The document discusses several studies related to gene expression and regulation. It first provides background on protein synthesis in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then summarizes two scientific articles: one that used GFP reporters to study regulatory elements in introns, finding they play an important role; and another that engineered E. coli to produce chemicals using synthetic small RNAs to control translation, demonstrating an efficient strategy for developing microbial factories. Medical applications of understanding and manipulating gene expression include developing new disease treatments.

1. PROCESSES OF GENE EXPRESSION
NOWADAYS
Carlos Andrés Cartagena Cardona
Medicine Student

4. INTRODUCTION
Protein synthesis is a process
that takes place in the cell
nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is
very investigated by man, who
tries to manipulate it to their
advantage, making their research
primarily in prokaryotic cells by
its simplicity.
The molecular biology studies
molecular process, how this
process, and thanks to molecular
biology we can understand that
process.

5. 'Junk DNA' Made Visible
Before the Final Cut
ScienceDaily
(Jan. 7, 2013)
Journal Reference:
Yang Wang, Xinshu Xiao, Jianming Zhang, Rajarshi Choudhury,
Alex Robertson, Kai Li, Meng Ma, Christopher B Burge, Zefeng
Wang. A complex network of factors with overlapping affinities
represses splicing through intronic elements. Nature Structural &
Molecular Biology, 2012; 20 (1): 36

6. 'Junk DNA' Made Visible Before the
Final Cut
• Research findings from the
University of North Carolina School
of Medicine are shining a light on an
important regulatory role
performed by the so-called dark
matter, or "junk DNA," within each
of our genes.
• The objective was look variant DNA
sequences in the intron to see if
they really affect splicing, or change
the coding pattern of the exon and,
as a result, protein function.

7. 'Junk DNA' Made Visible Before the
Final Cut
• Their discovery was accomplished by inserting an intron into a green fluorescent
protein (GFP) "reporter" gene. When the reporter is screened and shows green it
means that portion of the intron is spliced.
• The researchers looking the intron and try to determine what a particular snippet
of genetic information does and its effect on gene function, they can refer to the
splicing regulatory library of enhancers or silencers.

8. STUDENT OBSERVATION

9. Developing Microbial Cell
Factories by Employing
Synthetic Small Regulatory
RNAs
ScienceDaily
(Jan. 20, 2013 )
Journal Reference:
Dokyun Na, Seung Min Yoo, Hannah Chung, Hyegwon Park, Jin
Hwan Park, Sang Yup Lee. Metabolic engineering of
Escherichia coli using synthetic small regulatory
RNAs. Nature Biotechnology, 2013

10. Developing Microbial Cell Factories by
Employing Synthetic Small Regulatory RNAs
• A group of biotechnologists have
been working in one promising
sustainable technology, is the use
of microbial cell factories for the
efficient production of desired
chemicals and materials.
• The researchers have controlled the
gene expression level at the translation
stage through the use of synthetic
small RNA.

11. Developing Microbial Cell Factories by Employing
Synthetic Small Regulatory RNAs
• The advantages of taking this strategy of employing synthetic small regulatory RNAs
include simple, easy and high-throughput identification of gene knockout or
knockdown targets, fine control of gene expression levels, transferability to many
different host strains, and possibility of identifying those gene targets that are
essential.
• Of this new strategy is expected to facilitate the efficient development of microbial
cell factories capable of producing chemicals, fuels and materials from renewable
biomass.

12. STUDENT OBSERVATION

13. MEDICAL UTILITY

14. MEDICAL UTILITY
• The importance of understanding and
manipulating the gene expression
process in medicine is mainly the
creation of future treatments for the
prevention and cure of diseases that are
genetic or of alterations in this same
process and the possibility of create
microorganisms capable of synthesizing
medicines in mass.

15. REFERENCES
• Martínez-Sánchez LM, ET.AL. Biología Molecular, Libro de Clase, 7ta
Edición. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; 2012.
• Yang Wang, Xinshu Xiao, Jianming Zhang, Rajarshi Choudhury, Alex
Robertson, Kai Li, Meng Ma, Christopher B Burge, Zefeng Wang. A
complex network of factors with overlapping affinities represses
splicing through intronic elements. Nature Structural & Molecular
Biology, 2012; 20 (1): 36.
• Dokyun Na, Seung Min Yoo, Hannah Chung, Hyegwon Park, Jin Hwan
Park, Sang Yup Lee. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli using
synthetic small regulatory RNAs. Nature Biotechnology, 2013.