Babies who are designed through a genetic modification process are called designer babies or genetic engineered babies. The seminar is all about the advantage and disadvantage of genetic engineered babies. The types of designing babies are germline engineering and preimplantation genetic engineering. A scientist, Jiankui He of Southern University of Science and Technology of China, recently claimed at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on 29 November that he has created the world's first genetically altered babies using CRISPR. This announcement sparked controversy and criticism. The newly developed CRISPR/Cas9 technique has been applied to genetic modification of many kinds of animals. However, the technique is still in its infancy and many questions remain to be answered before it can be used for clinical purposes, especially for reproductive purposes. Here we discuss about CRISPR-CAS9 use in development of genetic engineered babies.
This presentation Is about how the embryos are genetically modified to prevent the from a genetic disease or in some cases also used for enhancement of beauty or intelligence. The pros and cons of Designer babies and the ethical issues related to them. This presentation also describes how the designer babies are formed.
This presentation Is about how the embryos are genetically modified to prevent the from a genetic disease or in some cases also used for enhancement of beauty or intelligence. The pros and cons of Designer babies and the ethical issues related to them. This presentation also describes how the designer babies are formed.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
This presentation describes about gene modified babies, latest examples about that (Lulu and Nana), gene modifying techniques (CRISPR technique), advantages and disadvantages of gene modified babies.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
This presentation describes about gene modified babies, latest examples about that (Lulu and Nana), gene modifying techniques (CRISPR technique), advantages and disadvantages of gene modified babies.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Genetic Engineered Babies
1. Genetic Engineered Babies
PRESENTED BY:
SHUBHAM P. KOLGE
M. PHARM FIRST YEAR
PHARMACOLOGY
UNDER GUIDANCE OF:
SWATI R. DHANDE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.
PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT
1
2. Introduction
Babies who are “designed” through a genetic
modification process are called designer babies or
genetic engineered babies
Genes play a major role in our life, If the genes of
an embryo are altered using technology, adding in
desired characteristics and taking away the
undesired ones, then the resulting embryo will
have a genetic makeup that has been engineered
through gene therapy
2
3. What is a Designer Baby?
A baby whose genetic makeup has been
artificially selected by genetic engineering to
ensure the presence or absence of particular genes
or characteristics
3
4. Real-Life Situation
In October of 2000, Adam Nash was the world’s first designer
baby born by pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
PGD refers to screening procedures performed on embryos to
check for genetic disorders prior to implantation and
pregnancy
Combined with in-vitro fertilization (IVF), a process by which
egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb
Embryos grown to the eight-cell stage and are checked for
genetic disorders
It’s a major treatment in infertility, but is now being used for
other reasons
4
5. Designer Babies Today
To date, genetic technology has only been used to treat serious
disease in children
Discoveries about the influence of genes on human traits
opens the possibility of transferring these techniques to human
beings
Developing technology makes it possible to alter anything
from gender to disease, and eventually appearance,
personality, and IQ
Some believe that parents will inevitably want to choose their
children’s genes, thus creating designer babies
5
7. Types of Designing babies
Germline engineering
Germline genetic modification is a form of genetic
engineering which involves changing genes in
eggs, sperm, or very early embryos.
This of engineering is inheritable, meaning that
the modified genes would appear not only in any
children that resulted from the procedure, but in
all succeeding generations.
7
8. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or
PIGD) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to
implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and
sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization.
PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal
diagnosis
8
9. Creation of Designer babies
Since 2004, we know the whole human DNA by
the Human Genome Project.
With increasing computer power it was possible to
read all the base pairs (about 3.2 billion for one
DNA copy), which are the basic modules in the
blueprint of life.
9
11. CRISPR-CAS9 (Clustered
Regularly Interspaced Short
Pallindromic Repeats)
A map is used to find the exact place where it’s
supposed to cut.
After having localized the region on the DNA, the
defective part is replaced by cutting it out.
That’s where Cas9 comes into play.
Cas9 is a pair of DNA-scissors that cuts
(dissolves) the connection between the elements
of the DNA backbone.
11
13. After Cas9 has successfully found
and cut the target region, the
defective part of the DNA needs to
be changed.
For this step, scientists take
advantage of the body’s repair
mechanism called HDR
(homology directed repair).
Each cell uses the HDR
mechanism to repair breaks in its
DNA.
13
14. HDR uses a protein
complex similar to Cas9.
This protein complex is
kind of a DNA glue.
However, it not only glues
together the free ends of
the DNA strands but also
replaces the adjacent area
in the DNA based on an
intact template of the
whole region.
The reason for this is that
the area around the
breakage could also be
damaged and thus it’s safer
to replace it at the same
time.
14
15. Scientists produce a lot of DNA strand fragments
that exactly match the area around the breakage.
But some parts are different containing new or
altered information.
They sneak a lot of these manipulated DNA
fragments into the cell.
when HDR looks for a template to fix the cut in
the DNA strand, it will most certainly take one of
these matching but modified fragments the
scientists snuck in because the area around the
breakage is surrounded by them.
15
16. Advantages
Allows couples who can’t conceive normally to
have children
Allows couples to balance gender in their families
Genetic screening reduces the baby’s chances of
being born with a serious genetic disease
Increases the likelihood of a healthy baby
Reduces chances of miscarriage
Reduces chances of termination due to disorder
Can be used to save lives
16
17. Disadvantages
Moral and ethical concerns:
Too much like playing God
Social concerns:
High cost leads to gap in society
Genetically enhanced people may start to feel superior
to those who haven’t been enhanced
Such groups of people may become prejudiced against
one another due to a feeling of lost common humanity
with non-enhanced people
17
18. Disadvantages
Safety concerns:
Can lead to ovarian hyper-stimulation
syndrome (OHSS)
Unskilled lab technology could damage
embryo during biopsy
The removal of cells from eight-cell embryos
has implications for the well-being of people
created by PGD
18
20. What are the Fertility Institutes?
They provide a variety of fertility and
infertility services, including PGD
They have nothing against the designer baby
and have the world’s leading, highly
successful, and most respected gender
selection program (99.9% accuracy)
Can be found in Los Angeles, New York, and
Mexico
Couples will be able to select both the gender and
physical traits of their children
Growth of PGD is unfettered by any state or
federal regulations in the United States
20
21. Survey results:
56% supported using genetic tests to counter
blindness
75% supported using genetic tests for mental
retardation
10% of respondents said they would want genetic
testing for athletic ability
10% voted for improved height
13% backed the approach to select for superior
intelligence
21
22. How is a designer baby
created?
An embryo is created by in-vitro fertilization
(IVF)
A single cell is removed from that embryo within
the first 5 days of its creation
The cell is genetically tested
The parents decide whether to discard the embryo
or implant it in the mother's womb
22
23. Genetic Disorders
Single gene disorder is a genetic conditions caused by the
alteration or mutation of a specific gene in the affected
person’s DNA.
Single gene disorders are heritable and often run in families.
Chromosome Abnormalities usually happens as a result of an
error in cell division.
Multifactorial disorder is caused by the interaction of genetic
and sometimes also non genetic, environmental factors.
23
24. Genetic Counselling
Genetic counseling can help perspective parents
who have a genetic disorder regarding to their
future children because genetic counseling is the
counseling of individuals, and of prospective
parents regarding their offspring, on the
probabilities, dangers, diagnosis, and treatment of
inherited diseases.
24
25. Cons
If allowed, designer babies will have a bad impact in our world.
It will end many people thinking that foreigners and anyone else
who seems are disgusting and people are scared of them.
People who have genetic defects would be socially excluded from
other kids.
They will be separated from the society.
Designer babies, will lead to injustice on the basis of certain
qualities or traits.
Kids of rich families will get genetic enhancement, which will
lead to genetic upper class people.
25
26. Cons
Parents who love sports would have the athletic ability
engineered into the child, however, the child may not want
the same.
If a child is born with the outstanding ability to play athletics
and they choose not to, an engineered gene is wasted, or the
child is forced to do something they don’t want to do.
Another reason for making a designer baby is risky are the
several mutations virus and diseases that altering genes.
Now a days its difficult to know when altering genes can
cause birth defects and illnesses that will affect a child’s life
forever.
Even though, most parts of the world are still male
dominated, the gender of the baby can lead to gender
discrimination across the globe.
26
27. Pros
In some cases designer babies can be a good
thing.
For instance, The Hashmi family have a child who
has a rare blood disorder, who urgently needs a
blood marrow transplant. Now the Hashmi’s may
be able to have a child that will be free from the
disorder that the other child has.
The child that is going to be born could also
donate tissue to cure its sibling.
This is a positive side to designer babies.
In many cases when a child is suffering from
diseases such a leukemia a parent might have
another child but alter their genes to make them a
perfect match to their sick child in order to save
them.
27
28. Case study
Recently, Jian-kui HE, a Chinese scientist, claimed to have
“created” the first gene-edited babies, designed to be naturally
immune to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The news immediately triggered widespread criticism,
denouncement, and debate over the scientific and ethical legitimacy
of HE’s genetic experiments.
China’s guidelines and regulations have banned germline genome
editing on human embryos for clinical use because of scientific and
ethical concerns, in accordance with the international agreement.
HE’s human experimentation has not only violated these Chinese
regulations, but also breached other ethical and regulatory norms.
28
33. These include questionable scientific value, unreasonable risk-
benefit ratio, illegitimate ethics review, invalid informed consent,
and regulatory misconduct.
This series of ethical failings of HE and his team reveal the
institutional failure of the current ethics governance system which
largely depends on scientist’s self-regulation.
The incident highlights the need for urgent improvement of ethics
governance at all levels, the enforcement of technical and ethical
guidelines, and the establishment of laws relating to such bioethical
issues.
33
34. He announced that he had used the gene editing technique
known as CRISPR to change the DNA of human embryos
created via in vitro fertilization
And that these two embryos had been successfully
implanted in their mom and developed into twin baby girls
(Lulu and Nana)
The experiment has been universally condemned by
scientists.
In this latest experiment, He Jiankui, used CRISPR to
disable a gene called CCR5 in human embryos
CCR5 involved in the immune system, and the HIV virus
exploits it in order to infect human cells so by disabling this
gene, he aimed to make the babies resistant to HIV
34
36. Conclusion
It seems unmoral and unethical to test embryos for
certain genes and to tamper with them
Technology is still developing so safety concerns are
high
Many children’s lives could be saved
Fewer children would be born with genetic disorders
The idea is still new, so it’s hard to say who is right
and who is wrong
There are many advantages and disadvantages of the
designer baby, and we should keep an open mind and
unbiased attitude towards them
36
37. References
1. Martinson JJ, Chapman NH, Rees DC, Luis Y-T, Clegg JB. Global
distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nat Genet
1997;16:100–3.
2. Yong E. The CRISPR baby scandal gets worse by the day. The Atlantic
December 3, 2018.
3. Cohen IG, Adashi EY. The FDA is prohibited from going germline.
Science 2016;353:545–6.
4. Doudna J, Sternberg SH. A crack in creation: gene editing and the
unthinkable power to control evolution. New York (NY): Houghton
Mifflin; 2017.
5. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Human
genome editing: science, ethics, and governance. Washington,DC: The
National Academies Press; 2017.
37
Editor's Notes
In 2004, this colloquial term made the transition from science fiction movies to the Oxford English Dictionary, where it’s defined as…
Outside the womb. This is done by controlling the ovulatory process: doctors remove the egg from the ovaries & let sperm fertilize it in a fluid medium.
Genetic disorders. Only the healthy embryo is implanted into the mother’s womb
…on human traits, such as susceptibility to disease, IQ, and athletic ability…
…gap in society and only wealthy people will be able to afford it. This could cause discrimination against those with disabilities to greatly rise
…social preferences, such as above average height or increased intelligence
The Fertility Institutes will allow couples to select both the gender and physical traits of their children
Unfettered, meaning released from restraint
tamper with them, killing the ones that don’t fit our requirements
At the same time, many children’s…