Generic Levonorgestrel Tablets (I-Pill) is a progestin-only emergency contraceptive, used for prevention of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse or a known or suspected contraceptive failure.
Episiotomy slideshare by dr alka mukherjee & dr apurva mukherjee msalka mukherjee
Normal birth can cause tears to the vagina and the surrounding tissue, usually as the baby's head is born, and sometimes these tears extend to the rectum. These are repaired surgically, but take time to heal. To avoid these severe tears, it is recommended making a surgical cut to the perineum with scissors or scalpel to prevent severe tearing and facilitate the birth. This intervention, known as an episiotomy, is used as a routine care policy during births in some countries. Both a tear and an episiotomy need sutures, and can result in severe pain, bleeding, infection, pain with sex, and can contribute to long term urinary incontinence.
Episiotomies—incisions made between the vagina and anus during childbirth—have long been a topic of debate among clinicians, researchers and advocates. Outdated clinical guidelines previously recommended the routine use of episiotomy to avoid natural vaginal tearing. Over the past two decades, a growing body of literature and increased advocacy efforts have led to a general consensus that episiotomy should not be conducted as a standard practice. Nevertheless, in many parts of the world, the majority of women still undergo episiotomy during childbirth.
In women where no instrumental delivery is intended, selective episiotomy policies result in fewer women with severe perineal/vaginal trauma.
The document discusses tocolytic agents, which are medications used to suppress premature labor. It defines tocolytics as medications that can inhibit, slow down, or halt contractions of the uterus. The document then covers various classes of tocolytics including beta-adrenergic agonists, magnesium sulfate, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and nitric oxide donors. For each class, it discusses examples of medications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and contraindications. The purpose is to explain how tocolytics work to suppress premature labor and allow time for fetal lung maturity.
This document summarizes oxytocic drugs (uterotonic drugs) that stimulate uterine contractions. It discusses oxytocin, ergot alkaloids like ergometrine, and prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2α. For each drug class, it describes mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses including labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage, and side effects. Key differences between oxytocin and ergot alkaloids are noted, such as oxytocin causing normal contractions while ergots cause tetanic contractions. Prostaglandins are described as contracting the uterus throughout pregnancy and softening the cervix, with longer duration than oxytocin.
In settings with limited access to health care, misoprostol is an important intervention that could reduce maternal deaths both directly and through the more cost-effective use of health services. Misoprostol is, however, a powerful drug that needs to be used with care. Evidence-based information about the safest regimens should be widely disseminated so as to prevent its inappropriate use
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Management of Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH)Sandesh Kamdi
Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly one quarter of all maternal deaths. PPH can occur within 24 hours of delivery (primary) or 24 hours to 6 weeks after delivery (secondary). Active management of the third stage of labor, including administration of uterotonic drugs like oxytocin, decreases the risk of PPH. While oxytocin is the gold standard for treating PPH, misoprostol has been shown to be a safe and effective alternative in settings where oxytocin is unavailable. Secondary PPH is often associated with infection and is generally treated with antibiotics along with uterotonics or balloon tamponade if bleeding continues. Surgical
COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS AND NEWER ADVANCES IN CONTRACEPTION BY DR S...DR SHASHWAT JANI
This document discusses combined oral contraceptives (COCs), also known as birth control pills. It provides details on the history, mechanisms of action, types, effectiveness and side effects of COCs. It notes that COCs were first approved for use in the 1960s and are now used by over 100 million women worldwide. The document also discusses newer male and female contraceptive methods that are still being researched or tested.
1) Vacuum and forceps deliveries are indicated for maternal exhaustion, prolonged second stage of labor, or fetal distress.
2) Proper technique using mnemonics like "ABCDEFG" are important to safely perform instrumental deliveries and minimize complications.
3) Potential maternal complications include vaginal lacerations and trauma, while fetal risks include scalp injuries, cephalohematomas, and rarely intracranial hemorrhage. Forceps carry higher risks than vacuum extraction.
Episiotomy slideshare by dr alka mukherjee & dr apurva mukherjee msalka mukherjee
Normal birth can cause tears to the vagina and the surrounding tissue, usually as the baby's head is born, and sometimes these tears extend to the rectum. These are repaired surgically, but take time to heal. To avoid these severe tears, it is recommended making a surgical cut to the perineum with scissors or scalpel to prevent severe tearing and facilitate the birth. This intervention, known as an episiotomy, is used as a routine care policy during births in some countries. Both a tear and an episiotomy need sutures, and can result in severe pain, bleeding, infection, pain with sex, and can contribute to long term urinary incontinence.
Episiotomies—incisions made between the vagina and anus during childbirth—have long been a topic of debate among clinicians, researchers and advocates. Outdated clinical guidelines previously recommended the routine use of episiotomy to avoid natural vaginal tearing. Over the past two decades, a growing body of literature and increased advocacy efforts have led to a general consensus that episiotomy should not be conducted as a standard practice. Nevertheless, in many parts of the world, the majority of women still undergo episiotomy during childbirth.
In women where no instrumental delivery is intended, selective episiotomy policies result in fewer women with severe perineal/vaginal trauma.
The document discusses tocolytic agents, which are medications used to suppress premature labor. It defines tocolytics as medications that can inhibit, slow down, or halt contractions of the uterus. The document then covers various classes of tocolytics including beta-adrenergic agonists, magnesium sulfate, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and nitric oxide donors. For each class, it discusses examples of medications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and contraindications. The purpose is to explain how tocolytics work to suppress premature labor and allow time for fetal lung maturity.
This document summarizes oxytocic drugs (uterotonic drugs) that stimulate uterine contractions. It discusses oxytocin, ergot alkaloids like ergometrine, and prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2α. For each drug class, it describes mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses including labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage, and side effects. Key differences between oxytocin and ergot alkaloids are noted, such as oxytocin causing normal contractions while ergots cause tetanic contractions. Prostaglandins are described as contracting the uterus throughout pregnancy and softening the cervix, with longer duration than oxytocin.
In settings with limited access to health care, misoprostol is an important intervention that could reduce maternal deaths both directly and through the more cost-effective use of health services. Misoprostol is, however, a powerful drug that needs to be used with care. Evidence-based information about the safest regimens should be widely disseminated so as to prevent its inappropriate use
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Management of Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH)Sandesh Kamdi
Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly one quarter of all maternal deaths. PPH can occur within 24 hours of delivery (primary) or 24 hours to 6 weeks after delivery (secondary). Active management of the third stage of labor, including administration of uterotonic drugs like oxytocin, decreases the risk of PPH. While oxytocin is the gold standard for treating PPH, misoprostol has been shown to be a safe and effective alternative in settings where oxytocin is unavailable. Secondary PPH is often associated with infection and is generally treated with antibiotics along with uterotonics or balloon tamponade if bleeding continues. Surgical
COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS AND NEWER ADVANCES IN CONTRACEPTION BY DR S...DR SHASHWAT JANI
This document discusses combined oral contraceptives (COCs), also known as birth control pills. It provides details on the history, mechanisms of action, types, effectiveness and side effects of COCs. It notes that COCs were first approved for use in the 1960s and are now used by over 100 million women worldwide. The document also discusses newer male and female contraceptive methods that are still being researched or tested.
1) Vacuum and forceps deliveries are indicated for maternal exhaustion, prolonged second stage of labor, or fetal distress.
2) Proper technique using mnemonics like "ABCDEFG" are important to safely perform instrumental deliveries and minimize complications.
3) Potential maternal complications include vaginal lacerations and trauma, while fetal risks include scalp injuries, cephalohematomas, and rarely intracranial hemorrhage. Forceps carry higher risks than vacuum extraction.
This topic contains definition, instruments, indications, contraindications, prerequisites, advantages, procedure, complications and hazards of ventouse or vaccum delivery.
1) The document discusses classifications of hypertension in pregnancy and definitions of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria or signs of multi-organ involvement without proteinuria.
2) Antihypertensive medications are prescribed during pregnancy to prevent maternal complications of severe hypertension like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, not to cure preeclampsia.
3) Common antihypertensives discussed for use in pregnancy include methyldopa, hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine. Their mechanisms of action, dosages, and potential side effects are reviewed.
This document provides information on operative vaginal delivery using forceps. It describes the types of forceps including long curved forceps, short curved forceps, and Kielland's forceps. It details the parts of the forceps including the blades, shanks, locks, handles, and screws. It explains how to identify and apply the forceps blades for low forceps delivery. The steps taken are identification and application of the blades, locking the blades, applying traction, and removing the blades. Precautions and techniques are outlined to ensure a safe operative vaginal delivery using forceps.
Please find the power point on Vacuum delivery. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document discusses uterine prolapse, including its definition, causes, types, degrees, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and management. Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus descends from its normal position due to weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments that support it. It is most common in multiparous women. The main causes are damage to supporting tissues during childbirth, effects of gravity, and loss of estrogen after menopause. Management includes prevention through lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, use of pessaries, and various surgical procedures depending on the severity of prolapse and patient factors.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 100,000 deaths per year. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) involving prophylactic oxytocin, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage can prevent 60% of PPH cases. For women without risk factors, oxytocin is the recommended agent for AMTSL, while carboprost is effective for treatment of PPH. Clinical evidence shows carboprost provides powerful uterine contraction with fewer side effects compared to other uterotonics like methylergometrine. Proper identification of risk factors and preparedness are important for reducing the burden of PPH.
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
This document discusses antepartum haemorrhage (APH), defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract occurring from 22 weeks of pregnancy until birth. APH complicates 3-5% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal mortality. The main causes of APH are placenta praevia, abruptio placentae, vasa praevia, and local cervical/vaginal bleeding. Management involves stabilizing the mother, assessing fetal wellbeing, investigating the cause, and planning for delivery depending on gestational age and the condition of the mother and fetus.
Breech presentation refers to when the fetus is in a longitudinal lie with its buttocks as the lowest part. The document discusses the different types of breech presentations as well as their incidence, classifications, positions, etiology, diagnosis, and management both during pregnancy and delivery. Management during pregnancy includes attempting external cephalic version after 36 weeks to convert the fetus to head-first position. Management during delivery depends on factors such as gestational age and fetal/maternal conditions, and may involve vaginal delivery with assistance, total breech extraction, or cesarean section to avoid risks to the mother and fetus.
This document discusses the partograph, which is a composite graphical record used to monitor labor. It is used to assess the progress of normal and abnormal labor and the fetal response. The partograph allows providers to visualize cervical dilation over time and identify issues early. It includes components like maternal information, fetal well-being, labor progress, medications, and maternal condition. Using a partograph has benefits like early detection of problems, prevention of prolonged labor, and improved outcomes for mothers and babies.
Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) is a surgical procedure where the fetus is delivered through an incision made in the lower segment of the uterus after 28 weeks of pregnancy. It is indicated when vaginal delivery is not possible due to issues like placenta previa, cephalopelvic disproportion, or fetal distress. The operation involves making incisions through the abdominal wall, uterus, and membranes to deliver the baby and placenta, followed by suturing of the uterine and abdominal layers. Post-operative care includes monitoring for uterine contractions, fluid replacement, and removal of stitches after 5-6 days.
Post-term pregnancy is defined as exceeding 40 weeks of gestation. It occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies, often due to inaccurate gestational age calculation. Both mother and baby are at increased risk of complications like dystocia, meconium aspiration, stillbirth. Management includes assessing gestational age accurately, monitoring the fetus, and inducing labor between 41-42 weeks to prevent risks of post-term pregnancy. Intrauterine fetal death is the death of a fetus before delivery. It can result from maternal, fetal or obstetric complications. Evaluation includes detailed history, examinations, and tests to determine the cause to help counsel patients and prevent future recurrence.
This document discusses polyhydramnios, or excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It defines polyhydramnios as more than 1500-2000 mL of amniotic fluid. Causes may include fetal anomalies, placental chorioangiomas, multiple pregnancies, and maternal conditions like diabetes. Polyhydramnios can be chronic or acute based on onset. Complications include preterm labor, malpresentation, and pregnancy-induced high blood pressure. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and assess fetal well-being. Management depends on gestational age, response to treatment, and other complications, and may involve amniocentesis, induction of labor, or termination of pregnancy.
This document discusses disorders of amniotic fluid, specifically oligohydramnios. It defines oligohydramnios as amniotic fluid volume less than the 5th percentile for gestational age or an amniotic fluid index less than 5. The incidence is 0.5-5% and causes can be fetal, maternal, or placental in nature. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound measurement of the amniotic fluid index or single vertical pocket. Management depends on the cause, gestational age, and fetal status, and may include hydration, monitoring with serial ultrasounds, induction of labor or C-section, and amniotic fluid replacement through amnioinfusion in some cases.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Oxytocin is a hormone that contracts smooth muscle to help expel the fetus during delivery and eject breastmilk. It is released naturally during labor and delivery in response to cervical and nipple stimulation. It can also be administered synthetically through intravenous or intramuscular injection to induce or augment labor. Potential adverse reactions include seizures, hypotension, and uterine rupture. Proper assessment of the patient's risk factors and careful titration of dosage are important when using oxytocin for labor induction or augmentation.
This document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, purposes, indications, contraindications, factors for success, and methods. Induction of labor is defined as initiating uterine contractions before spontaneous labor, either through medical, surgical, or combined means, to achieve vaginal delivery. Common indications include post-term pregnancy, hypertension, and fetal growth issues. Methods include cervical ripening with prostaglandins or misoprostol followed by oxytocin infusion once the cervix is ripe. Artificial rupture of membranes is also discussed as a surgical induction method. A combined approach using cervical ripening followed by oxytocin is often most effective at inducing labor.
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. It begins with definitions and classifications of hypertension in pregnancy. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. The pathogenesis involves placental ischemia leading to endothelial dysfunction. Clinical manifestations in the mother can include issues in cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, renal and hepatic systems. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and timely delivery of the baby.
Emergency contraception, Combination Birth Control Pill, Progestogen-Only Pillsmaria may dizon
This document discusses different types of emergency contraception and birth control methods including combination birth control pills and progestogen-only pills. It provides information on how each method works, effectiveness rates, benefits and risks, side effects, drug interactions, complications and important considerations for patient education. The methods discussed are levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, combination birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestogen-only pills.
The document describes a product called I-Pill 1.5 mg, which is an emergency contraceptive that can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex. It provides information on how I-Pill works, its potential side effects, dosage instructions, and answers frequently asked questions. The website, AllDayGeneric.com, is described as an online store where customers can purchase generic medications like I-Pill at competitive prices.
This topic contains definition, instruments, indications, contraindications, prerequisites, advantages, procedure, complications and hazards of ventouse or vaccum delivery.
1) The document discusses classifications of hypertension in pregnancy and definitions of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria or signs of multi-organ involvement without proteinuria.
2) Antihypertensive medications are prescribed during pregnancy to prevent maternal complications of severe hypertension like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, not to cure preeclampsia.
3) Common antihypertensives discussed for use in pregnancy include methyldopa, hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine. Their mechanisms of action, dosages, and potential side effects are reviewed.
This document provides information on operative vaginal delivery using forceps. It describes the types of forceps including long curved forceps, short curved forceps, and Kielland's forceps. It details the parts of the forceps including the blades, shanks, locks, handles, and screws. It explains how to identify and apply the forceps blades for low forceps delivery. The steps taken are identification and application of the blades, locking the blades, applying traction, and removing the blades. Precautions and techniques are outlined to ensure a safe operative vaginal delivery using forceps.
Please find the power point on Vacuum delivery. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document discusses uterine prolapse, including its definition, causes, types, degrees, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and management. Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus descends from its normal position due to weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments that support it. It is most common in multiparous women. The main causes are damage to supporting tissues during childbirth, effects of gravity, and loss of estrogen after menopause. Management includes prevention through lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, use of pessaries, and various surgical procedures depending on the severity of prolapse and patient factors.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 100,000 deaths per year. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) involving prophylactic oxytocin, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage can prevent 60% of PPH cases. For women without risk factors, oxytocin is the recommended agent for AMTSL, while carboprost is effective for treatment of PPH. Clinical evidence shows carboprost provides powerful uterine contraction with fewer side effects compared to other uterotonics like methylergometrine. Proper identification of risk factors and preparedness are important for reducing the burden of PPH.
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
“Clinicians should proactively talk to their patients of reproductive age about ECPs and offer advance prescriptions for ECPs during routine gynecologic office visits….”
This document discusses antepartum haemorrhage (APH), defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract occurring from 22 weeks of pregnancy until birth. APH complicates 3-5% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal mortality. The main causes of APH are placenta praevia, abruptio placentae, vasa praevia, and local cervical/vaginal bleeding. Management involves stabilizing the mother, assessing fetal wellbeing, investigating the cause, and planning for delivery depending on gestational age and the condition of the mother and fetus.
Breech presentation refers to when the fetus is in a longitudinal lie with its buttocks as the lowest part. The document discusses the different types of breech presentations as well as their incidence, classifications, positions, etiology, diagnosis, and management both during pregnancy and delivery. Management during pregnancy includes attempting external cephalic version after 36 weeks to convert the fetus to head-first position. Management during delivery depends on factors such as gestational age and fetal/maternal conditions, and may involve vaginal delivery with assistance, total breech extraction, or cesarean section to avoid risks to the mother and fetus.
This document discusses the partograph, which is a composite graphical record used to monitor labor. It is used to assess the progress of normal and abnormal labor and the fetal response. The partograph allows providers to visualize cervical dilation over time and identify issues early. It includes components like maternal information, fetal well-being, labor progress, medications, and maternal condition. Using a partograph has benefits like early detection of problems, prevention of prolonged labor, and improved outcomes for mothers and babies.
Lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) is a surgical procedure where the fetus is delivered through an incision made in the lower segment of the uterus after 28 weeks of pregnancy. It is indicated when vaginal delivery is not possible due to issues like placenta previa, cephalopelvic disproportion, or fetal distress. The operation involves making incisions through the abdominal wall, uterus, and membranes to deliver the baby and placenta, followed by suturing of the uterine and abdominal layers. Post-operative care includes monitoring for uterine contractions, fluid replacement, and removal of stitches after 5-6 days.
Post-term pregnancy is defined as exceeding 40 weeks of gestation. It occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies, often due to inaccurate gestational age calculation. Both mother and baby are at increased risk of complications like dystocia, meconium aspiration, stillbirth. Management includes assessing gestational age accurately, monitoring the fetus, and inducing labor between 41-42 weeks to prevent risks of post-term pregnancy. Intrauterine fetal death is the death of a fetus before delivery. It can result from maternal, fetal or obstetric complications. Evaluation includes detailed history, examinations, and tests to determine the cause to help counsel patients and prevent future recurrence.
This document discusses polyhydramnios, or excess amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It defines polyhydramnios as more than 1500-2000 mL of amniotic fluid. Causes may include fetal anomalies, placental chorioangiomas, multiple pregnancies, and maternal conditions like diabetes. Polyhydramnios can be chronic or acute based on onset. Complications include preterm labor, malpresentation, and pregnancy-induced high blood pressure. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and assess fetal well-being. Management depends on gestational age, response to treatment, and other complications, and may involve amniocentesis, induction of labor, or termination of pregnancy.
This document discusses disorders of amniotic fluid, specifically oligohydramnios. It defines oligohydramnios as amniotic fluid volume less than the 5th percentile for gestational age or an amniotic fluid index less than 5. The incidence is 0.5-5% and causes can be fetal, maternal, or placental in nature. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound measurement of the amniotic fluid index or single vertical pocket. Management depends on the cause, gestational age, and fetal status, and may include hydration, monitoring with serial ultrasounds, induction of labor or C-section, and amniotic fluid replacement through amnioinfusion in some cases.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Oxytocin is a hormone that contracts smooth muscle to help expel the fetus during delivery and eject breastmilk. It is released naturally during labor and delivery in response to cervical and nipple stimulation. It can also be administered synthetically through intravenous or intramuscular injection to induce or augment labor. Potential adverse reactions include seizures, hypotension, and uterine rupture. Proper assessment of the patient's risk factors and careful titration of dosage are important when using oxytocin for labor induction or augmentation.
This document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, purposes, indications, contraindications, factors for success, and methods. Induction of labor is defined as initiating uterine contractions before spontaneous labor, either through medical, surgical, or combined means, to achieve vaginal delivery. Common indications include post-term pregnancy, hypertension, and fetal growth issues. Methods include cervical ripening with prostaglandins or misoprostol followed by oxytocin infusion once the cervix is ripe. Artificial rupture of membranes is also discussed as a surgical induction method. A combined approach using cervical ripening followed by oxytocin is often most effective at inducing labor.
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. It begins with definitions and classifications of hypertension in pregnancy. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preeclampsia are discussed. The pathogenesis involves placental ischemia leading to endothelial dysfunction. Clinical manifestations in the mother can include issues in cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, renal and hepatic systems. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and timely delivery of the baby.
Emergency contraception, Combination Birth Control Pill, Progestogen-Only Pillsmaria may dizon
This document discusses different types of emergency contraception and birth control methods including combination birth control pills and progestogen-only pills. It provides information on how each method works, effectiveness rates, benefits and risks, side effects, drug interactions, complications and important considerations for patient education. The methods discussed are levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, combination birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestogen-only pills.
The document describes a product called I-Pill 1.5 mg, which is an emergency contraceptive that can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex. It provides information on how I-Pill works, its potential side effects, dosage instructions, and answers frequently asked questions. The website, AllDayGeneric.com, is described as an online store where customers can purchase generic medications like I-Pill at competitive prices.
This document provides information about oral contraceptives, including how they work to prevent pregnancy, types of oral contraceptives, emergency contraception, side effects and drug interactions. It discusses both combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progesterone, as well as progestin-only pills. Emergency contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel are described as well as long acting injectable and implantable progestin-only methods. Warnings and instructions regarding proper use and storage are also summarized.
Ovral-L (Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ovral-L (Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel Tablets) is a combination hormone medication which is indicated for use by females of reproductive potential to prevent pregnancy. It is also used for the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women greater than 14 years of age who, have no known contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy, desire contraception, and have achieved menarche.
Ovral-L Tablets (Generic Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets)All Contraceptives
Ovral-L (Generic Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets) is a combination of Levonorgestrel, a progestin, and Ethinyl Estradiol, an estrogen which is indicated for use by females of reproductive potential for prevention of pregnancy.
It is also used for the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women more than 14 years of age who, have no known contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy, desire contraception, and have achieved menarche.
This document discusses different types of contraceptive methods including permanent, spacing, and emergency contraceptives. It focuses on oral contraceptives, describing combined oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progestin in monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic formulations. Progesterone-only pills are also discussed. The document explains how these contraceptives work to prevent ovulation and implantation. Potential side effects and benefits are summarized for each method. Emergency hormonal contraception and intrauterine devices are also briefly described.
Ovral-L Tablets (Generic Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ovral-L Tablets (Generic Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets) is a combination hormone medicine which is indicated for use by females of reproductive potential for prevention of pregnancy. It works by stopping a woman's egg from fully developing each month. The egg can no longer accept a sperm and fertilization (pregnancy) is prevented. It is also used for the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women more than 14 years of age who, have no known contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy, desire contraception, and have achieved menarche.
methods used as contraception include guidelines, contraindications, side effects, and effectiveness.
intrauterine devices
condoms
diaphragm/cervical cap
cervical sponge
spermicide
progestrone only bills ( in the different froms)
combined hormonal therapy
emergency contraception
Depo Provera Contraceptive Injection (Medroxyprogesterone Acetate) is used to prevent pregnancy. This medicine works by preventing the growth and release of an egg (ovulation) during the menstrual cycle.
Buy Loette Pills disappears with constant use and may rarely need medical consultation for disturbing heavier bleeds. Amenorrhoea is the absence of the withdrawal bleed which can occur with prolonged usage as a result of blood levels being maintained continuously above the threshold for withdrawal even in pill free periods. It is not permanent and is totally reversible on pill discontinuation.
The document discusses various methods of contraception including oral contraceptives, long-acting contraceptive injections, implants, intrauterine devices, and vaginal rings. It provides details on the components, effectiveness, use directions, side effects, and contraindications of different contraceptive methods. The summary focuses on key contraceptive options and their effectiveness rates based on studies.
The document discusses different types of oral contraceptives including combination pills containing estrogen and progestin, progestin-only pills, and emergency contraceptive pills. Combination pills are available in monophasic, multiphasic, and extended-cycle formulations. Progestin-only pills contain only progestin and have no inactive pills. Emergency contraceptive pills can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex. Oral contraceptives work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, or altering the uterine lining. They are highly effective but can have side effects like headaches or mood changes. Long term use carries small risks of blood clots, heart attack, or stroke.
Oral contraceptives contain hormones that prevent pregnancy through blocking ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and changing the uterine lining. They are available as pills, implants, patches, or IUDs. Combination pills containing estrogen and progesterone are most effective except for sterilization. They come in monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic forms. Progesterone-only pills are an option for those who cannot take estrogen. Injectables, patches, rings, and IUDs provide alternatives. Side effects can include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, and potential serious issues like blood clots. Risks increase with age, smoking, and some health conditions or other drug interactions. Oral contracept
This document discusses various hormonal contraceptive methods. It describes combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen and progestin), progestogen-only contraceptives including the progestogen-only pill, implants containing etonogestrel, progestogen-only injectables such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. The methods are compared in terms of their mechanisms of action, administration, effectiveness, side effects, and contraindications. Combined oral contraceptives are highlighted as the most commonly used reversible contraceptive worldwide.
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This document provides information on various contraceptive methods available under the national family planning program in India. It discusses temporary methods like condoms, oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraceptive pills, IUCD and injectable contraceptives. It also discusses permanent methods like male and female sterilization. The document provides details on appropriate use, effectiveness and side effects of these methods. It focuses on oral contraceptive pills, progestin-only pills, emergency contraceptive pills and injectable contraceptives.
This document summarizes oral contraceptives (birth control pills). It discusses the types of pills available, including combined pills containing estrogen and progestin, and progestin-only pills. The document outlines how oral contraceptives work to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and changing cervical mucus and the uterine lining. Common side effects are also summarized. Specific oral contraceptive drugs discussed include mifepristone, norgestril, and levonorgestrel.
The absolute majority of mature women use hormonal contraceptives to prevent pregnancy. When planning a pregnancy, many women are wondering «How effective is birth control?
Contraception refers to preventing pregnancy through various methods. The document discusses the characteristics of ideal contraception and provides examples of different contraceptive methods including natural family planning, hormonal methods, barriers, intrauterine devices, sterilization, and emergency contraception. It also covers assessments to determine the appropriate method, how different methods work, when they can be started, common side effects, and contraindications.
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
Similar to Generic Levonorgestrel Tablets (I-Pill) (20)
Divaine Tablets by Cipla (Generic Minocycline Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Divaine (Generic Minocycline Hydrochloride Tablets) is used to treat the following infections due to susceptible microorganisms: acne, gonorrhoea, non-gonococcal urethritis, syphilis, prostatitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung abscess, pneumonia, ear, nose and throat infections, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, skin and soft tissue infections, ophthalmological infections, nocardiosis, prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic meningococcal carriers, pre- and post-operative prophylaxis of infection, trachoma, and inclusion conjunctivitis.
Ciplactin Tablets by Cipla (Generic Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ciplactin (Generic Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets) are used as a therapy for Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Vasomotor rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, Mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestations of urticaria and angio-oedema, Amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma, Cold urticaria and Dermatographism.
Ciplactin is also used as a therapy for anaphylactic reactions adjunctive to Epinephrine and other standard measures after the acute manifestations have been controlled.
Ciplactin tablets are also used to stimulate the appetite and may lead to weight gain, which is helpful for underweight people who wish to gain weight.
Asthalin Tablets by Cipla (Generic Albuterol Sulphate Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Asthalin Tablets (Generic Albuterol Sulphate Tablets) belongs to the group of medicines known as short acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. Asthalin tablets (Salbutamol Sulphate tablets) are used for the treatment of bronchospasm in asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other conditions associated with airways obstruction, for prevention of asthma attack triggered by allergic exposure or exercise and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Albuterol belongs to the family of medicines known as adrenergic bronchodilators. Adrenergic bronchodilators are medicines that open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) in the lungs, thus making breathing easier. They relieve cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and troubled breathing by increasing the flow of air through the bronchial tubes.
Clopivas Tablets by Cipla (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Clopivas (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets) is a platelet inhibitor and prevent blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. It used to treat patients with Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina (UA)/non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEMI)& ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ), recent myocardial infarction (MI), recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease.
Aromex Tablets by Alpha Pharma (Generic Exemestane Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Aromex (Generic Exemestane Tablets) is used to treat hormone dependent early breast cancer in postmenopausal women after they have completed 2 to 3 years of treatment with the medicine Tamoxifen.
Ciplox Tablets by Cipla (Generic Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ciplox (Generic Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Tablets) is a broad spectrum Fluoroquinolone antibacterial indicated in adults 18 years of age or more with the following infections caused by designated, susceptible bacteria and in pediatric patients where indicated: Skin and Skin Structure Infections, Bone and Joint Infections, Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections, Infectious Diarrhea, Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever), Uncomplicated Cervical and Urethral Gonorrhea, Inhalational Anthrax post-exposure in adult and pediatric patients, Plague in adult and pediatric patients, Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis, Urinary Tract Infections, Urinary Tract Infections
(UTI), Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis, Complicated UTI and Pyelonephritis in Pediatric Patients and Acute Sinusitis.
Primox Tablets by Sun (Generic Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Primox (Generic Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets) is used for the relief of symptoms of depression. It may also be used for the treatment of some cases of nocturnal enuresis. It may help improve mood and feelings of well-being, relieve anxiety and tension, and increase your energy level. This medication belongs to a class of medications called tricyclic antidepressants. It works by affecting the balance of certain natural chemicals in the brain.
TGR (Generic Fenofibrate Tablets) is a peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha (PPARa) activator which is used as adjunctive therapy to diet to lower the amount of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (Total-C), Triglycerides and apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia.
TGR tablets are also used as adjunctive therapy to diet for treatment of adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.
Budecort Rotacaps by Cipla (Generic Budesonide Inhalation Powder)Clearsky Pharmacy
Budecort Rotacaps (Generic Budesonide Inhalation Powder) are used for the maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in adult and pediatric patients five years of age or older. It is also used for patients requiring oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma. Many of those patients may be able to reduce or eliminate their requirement for oral corticosteroids over time.
Budecort Rotacaps are not used for the relief of acute bronchospasm.
Asthalin Inhaler by Cipla (Generic Albuterol Sulfate Inhaler)Clearsky Pharmacy
Asthalin Inhaler (Generic Albuterol Sulfate Inhaler) is a beta2-adrenergic agonist used for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in patients 4 years of age and older with reversible obstructive airway disease. It is also used for the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients 4 years of age and older.
Letromina Tablets by Alpha-pharma (Generic Letrozole Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Letromina Tablets (Generic Letrozole Tablets) are used for the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer. Letromina is used for the extended adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have received 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. This medicine is also indicated for first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive or hormone receptor unknown locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Letromina (Generic Letrozole) is also used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following antiestrogen therapy.
Letrozole (Letromina Tablets ) has also been used off-label for more than 15 years to treat infertility in women with PCOS.
Kenacort Injection by Abbott(Generic Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspe...Clearsky Pharmacy
Kenacort Injection (Generic Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension), a corticosteroid hormone (glucocorticoid), is used to treat variety of conditions such as allergic disorders, arthritis, blood diseases, breathing problems, certain cancers, eye diseases, intestinal problems, collagen and skin diseases.
Discuss with your doctor about the risks and benefits of Triamcinolone, especially if it is to be injected near your spine (epidural). Rare but serious side effects may occur with epidural use.
Astralean (Generic Clenbuterol Hydrochloride Tablets) is used to treat breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator in order to make breathing easier.
Betnovate Cream (Generic Betamethasone Valerate Cream) belongs to a group of medicines known as corticosteroids, and is used to treat various inflammatory skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, insect bites and prickly heat.
Betamethasone Valerate Cream works by reducing the inflammation in the affected area to reduce the redness, swelling and itchiness of the skin.
Lan capsules (Generic Lansoprazole capsules) is an effective medication which inhibits the stomach's production of acid. It is used for the Treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer, Treatment of reflux oesophagitis, Prophylaxis of reflux oesophagitis, Eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) concurrently given with appropriate antibiotic therapy for treatment of H.pylori-associated ulcers, Treatment of NSAID-associated benign gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients requiring continued NSAID treatment, Prophylaxis of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers in patients at risk requiring continued therapy, Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
Budecort Inhaler (Generic Budesonide Inhaler) is used for the maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in adult and pediatric patients. It is also indicated for patients requiring oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma. Many of those patients may be able to reduce or eliminate their requirement for oral corticosteroids over time.
Budecort Inhaler is not indicated for the relief of acute bronchospasm.
Rostar (Generic Rosuvastatin Calcium Tablets) is an HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor used to treat patients with hypertriglyceridemia as an adjunct to diet, patients with primary dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III hyperlipoproteinemia) as an along with a suitable diet and patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) to reduce LDL-C, total-C, and ApoB.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Symptoms and TreatmentsClearsky Pharmacy
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or clinical depression, is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. In case you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can.
Major depressive disorder is a medical condition with treatment available. Treatments include Talk therapy, Cognitive behavioural therapy, Interpersonal psychotherapy, Solution-focused therapy, Reducing stress as well as medications.
Valclovir Tablets (Generic Valacyclovir Hydrochloride 500 mg and 1000 mg Tablets) belongs to a group of medications called antivirals. Valclovir can be used to: treat shingles (in adults), treat HSV infections of the skin and genital herpes (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old). It is also used to help prevent these infections from returning. Generic Valacyclovir tablets is also used to treat cold sores (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old), prevent infection with CMV after organ transplants (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old) and treat and prevent HSV infections of the eye that continue to come back (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old). This medicine works by killing or stopping the growth of viruses called herpes simplex (HSV), varicella zoster (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.