GMO s is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
;production of GMO
;Application in agriculture field,medicine and research
;role in enviornmental managment
Mutagenesis; A conventional tool for strain improvement in industry Zohaib HUSSAIN
The strain improvement is the process of improvement and manipulation of microbial strains for the icreasment of metabolic level for industrial applications. The yield of microbial enzymes can be increased by using microbe specific medium for fermentation, improving the fermentation process and strain improvement for higher yield of product.
All these things lead to decrease in cost production. Microbe produce product according to its need therefore there is great need for overproduction. There is tremendous contribution of conventional Mutagenesis for strain improvement. Mutagenesis is important tool for the production of mutants which are capable to produce large product i.e. hyperactive.
Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces.
Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly
from the communities present in samples
Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation.
Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism
Mutagenesis; A conventional tool for strain improvement in industry Zohaib HUSSAIN
The strain improvement is the process of improvement and manipulation of microbial strains for the icreasment of metabolic level for industrial applications. The yield of microbial enzymes can be increased by using microbe specific medium for fermentation, improving the fermentation process and strain improvement for higher yield of product.
All these things lead to decrease in cost production. Microbe produce product according to its need therefore there is great need for overproduction. There is tremendous contribution of conventional Mutagenesis for strain improvement. Mutagenesis is important tool for the production of mutants which are capable to produce large product i.e. hyperactive.
Metagenomics is the study of metagenome, genetics material, recovered directly from environmental sample such as soil, water or faeces.
Metagenomics is based on the genomics analysis of microbial DNA directly
from the communities present in samples
Metagenomics technology – genomics on a large scale will probably lead to great advances in medicine, agriculture, energy production and bioremediation.
Metagenomics can unlock the massive uncultured microbial diversity present in the environment for new molecule for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
Metagenomic studies have identified many novel microbial genes coding for metabolic pathways such as energy acquisition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in natural environments that were previously considered to lack such metabolism
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
THE FERMENTATION PROCESS AND ITS TYPES ARE DISCUSSED HERE, WITH SOME EXAMPLES AND SYNTHESIS FORMED BY FERMENTATIONSUCH AS ANTIBIOTICS INCUDING PENICILLIN, STREPTOMYCIN AND VITAMINS A VITAMIN B2, VITAMIN B12.
Application of microbes and microbial processes in food and healthcare indust...berciyalgolda1
Application of microbes and microbial processes in food and healthcare industries
Metabolite production.
Anaerobic digestion (for methane production).
Waste treatment (both organic and industrial).
Production of biocontrol agents, and
Fermentation of food products.
Bio based fuel &energy.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified (GMO) Foods Jack Olmsted
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified short presentation.
The Institute for Responsible Technology is a world leader in educating policy makers and the public about genetically modified (GM) foods and crops. This fully-scripted PowerPoint can be powerful presentation tool to share online, in front of groups or one-on-one with a laptop, tablet, smartphone or paper printout.
http://www.responsibletechnology.org/resources/powerpoint-presentation-on-gmos
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
THE FERMENTATION PROCESS AND ITS TYPES ARE DISCUSSED HERE, WITH SOME EXAMPLES AND SYNTHESIS FORMED BY FERMENTATIONSUCH AS ANTIBIOTICS INCUDING PENICILLIN, STREPTOMYCIN AND VITAMINS A VITAMIN B2, VITAMIN B12.
Application of microbes and microbial processes in food and healthcare indust...berciyalgolda1
Application of microbes and microbial processes in food and healthcare industries
Metabolite production.
Anaerobic digestion (for methane production).
Waste treatment (both organic and industrial).
Production of biocontrol agents, and
Fermentation of food products.
Bio based fuel &energy.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified (GMO) Foods Jack Olmsted
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified short presentation.
The Institute for Responsible Technology is a world leader in educating policy makers and the public about genetically modified (GM) foods and crops. This fully-scripted PowerPoint can be powerful presentation tool to share online, in front of groups or one-on-one with a laptop, tablet, smartphone or paper printout.
http://www.responsibletechnology.org/resources/powerpoint-presentation-on-gmos
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination".[1] A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms.
Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. DEFINITION
• GMO ENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO) IS ANY ORGANISM
WHOSE GENETIC MATERIAL HAS BEEN ALTERED USING GENETIC
ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES
• GMO THAT "DOES NOT OCCUR NATURALLY BY MATING AND/OR
NATURAL RECOMBINATION".
• . A WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM),
FROM ANIMALS TO PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS. GENES HAVE BEEN
TRANSFERRED WITHIN THE SAME SPECIES, ACROSS SPECIES (CREATING
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS) AND EVEN ACROSS KINGDOMS. NEW GENES CAN
BE INTRODUCED, OR ENDOGENOUS GENES CAN BE ENHANCED, ALTERED
OR KNOCKED OUT.
3. PRODUCTION OF GMO
• GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS) ARE PRODUCED USING
SCIENTIFIC METHODS THAT INCLUDE RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING.
• IN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING, A NUCLEUS IS EXTRACTED FROM A CELL OF THE
INDIVIDUAL TO BE CLONED AND IS INSERTED INTO THE
ENUCLEATED CYTOPLASM OF A HOST EGG (AN ENUCLEATED EGG IS AN EGG
CELL THAT HAS HAD ITS OWN NUCLEUS REMOVED).
4. • THE PROCESS RESULTS IN THE GENERATION OF AN OFFSPRING THAT IS
GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE DONOR INDIVIDUAL.
• THE FIRST ANIMAL PRODUCED BY MEANS OF THIS CLONING TECHNIQUE WITH
A NUCLEUS FROM AN ADULT DONOR CELL (AS OPPOSED TO A DONOR EMBRYO)
WAS A SHEEP NAMED DOLLY, BORN IN 1996
• SINCE THEN A NUMBER OF OTHER ANIMALS, INCLUDING PIGS, HORSES,
AND DOGS, HAVE BEEN GENERATED BY REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
TECHNOLOGYR
• RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY, ON THE OTHER HAND, INVOLVES THE
INSERTION OF ONE OR MORE INDIVIDUAL GENES FROM AN ORGANISM OF ONE
SPECIES INTO THE DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) OF ANOTHER.
5. • WHOLE-GENOME REPLACEMENT, INVOLVING THE TRANSPLANTATION OF
ONE BACTERIAL GENOME INTO THE “CELL BODY,” OR CYTOPLASM, OF
ANOTHER MICROORGANISM, HAS BEEN REPORTED, ALTHOUGH THIS
TECHNOLOGY IS STILL LIMITED TO BASIC SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS.
6. PRODUCTION
• CREATING A GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO) IS A MULTI-STEP PROCESS.
• GENETIC ENGINEERS MUST ISOLATE THE GENE THEY WISH TO INSERT INTO THE HOST
ORGANISM.
• THIS GENE CAN BE TAKEN FROM A CELL
• THE GENE IS THEN COMBINED WITH OTHER GENETIC ELEMENTS, INCLUDING
A PROMOTER AND TERMINATOR REGION AND A SELECTABLE MARKER.
• A NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES ARE AVAILABLE FOR INSERTING THE ISOLATED GENE INTO THE
HOST GENOME. BACTERIA CAN BE INDUCED TO TAKE UP FOREIGN DNA, USUALLY BY
EXPOSED HEAT SHOCK OR ELECTROPORATION.[28] DNA IS GENERALLY INSERTED INTO
ANIMAL CELLS USING MICROINJECTION,
• AS ONLY A SINGLE CELL IS TRANSFORMED WITH GENETIC MATERIAL
7. • IN PLANTS THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE.
• IN ANIMALS IT IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT THE INSERTED DNA IS
PRESENT IN THE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.
• FURTHER TESTING USING PCR, SOUTHERN HYBRIDIZATION, AND DNA
SEQUENCING IS CONDUCTED TO CONFIRM THAT AN ORGANISM CONTAINS THE
NEW GENE.[
8.
9. GMOS IN AGRICULTURE
• GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) FOODS WERE FIRST APPROVED FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
• ENGINEERED CROPS CAN DRAMATICALLY INCREASE PER AREA CROP YIELDS AND,
IN SOME CASES, REDUCE THE USE OF CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES
• EXAMPLE OF A GM CROP IS “GOLDEN” RICE, WHICH ORIGINALLY WAS INTENDED
FOR ASIA AND WAS GENETICALLY MODIFIED TO PRODUCE ALMOST 20 TIMES THE
BETA-CAROTENE OF PREVIOUS VARIETIES
• ANOTHER FORM OF MODIFIED RICE WAS GENERATED TO HELP
COMBAT IRON DEFICIENCY, WHICH IMPACTS CLOSE TO 30 PERCENT OF THE
WORLD POPULATION
10. GMOS IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH
• GM ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES ENABLED RESEARCHERS
TO TEST NOVEL THERAPIES AND TO EXPLORE THE ROLES OF CANDIDATE RISK
FACTORS AND MODIFIERS OF DISEASE OUTCOME.
• GM MICROBES, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS ALSO REVOLUTIONIZED THE
PRODUCTION OF COMPLEX PHARMACEUTICALS BY ENABLING THE
GENERATION OF SAFER AND CHEAPER VACCINES AND THERAPEUTICS.
• PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS RANGE FROM RECOMBINANT HEPATITIS B
VACCINE PRODUCED BY GM BAKER’S YEAST TO INJECTABLE INSULIN (FOR
DIABETICS) PRODUCED IN GM ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA AND TO FACTOR
VIII (FOR HEMOPHILIACS) AND TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR
11. • GM PLANTS THAT PRODUCE “EDIBLE VACCINES” ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT
• NOVEL DNA VACCINES MAY BE USEFUL IN THE STRUGGLE TO PREVENT DISEASES
THAT HAVE PROVED RESISTANT TO TRADITIONAL VACCINATION APPROACHES,
INCLUDING HIV/AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS, AND CANCER.
• GENETIC MODIFICATION OF INSECTS HAS BECOME AN IMPORTANT AREA OF
RESEARCH, ESPECIALLY IN THE STRUGGLE TO PREVENT PARASITIC DISEASES
• FINALLY, GENETIC MODIFICATION OF HUMANS VIA GENE THERAPY IS BECOMING A
TREATMENT OPTION FOR DISEASES RANGING FROM RARE METABOLIC
DISORDERS TO CANCER
12. ROLE OF GMOS
IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
• ANOTHER APPLICATION OF GMOS IS IN THE MANAGEMENT
OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. FOR EXAMPLE, SOME BACTERIA CAN PRODUCE
BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, AND THE TRANSFER OF THAT ABILITY TO
MICROBES THAT CAN BE EASILY GROWN IN THE LABORATORY MAY ENABLE
THE WIDE-SCALE “GREENING” OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY.