Abstract
This paper grabs the detail study on information about Computer Networking. Two distinct electronic media communicating between themselves and forming a group within its area can be termed as Computer Networking. In the modern globe, communication is the most essential part of living creatures and the need of communication, from one end of the world to the other end, gave rise to the system of Networking. There are various types of forming of the network. Networking and its different types and uses will be studied throughout the paper.
Further part of the paper will deal in detail on the topic of networking devices that forms the base of a successful network. We propose a methodology to use human body as a transmitting medium to pass data in a Human Area Network (HAN).
Keywords— Computer Networking; communication; devices; Human Area Network (HAN).
Abstract
This paper grabs the detail study on information about Computer Networking. Two distinct electronic media communicating between themselves and forming a group within its area can be termed as Computer Networking. In the modern globe, communication is the most essential part of living creatures and the need of communication, from one end of the world to the other end, gave rise to the system of Networking. There are various types of forming of the network. Networking and its different types and uses will be studied throughout the paper.
Further part of the paper will deal in detail on the topic of networking devices that forms the base of a successful network. We propose a methodology to use human body as a transmitting medium to pass data in a Human Area Network (HAN).
Keywords— Computer Networking; communication; devices; Human Area Network (HAN).
Output
Software brings the machine to Life
System Software
Application Software
Computer Data
Computer Users
The User’s Role
Userless Computers Output
Text, Graphics, Audio, Video
Output Devices
Allows the user to interact
Output devices deliver data
Monitor, printer, speaker
Some devices are input and output
Touch screens
What is Computer | Computer Full Form | Computer Definitiondmir3304
Know everything in detail about computer - What is Computer? Computer Full Form, Computer Definition, Computer Science, Types of Computer, Desktop Computer & more.
Introduction to computer - History - GenerationTimesRide
Basic training on computer and internet for all age group. Now learn computer and internet on your own and surprise your loved ones! :)
Youtube link: https://youtu.be/WuQRkti11mU
https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=EiMOnWiHOP4
Lets Just Go For It! Wish you an Awesome Leaning Experience.
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Computers can be classified into five types according to the generations i.e. time period:
First Generation Computers: vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers: transistors
Third Generation Computers: integrated circuits (ICs)
Fourth Generation Computers: large scale integration (LSI)
Fifth Generation Computers: very large scale integration (VLSI)
The sole purpose of sharing these slides are to educate the beginners of IT and Computer Science/Engineering. Credits should go to the referred material and also CICRA campus, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka where I taught these in 2017.
ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...Faizan Tanoli
ACM, (10 Points)
Real world everyday applications of computer science.
Software crises.
Information Technology.
History of Computers.
Generations of computers (Five Generations)
Output
Software brings the machine to Life
System Software
Application Software
Computer Data
Computer Users
The User’s Role
Userless Computers Output
Text, Graphics, Audio, Video
Output Devices
Allows the user to interact
Output devices deliver data
Monitor, printer, speaker
Some devices are input and output
Touch screens
What is Computer | Computer Full Form | Computer Definitiondmir3304
Know everything in detail about computer - What is Computer? Computer Full Form, Computer Definition, Computer Science, Types of Computer, Desktop Computer & more.
Introduction to computer - History - GenerationTimesRide
Basic training on computer and internet for all age group. Now learn computer and internet on your own and surprise your loved ones! :)
Youtube link: https://youtu.be/WuQRkti11mU
https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=EiMOnWiHOP4
Lets Just Go For It! Wish you an Awesome Leaning Experience.
Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/TimesRide?sub_confirmation=1
Our Official Website: http://timesride.com
Follow us:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rs.agrawal.9026
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/timesridenetwork/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TimesRide
Pinterest: https://in.pinterest.com/ride0472/
Thank You
#AwesomeLearningExperience
#SmartQuickTips&Tricks #LeaningVideos #TimesRide #Keep Learning to Keep Winning!
Computers can be classified into five types according to the generations i.e. time period:
First Generation Computers: vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers: transistors
Third Generation Computers: integrated circuits (ICs)
Fourth Generation Computers: large scale integration (LSI)
Fifth Generation Computers: very large scale integration (VLSI)
The sole purpose of sharing these slides are to educate the beginners of IT and Computer Science/Engineering. Credits should go to the referred material and also CICRA campus, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka where I taught these in 2017.
ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...Faizan Tanoli
ACM, (10 Points)
Real world everyday applications of computer science.
Software crises.
Information Technology.
History of Computers.
Generations of computers (Five Generations)
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
Main first generation computers are:
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Main characteristics of first generation computers are:
Main electronic component Vacuum tube.
Programming language Machine language.
Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards.
Speed and size Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Examples of the first generation IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed.
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data[1] and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT).[2] An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users.
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[3] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[4] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[4]
This PPT is about the Various generations of Computers. This introduces and discussed about five generations of Computers, thier components, advantages and disadvantages. The PPT consists of Images which could lead to clear understanding by the end user. The numerical data is also available like the starting and Ending year of a particular generation. It also discusses the major components used, the technologies used etc..
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Concept of
generations
of computer
The term ‘generation’ refers to the classification of
computer systems according to their technological
development specially processing devices. According to
the different technologies used, different memory devices
used in the computers, their speed, storage capacity,
functions, computers have been classified in different
groups, this classification is called Generation of
computers.
4. Write the full
forms of the
following
abbreviations:
IC LSIC
Prolog MIPS
VLSIC ULSIC
4GL
5. When generation goes up
the following characteristics
are in effect:
Characteristics Result
Complexity Decrease
Heat generation Decrease
Power consumption Decrease
Price of computer Decrease
Processing capability Increase
Size Decrease
Speed Increase
Storage capacity Increase
Portability Increase
Use of user’s friendly software Increase
6. First Generation
Computer (1946-1958)
First generation computers used vacuum tubes as the
memory device. These generation computers were very
expensive and very large size, and hence require special
housing. ENIAC, MARK-I and EDVAC are the first-generation
computers.
Features:
• They were huge in size.
• They used vacuum tube as main component which was
developed by Lee Dee Forest in 1908.
• Their operating speed was up to millisecond.
• They used machine level language.
7. Second Generation
Computer (1959-1964)
• Features
• They use transistors as main component.
• They used magnetic disks as secondary storage.
• Their operating speed was increased up to
microseconds.
• They used magnetic core memory for internal
storage.
8. Third Generation
Computer (1965-1974)
Features:
• ICs were used as the main memory unit.
• Semiconductor memory was used for internal
storage medium.
• Introduction of minicomputers/personal
computers were done in this period.
• Processing speed was increased to nanosecond.
• The use of high-level languages became
common, e.g. COBOL, FORTRAN.
9. Fill in the
blanks:
The computers produced and used between
_______ and _______ were called the first
generation computers.
The second generation computers used ________ as
a memory device.
The third generation computers were marked by the
use of _______ instead of transistors.
The computers produced after 1974 are called
_________ generation computers.
The fifth generation of computers have __________.
10. Fourth Generation Computer
(1975-1990)
Features:
• Use VLSI as main component.
They use object-oriented programming language like C,
C++, and DBASE etc.
• Their speed was increased up to picoseconds.
Advantages:
• Smallest in size because of high component density and
hence are portable.
• Very reliable and heat generated is negligible.
• No air conditioning required in most cases.
• Cheapest among all generations.
• Much faster in computation than previous generations.
11. Five
Generation
Computer
(1980-Future)
• In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips
having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on
parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an
emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method
of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages
like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation. AI includes:
• Robotics
• Neural Networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.
• Natural language understanding and generation.
• Features
• More user friendly ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
12. State whether
the following
statements are
True or False:
The first generation computers were smaller in size
and more reliable.
The second generation computers generated more
heat than the first generation computers.
Transistors were used as a memory device in the
third generation computers.
LSI circuits and VLSI circuits are used as a memory
device in the fourth generation of computers.
PROGLOG (Programming Logic) will be used as the
operating system in the fourth generation
computers.
13. Concept of Artificial
intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the
simulation of human intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think like humans and mimic their
actions. The term may also be applied to any machine
that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such
as learning and problem-solving.
The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence is its
ability to rationalize and take actions that have the
best chance of achieving a specific goal.
14. Match the following:
Column A Column B
• First generation Integrated Circuit
• Second generation Ultra Large Scale Integration
Technology
• Third generation Vacuum Tubes
• Fourth generation LSI and VLSI technologies
• Fifth generation Transistors
15. Review and glossary
1. The term 'generation refers to the classification of computers
according to the technological advancement of processors.
2. The first generation computers were large in size. They were
unreliable. They required regular maintenance.
3. The first generation computers were marked by the use of
vacuum tubes or valves as their main component.
4. The second generation computers were marked by the use of
transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
5. The third generation computers were smaller in size. They use
integrated circuits instead of a transistor.
6. The fourth generation computers were marked by the use of
Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Very Large Scale Integrated
Circuits.
7. The fifth generation computers have artificial intelligence.
16. Glossary
• Vacuum tube: a glass tube device controlling electric
current
• Chip: a small piece of silicon material on which
electronic components are arranged
• Transistor: a solid state circuit component used in the
second generation computers as a memory device
• IC: a device consisting of a number of connected circuit
elements
• VLSI: composition of thousands of circuits
• Artificial Intelligence: area of computer science focusing
on creating machines that contains human behavior