remote sensing can estimate variables like precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and water levels that support applications like flood forecasting and irrigation management. However, challenges remain in validating remote sensing data and building local technical capacity.
The document discusses the application of geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) in humanitarian emergencies. It outlines that GIS has been used for hazard, vulnerability and risk assessments; rapid assessments; disease outbreak investigations; health information systems; integrating data and programs; and monitoring and evaluation. While GIS methods can save resources and reduce errors, initial investments in equipment and capacity building may be substantial. As technology improves and costs decrease, GIS will become a more routine tool for humanitarian organizations.
Remote sensing has been used since the early 1800s, beginning with photography from hot air balloons and kites. It involves obtaining information about an object without direct contact through measuring reflected or emitted energy. There are two main types - passive sensing which measures natural energy like sunlight, and active sensing which emits energy like radar towards the target. Remote sensing has many applications like agriculture, forestry, hydrology, mapping land use and monitoring natural hazards. It allows studying large or inaccessible areas quickly and repeatedly over time.
Statistical techniques in geographical analysisakida mbugi
The document discusses several statistical techniques used in geographical analysis, including probability, hypothesis testing, data selection, and statistical inference. Probability allows analysts to make predictions when hard data is lacking. Hypothesis testing allows meaningful comparisons of data. Data selection involves choosing representative, unbiased samples. Statistical inference permits analysts to generalize conclusions beyond the immediate sample area. Strong statistical methods are crucial to performing meaningful analyses in geographical analysis.
Application of gis and gps in civil engineeringAvinash Anand
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present geographical data. GIS integrates geospatial software and tools to enable spatial analysis and the display of large datasets in graphical form. GIS can be used for problem solving, decision making, and visualizing spatial data by mapping locations, quantities, densities, and changes over time for various applications like transportation, watershed analysis, land use planning, and more.
Remote sensing and GIS techniques allow large-scale analysis of changes in land use and monitoring of soil characteristics. Conventional soil sampling cannot provide the temporal and spatial data needed. Remote sensing provides continuous monitoring of soil moisture, roughness, texture, and temperature. GIS integrates spatial data and allows analysis of complex spatial problems in agriculture, including soil mapping and assessing land for suitable crop planting. The combined use of remote sensing and GIS allows management of problematic soils like salinity, erosion, and assessing drought and flood risks.
Similar to Geographic information system application of environmental epidemiology (20)
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
2. Introduction: Location Matters
• The concept that location can
influence health is a very old one in
medicine. As far back as the time
of Hippocrates (c. 3rd century BC),
physicians observed that certain
diseases tend to occur in some
places and not others.
7/10/2014 2
3. Introduction: Location Matters
• In fact, different locations on Earth are
usually associated with different profiles:
physical, biological, environmental,
economic, social, cultural and sometimes
even spiritual profiles, that do affect and
are affected by health, disease and
healthcare.
• These profiles and associated health and
disease conditions may also change with
time (the longitudinal or temporal
dimension).
7/10/2014 3
4. Introduction: The Origins of Spatial
Analysis
• In 1854, a major cholera outbreak in
London had already taken nearly six
hundred lives when Dr John Snow, using a
hand-drawn map, showed that the source
of the disease was a contaminated water
pump.
7/10/2014 4
5. Introduction: The Origins of Spatial
Analysis
• By plotting each known cholera
case on a street map of Soho
district (where the outbreak took
place), Snow could see that the
cases occurred almost entirely
among those who lived near the
Broad Street water pump.
7/10/2014 5
6. Introduction: The Origins of Spatial
Analysis
• This pump belonged to the Southwark and
Vauxhall Water Company, which drew
water polluted with London sewage from
the lower Thames River.
• The Lambeth Water Company, which had
relocated its water source to the upper
Thames, escaped the contamination.
7/10/2014 6
7. Introduction: The Origins of Spatial
Analysis
• Snow recommended that the
handle of this pump be
removed, and this simple action
stopped the outbreak and
proved his theory that cholera is
transmitted through
contaminated drinking water.
7/10/2014 7
8. Introduction: The Origins of Spatial
Analysis
• People could also see on this map that
cholera deaths were not confined to the
area around a cemetery of plague victims
and were thus convinced that the infection
was not due to vapours coming from it as
they first thought.
7/10/2014 8
9. This map is a
digital recreation
of Dr Snow’s hand-
drawn map. The
1854 cholera
deaths are
displayed as small
black circles. The
grey polygon
represents the
former burial plot
of plague victims.
The Broad Street pump (shown in the centre of the map)
proved to be the source of contaminated water, just as Snow
had hypothesised7/10/2014 9
10. Introduction: The Origins of Spatial
Analysis
• By using a map to examine the geographical
(spatial) locations of cholera cases in relation
to other features on the map (water pumps
and cemetery of plague victims), Snow was
actually performing what is now known as
spatial analysis.
< Dr John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary
figure in the history of public health,
epidemiology and anesthesiology
7/10/2014 10
11. Geographic information systems
• A geographical information system (GIS) is a
computer system for capturing, storing,
checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing
and displaying data related to positions on the
Earth's surface.
• It is thus a way of linking databases with
maps, to display information, perform spatial
analyses or develop and apply spatial models.
7/10/2014 11
12. Why use maps?
• Maps and spatial information technologies
have three main advantages:
• They can be a means of recording and storing
information
• They can be used to identify and investigate
spatial patterns
• They are effective in presenting information
and communicating findings
7/10/2014 12
13. Commonly mapped environmental
information of relevance to the health
sector
• pollution sources and affected areas (including sewage, solid
waste, hazardous waste, industrial pollution, smoke and other
emissions, and radiation);
• land cover and use (including vegetation type, vegetation change
and condition, agriculture, forestry, and soil type and condition);
water availability and quality;
• energy sources and use (including fossil fuel use, electrical
connectivity, biomass use, and renewable energy sources); and
• biological resources (including protected areas and recreational
sites, endangered species, and medicinal resources).
7/10/2014 13
14. • Mapping techniques can be used to show the
links between environment and health.
• Simple overlays (comparisons) of environmental
and socioeconomic (health) data can be used to
identify patterns, which can then be investigated
later for correlations
• Once the causal relationship is known, however,
spatial models can also be developed to predict
changes in health based on environmental
changes.
7/10/2014 14
15. • An example :
• vulnerability to disease outbreaks based on
water quality information, temperature, and
rainfall.
7/10/2014 15
16. Steps to GIS
Data Capture
Data Storage
Data Retrieval Display
Query
Analyze
7/10/2014 16
17. • Data capture. A GIS cannot analyze the information in a map, if the
data are not already in digital form, which the computer can
recognize. Maps can be digitized (hand-traced with at computer
mouse) to collect the coordinates of the map features.
•
Data retrieval. With a GIS we can point at a location, object, or area
on the screen and retrieve recorded information about it from the
Database Management System (DBMS) which holds the information
abut the map’s features.
•
Spatial measurements. GIS makes spatial measurements easy to
perform. Spatial measurements can be the distance between two
points, the area of a polygon or the length of a line or boundary.
7/10/2014 17
18. • Overlays (data integration). Overlaying is an important procedure
in GIS analysis. Overlaying involves superimposing two or more map
layers to produce a new map layer.
• Consider the following example: a new genetically engineered
variety of wheat grows well in dry environments, with long growing
seasons and alkaline soils. Given the availability of data on the
length of the growing season, moisture regime and soil alkalinity,
where is the best place to plant the wheat?
• The answer can be found by overlaying (superimposing) several
maps showing (separately) water-budget, growing season length,
soil pH, sodium content, and so on. The GIS analysis can establish
the locations where all the favorable soil conditions coincide, as the
places where the wheat will grow best.
7/10/2014 18
19. • Spatial interpolation. A GIS can be used to estimate the
characteristics of terrain or ecological conditions from a
limited number of field measurements. For example, a
rainfall map can be created from the interpolation of
rainfall point measurements taken at a number of different
locations on a map.
•
Buffering and corridors. Buffers are used when the
distance from a point or line is important to measure. For
example a classic use of GIS in earth sciences involves
estimating the damage caused by an earthquake, in terms
of distance belts away from the epicenter.
7/10/2014 19
20. • Registration Before they can be used in GIS, maps and images
should be geometrically rectified. The process begins by registering
the raw maps and images to known (control) coordinates.
•
Map projection. Map projection is a fundamental aspect of
mapmaking. A map projection is essentially a geometric model that
transforms the locations of features on the Earth's surface to
corresponding locations on a two-dimensional map.
• It is impossible to project a spheroid perfectly onto a plane; but
some projections can preserve shape, while others preserve area,
distance, or direction.
• Different projections are used for different types of maps because
each projection is particularly appropriate for certain uses. For
example, a projection that preserves the shape of the continents
may distort their relative size.
7/10/2014 20
21. Strengths
• visual impact and thus effective communication
of the issues
• deliver a message without pages of text, and are
therefore ideal for busy people or those who
want a strategic view of the situation
7/10/2014 21
22. Strengths Contd...
• geo-referenced information gives a
spatial dimension to environment–
health linkages – not only
pinpointing issues but also
describing the intensity or extent of
the cause or effect
• Maps can highlight localized issues
(for example, exposure to disease
from location of disposal sites) as
well as more diffuse issues (for
example, exposure to radiation
from reductions in atmospheric
ozone).
• Both types of information are
useful in planning (ex ante) and
assessment (ex post) of health
impacts.
7/10/2014 22
23. Maps of environmental
information can be used as
early-warning tools for
health planners.
For example, mapping
environmental criteria in
the determination of
malaria prevalence may
give insights into areas
where malaria may be
occurring but is currently
not well reported, as well
as into possible changes in
the distribution of the
disease under altered
climate regimes.
7/10/2014 23
24. Other examples include
• mapping land degradation, together with
long-term rainfall variability, to indicate
potential future food production changes;
• mapping forest fires as an indication of air
pollution;
• mapping flood-prone areas as early
determination of potential cholera outbreaks.
7/10/2014 24
25. Some maps can be used to indicate
trends over time if the same
variables are mapped in the same
way and at the same scales at regular
intervals.
Land cover or land use change is
often mapped over time intervals,
and can be used to track changes in
environmental health issues (for
example, the rate of urban
expansion, agricultural expansion, or
infrastructure development).
Some data sets can be recorded and
displayed in near-real time, such as
air pollution dispersion.
This enables planners to issue
warnings or to take mitigatory
actions (such as UV warnings for
holidaymakers).
7/10/2014 25
26. Weaknesses
• A map is primarily a means of display; it cannot
predict the patterns of distribution or
relationships between resources
• does not infer a causal relationship, it merely
points out that there are some spatial
coincidences that are worth exploring, to see if a
causal relationship exists.
• Likewise, to show how changes in one resource
may impact distribution of another resource, the
relationship must be known and put into the
model creating the map.
7/10/2014 26
27. Weaknesses
Contd..
• Most maps, unless they use data that are recorded in real
time or near-real time , represent only a snapshot of the
situation at a particular time in history.
• As the environment is extremely dynamic, and conditions
(many of which impact on health) are constantly changing,
maps can quickly become outdated.
• Updating maps can be expensive in terms of the time
required to make the maps and the cost of the information
inputs required.
• In cases where current information is required (for
example, monitoring of pollution dispersal from accidents
or leaks), obtaining spatial information may be difficult or
costly.
7/10/2014 27
28. Weaknesses
Contd..
• access is often limited
• data may be available for only a portion of
the required area, or for the whole area but
taken from two or more different sampling
exercises which may have used different
sampling methodologies, scales, or accuracy
levels.
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29. Weaknesses
Contd..
• costs : generating maps, and in printing,
disseminating, and updating them.
• requires specialized hardware and software,
trained personnel, and often expensive and
time-consuming means of acquiring, checking,
interpreting, and inputting information.
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30. Weaknesses
Contd..
• technology is rapidly advancing, and thus new
applications and training courses are required on an
almost annual basis.
• not all people can readily relate to information in a
two-dimensional spatial format, especially if the map is
of an unfamiliar area or is presented in an unusual
projection.
• different cultures place different importance or
meaning on symbols and colours- western cultures may
use the colour red to symbolize danger or an area
where conditions are bad, but in China this colour
would symbolize luck or a favourable area.
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31. Summary
• maps are useful communication tools if they
have been developed according to the best
available information (about both the
environmental conditions and the targeted
users).
• However, they should be used together with –
– other information, such as documents,
discussions, and models.
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32. Commonly-used environmental spatial
information relevant to health
Geological
• These maps could be used to detect radiation
sources and potential for seismic activity.
• They can therefore be useful in planning and
assessment in the health sector, particularly in
the location of vulnerable population groups
and the calculation of risks.
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33. Topographical
• Contour maps or digital elevation models can
be used to calculate steepness of slope and
resultant vulnerability to flooding, landslides
and mudslides, erosion, and dust pollution.
This is relevant for determining risk and
planning emergency services.
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34. Soils
These maps can be useful in locating areas of
food insecurity or malnutrition as a result of
low agricultural potential or mineral
deficiency, but are perhaps more useful when
used in models in combination with other
variables such as rainfall and hours of
sunshine.
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35. Land cover and use
• These maps are usually informative when
used in modelling environmental change and
impacts for human health.
• Land cover change could signify an increase in
agricultural activity resulting in greater food
security, or it could signify changes in climate
and spread of new diseases.
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36. Biodiversity
• These maps are usually based on forest cover or
protected areas, but specific species or habitat
atlases exist.
• These can be useful as indicators of
environmental change – for example, a
worldwide decline in amphibian species is
thought to signify atmospheric or climatic
changes such as increased pollution. These
indicators may also be relevant to human health.
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37. Water resources
• Maps of both surface and groundwater
resources exist; in some cases water quality is
indicated.
• These maps can be useful in planning water
supply and sanitation schemes related to
health planning.
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38. Air quality
• Most commonly monitored are emissions of
sulfur oxides and nitrous oxides, and smoke,
ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen
oxides, lead, and ozone.
• These are useful for health assessment and
planning with relation to respiratory diseases,
cancers, and stunting in children.
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39. Poverty
• They are most commonly used by planning
and development agencies, to target specific
areas with specific needs.
• A classic example is provided by a case-study
by Friends of the Earth UK, which showed that
the residents downwind of industrial sites in
the United Kingdom had significantly lower
income levels than the residents upwind of
these sites.
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40. WHO (World Health Organisation) GIS Programmes
• HealthMap (http://www.who.int/csr/mapping/en/) is a joint
WHO/UNICEF GIS Programme that was initially created in 1993 to provide
GIS support for the management and monitoring of the Guinea Worm
Eradication Programme. But since 1995, the scope of the work has been
expanded to cover other disease control and public health programmes.
• The HealthMap project has successfully contributed to the surveillance,
control, prevention and eradication of many communicable diseases,
including Guinea worm, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, malaria,
schistosomiasis, intestinal parasites, blinding trachoma and HIV.
• The programme has developed its own HealthMapper application
(http://www.who.int/health_mapping/tools/healthmapper/en/ ) and is
providing it at no cost to developing countries. This is a database
management and mapping system that simplifies the collection, storage,
retrieval, management, spatial and statistical analyses, and visualisation of
public health data through its user-friendly interface.
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Maps draw attention to spatial relationships, for example the distribution of a resource over space, over time, or in relation to other factors such as the presence or growth of human settlements. Once these relationships are recognized, we can start to analyse them and search for the underlying causes and processes, which in turn can be useful in improving planning and development