This paper presents a generalized optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) considering power system observability, reliability, Communication Infrastructure (CI), and latency time associated with this CI. Moreover, the economic study for additional new data transmission paths is considered as well as the availability of predefined locations of some PMUs and the preexisting communication devices (CDs) in some buses. Two cases for the location of the Control Center Base Station (CCBS) are considered; predefined case and free selected case. The PMUs placement and their required communication network topology and channel capacity are co-optimized simultaneously. In this study, two different approaches are applied to optimize the objective function; the first approach is combined from Binary Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (BPSOGSA) and the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm, while the second approach is based only on BPSOGSA. The feasibility of the proposed approaches are examined by applying it to IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems.
Recent many works have concentrated on
dynamically turning on/off some base stations (BSs) in order to
improve energy efficiency in radio access networks (RANs). In
this survey, we broaden the research over BS switching
operations, which should competition up with traffic load
variations. The proposed method formulate the traffic variations
as a Markov decision process which should differ from dynamic
traffic loads which are still quite challenging to precisely forecast.
A reinforcement learning framework based BS switching
operation scheme was designed in order to minimize the energy
consumption of RANs. Furthermore a transfer actor-critic
algorithm (TACT) is used to speed up the ongoing learning
process, which utilizes the transferred learning expertise in
historical periods or neighboring regions. The proposed TACT
algorithm performs jumpstart and validates the feasibility of
significant energy efficiency increment.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
A verification of periodogram technique for harmonic source diagnostic analyt...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A harmonic source diagnostic analytic is vital to identify the root causes and type of harmonic source in power system. This paper introduces a verification of periodogram technique to diagnose harmonic sources by using logistic regression classifier. A periodogram gives a correct and accurate classification of harmonic signals. Signature recognition pattern is used to distinguish the harmonic sources accurately by obtaining the distribution of harmonic and interharmonic components and the harmonic contribution changes. This is achieved by using the significant signature recognition of harmonic producing load obtained from the harmonic contribution changes. To verify the performance of the propose method, a logistic regression classifier will analyse the result and give the accuracy and positive rate percentage of the propose method. The adequacy of the proposed methodology is tested and verified on distribution system for several rectifier and inverter-based loads.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS CONSIDERING THE QOS BY RETRIAL QUEU...IJCNCJournal
In this article, a retrial queueing model will be considered with persevering customers for wireless cellular
networks which can be frequently applied in the Fractional Guard Channel (FGC) policies, including
Limited FGC (LFGC), Uniform FGC (UFGC), Limited Average FGC (LAFGC) and Quasi Uniform FGC
(QUFGC). In this model, the examination on the retrial phenomena permits the analyses of important
effectiveness measures pertained to the standard of services undergone by users with the probability that a
fresh call first arrives the system and find all busy channels at the time, the probability that a fresh call
arrives the system from the orbit and find all busy channels at the time and the probability that a handover
call arrives the system and find all busy channels at the time. Comparison between four types of the FGC
policy can befound to evaluate the performance of the system.
Recent many works have concentrated on
dynamically turning on/off some base stations (BSs) in order to
improve energy efficiency in radio access networks (RANs). In
this survey, we broaden the research over BS switching
operations, which should competition up with traffic load
variations. The proposed method formulate the traffic variations
as a Markov decision process which should differ from dynamic
traffic loads which are still quite challenging to precisely forecast.
A reinforcement learning framework based BS switching
operation scheme was designed in order to minimize the energy
consumption of RANs. Furthermore a transfer actor-critic
algorithm (TACT) is used to speed up the ongoing learning
process, which utilizes the transferred learning expertise in
historical periods or neighboring regions. The proposed TACT
algorithm performs jumpstart and validates the feasibility of
significant energy efficiency increment.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
A verification of periodogram technique for harmonic source diagnostic analyt...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A harmonic source diagnostic analytic is vital to identify the root causes and type of harmonic source in power system. This paper introduces a verification of periodogram technique to diagnose harmonic sources by using logistic regression classifier. A periodogram gives a correct and accurate classification of harmonic signals. Signature recognition pattern is used to distinguish the harmonic sources accurately by obtaining the distribution of harmonic and interharmonic components and the harmonic contribution changes. This is achieved by using the significant signature recognition of harmonic producing load obtained from the harmonic contribution changes. To verify the performance of the propose method, a logistic regression classifier will analyse the result and give the accuracy and positive rate percentage of the propose method. The adequacy of the proposed methodology is tested and verified on distribution system for several rectifier and inverter-based loads.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS CONSIDERING THE QOS BY RETRIAL QUEU...IJCNCJournal
In this article, a retrial queueing model will be considered with persevering customers for wireless cellular
networks which can be frequently applied in the Fractional Guard Channel (FGC) policies, including
Limited FGC (LFGC), Uniform FGC (UFGC), Limited Average FGC (LAFGC) and Quasi Uniform FGC
(QUFGC). In this model, the examination on the retrial phenomena permits the analyses of important
effectiveness measures pertained to the standard of services undergone by users with the probability that a
fresh call first arrives the system and find all busy channels at the time, the probability that a fresh call
arrives the system from the orbit and find all busy channels at the time and the probability that a handover
call arrives the system and find all busy channels at the time. Comparison between four types of the FGC
policy can befound to evaluate the performance of the system.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Evaluate the performance of K-Means and the fuzzy C-Means algorithms to forma...IJECEIAES
The clustering approach is considered as a vital method for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by organizing the sensor nodes into specific clusters. Consequently, saving the energy and prolonging network lifetime which is totally dependent on the sensors battery, that is considered as a major challenge in the WSNs. Classification algorithms such as K-means (KM) and Fuzzy C-means (FCM), which are two of the most used algorithms in literature for this purpose in WSNs. However, according to the nature of random nodes deployment manner, on certain occasions, this situation forces these algorithms to produce unbalanced clusters, which adversely affects the lifetime of the network. Based for our knowledge, there is no study has analyzed the performance of these algorithms in terms clusters construction in WSNs. In this study, we investigate in KM and FCM performance and which of them has better ability to construct balanced clusters, in order to enable the researchers to choose the appropriate algorithm for the purpose of improving network lifespan. In this study, we utilize new parameters to evaluate the performance of clusters formation in multi-scenarios. Simulation result shows that our FCM is more superior than KM by producing balanced clusters with the random distribution manner for sensor nodes.
Last mile mobile hybrid optical wireless access network routing enhancementjournalBEEI
This study focuses on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that support Internet routing protocol imposing stringent resource consumption constraints of Quality of service (QoS). The mobile Internet causes the ongoing issue of inefficient use of the MANET resources due to its random nature of wireless environments. In this paper, the new improved architecture of the last mile mobile hybrid optical-wireless access network (adLMMHOWAN) is proposed and designed to tackle the arised issues. The proposed design is based on a unified wireless-wired network solution required the deployment of MANET-based wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end and wavelengths division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON) at the optical backhaul. The critical performance metrics such as network capacity and energy consumption based on modified AODVUU routing protocol using OMNeT++ software is analyzed with 2 scenarios, namely the number of nodes and mobility speed. This mode of communication results in better QoS network capacity of 47.07% improvement, with 26.85% reduction of lower energy resource consumption for mobile wireless front-end over passive optical network backhaul architecture when compared with the existing work of oRiq scheme that focus on improvement in MANETs.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Ant-colony and nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA systems: a reviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The increasing computational complexity in scheduling the large number of users for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system and future cellular networks lead to the need for scheduling models with relatively lower computational complexity such as heuristic models. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a concise study on ant-colony optimization (ACO) methods and potential nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA implementation in future high-speed networks. The issues, challenges and future work of ACO and other related heuristic models in NOMA are concisely reviewed. The throughput result of the proposed ACO method is observed to be close to the maximum theoretical value and stands 44% higher than that of the existing method. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of ACO implementation for NOMA user scheduling and grouping.
A Proactive Greedy Routing Protocol Precludes Sink-Hole Formation in Wireless...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Throughput in cooperative wireless networksjournalBEEI
Cognitive radio networks emerge as a solution to fixed allocation issues and spectrum scarcity through the dynamic access to spectrum. In cognitive networks, users must make intelligent decisions based on spectrum variation and actions taken by other users. Under this dynamic, cooperative systems can significantly improve quality of service parameters. This article presents the comparative study of the multi-criteria decision-making algorithms SAW and FFAHP through four levels of cooperation (10%, 20%, 50%, 80% y 100%) established between secondary users. The results show the performance evaluation obtained through of simulations and experimental measurements. The analysis is carried out based on throughput, depending on the class of service and the type of traffic.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
GPS Enabled Energy Efficient Routing for ManetCSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an energy aware reactive approach by introducing energy and distance based threshold criteria. Cross Layer interaction is exploited the performance of physical layer which leads to significant improvement in the energy efficiency of a network.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DIRECTION BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WSNIAEME Publication
Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime
Capacity improvement of mimo ofdma system using adaptive resource allocation ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Improved fuzzy c-means algorithm based on a novel mechanism for the formation...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The clustering approach is considered as a vital method for many fields suchas machine learning, pattern recognition, image processing, information retrieval, data compression, computer graphics, and others.Similarly, it hasgreat significance in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by organizing thesensor nodes into specific clusters. Consequently, saving energy and prolonging network lifetime, which is totally dependent on the sensor’s battery, that is considered asa major challenge in the WSNs. Fuzzyc-means (FCM) is one of classification algorithm, which is widely used in literature for this purpose in WSNs. However, according to the nature of random nodes deployment manner, on certain occasions, this situation forces this algorithm to produce unbalanced clusters, which adversely affects the lifetime of the network.To overcome this problem, a new clustering method called FCM-CMhas been proposed by improving the FCM algorithm to form balanced clustersfor random nodes deployment. The improvement is conductedby integrating the FCM with a centralized mechanism(CM).The proposed method will be evaluated based on four new parameters. Simulation result shows that our proposed algorithm is more superior to FCM by producing balanced clustersin addition to increasing the balancing of the intra-distances of the clusters, which leads to energy conservation and prolonging network lifespan.
HEURISTIC BASED OPTIMAL PMU ROUTING IN KPTCL POWER GRIDIAEME Publication
Power system monitoring is an important process in an efficient smart grid. The control centers used in smart grid requires restructuring. State measurements rather than state estimationare pre-requisite for the modern control center. The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) measures the synchronized voltage and current parameters. Placement of minimum number of PMUs in a bus system such that the wholes system becomes observable is considered as Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem. In this paper, Hybrid Distance Optimization (HDO) algorithm is proposed to reduce the number of PMUs for complete observability along with the minimum length of fiber optic cable required for interconnecting the PMU nodes
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Evaluate the performance of K-Means and the fuzzy C-Means algorithms to forma...IJECEIAES
The clustering approach is considered as a vital method for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by organizing the sensor nodes into specific clusters. Consequently, saving the energy and prolonging network lifetime which is totally dependent on the sensors battery, that is considered as a major challenge in the WSNs. Classification algorithms such as K-means (KM) and Fuzzy C-means (FCM), which are two of the most used algorithms in literature for this purpose in WSNs. However, according to the nature of random nodes deployment manner, on certain occasions, this situation forces these algorithms to produce unbalanced clusters, which adversely affects the lifetime of the network. Based for our knowledge, there is no study has analyzed the performance of these algorithms in terms clusters construction in WSNs. In this study, we investigate in KM and FCM performance and which of them has better ability to construct balanced clusters, in order to enable the researchers to choose the appropriate algorithm for the purpose of improving network lifespan. In this study, we utilize new parameters to evaluate the performance of clusters formation in multi-scenarios. Simulation result shows that our FCM is more superior than KM by producing balanced clusters with the random distribution manner for sensor nodes.
Last mile mobile hybrid optical wireless access network routing enhancementjournalBEEI
This study focuses on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that support Internet routing protocol imposing stringent resource consumption constraints of Quality of service (QoS). The mobile Internet causes the ongoing issue of inefficient use of the MANET resources due to its random nature of wireless environments. In this paper, the new improved architecture of the last mile mobile hybrid optical-wireless access network (adLMMHOWAN) is proposed and designed to tackle the arised issues. The proposed design is based on a unified wireless-wired network solution required the deployment of MANET-based wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end and wavelengths division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON) at the optical backhaul. The critical performance metrics such as network capacity and energy consumption based on modified AODVUU routing protocol using OMNeT++ software is analyzed with 2 scenarios, namely the number of nodes and mobility speed. This mode of communication results in better QoS network capacity of 47.07% improvement, with 26.85% reduction of lower energy resource consumption for mobile wireless front-end over passive optical network backhaul architecture when compared with the existing work of oRiq scheme that focus on improvement in MANETs.
Frequency regulation service of multiple-areas vehicle to grid application in...IJECEIAES
Regarding a potential of electric vehicles, it has been widely discussed that the electric vehicle can be participated in electricity ancillary services. Among the ancillary service products, the system frequency regulation is often considered. However, the participation in this service has to be conformed to the hierarchical frequency control architecture. Therefore, the vehicle to grid (V2G) application in this article is proposed in the term of multiple-areas of operation. The multiple-areas in this article are concerned as parking areas, which the parking areas can be implied as a V2G operator. From that, V2G operator can obtain the control signal from hierarchical control architecture for power sharing purpose. A power sharing concept between areas is fulfilled by a proposed adaptive droop factor based on battery state of charge and available capacity of parking area. A nonlinear multiplier factor is used for the droop adaptation. An available capacity is also applied as a limitation for the V2G operation. The available capacity is analyzed through a stochastic character. As the V2G application has to be cooperated with the hierarchical control functions, i.e. primary control and secondary control, then the effect of V2G on hierarchical control functions is investigated and discussed.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Ant-colony and nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA systems: a reviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The increasing computational complexity in scheduling the large number of users for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system and future cellular networks lead to the need for scheduling models with relatively lower computational complexity such as heuristic models. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a concise study on ant-colony optimization (ACO) methods and potential nature-inspired heuristic models for NOMA implementation in future high-speed networks. The issues, challenges and future work of ACO and other related heuristic models in NOMA are concisely reviewed. The throughput result of the proposed ACO method is observed to be close to the maximum theoretical value and stands 44% higher than that of the existing method. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of ACO implementation for NOMA user scheduling and grouping.
A Proactive Greedy Routing Protocol Precludes Sink-Hole Formation in Wireless...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Throughput in cooperative wireless networksjournalBEEI
Cognitive radio networks emerge as a solution to fixed allocation issues and spectrum scarcity through the dynamic access to spectrum. In cognitive networks, users must make intelligent decisions based on spectrum variation and actions taken by other users. Under this dynamic, cooperative systems can significantly improve quality of service parameters. This article presents the comparative study of the multi-criteria decision-making algorithms SAW and FFAHP through four levels of cooperation (10%, 20%, 50%, 80% y 100%) established between secondary users. The results show the performance evaluation obtained through of simulations and experimental measurements. The analysis is carried out based on throughput, depending on the class of service and the type of traffic.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
GPS Enabled Energy Efficient Routing for ManetCSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an energy aware reactive approach by introducing energy and distance based threshold criteria. Cross Layer interaction is exploited the performance of physical layer which leads to significant improvement in the energy efficiency of a network.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DIRECTION BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WSNIAEME Publication
Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime
Capacity improvement of mimo ofdma system using adaptive resource allocation ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Improved fuzzy c-means algorithm based on a novel mechanism for the formation...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The clustering approach is considered as a vital method for many fields suchas machine learning, pattern recognition, image processing, information retrieval, data compression, computer graphics, and others.Similarly, it hasgreat significance in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by organizing thesensor nodes into specific clusters. Consequently, saving energy and prolonging network lifetime, which is totally dependent on the sensor’s battery, that is considered asa major challenge in the WSNs. Fuzzyc-means (FCM) is one of classification algorithm, which is widely used in literature for this purpose in WSNs. However, according to the nature of random nodes deployment manner, on certain occasions, this situation forces this algorithm to produce unbalanced clusters, which adversely affects the lifetime of the network.To overcome this problem, a new clustering method called FCM-CMhas been proposed by improving the FCM algorithm to form balanced clustersfor random nodes deployment. The improvement is conductedby integrating the FCM with a centralized mechanism(CM).The proposed method will be evaluated based on four new parameters. Simulation result shows that our proposed algorithm is more superior to FCM by producing balanced clustersin addition to increasing the balancing of the intra-distances of the clusters, which leads to energy conservation and prolonging network lifespan.
New weight function for adapting handover margin level over contiguous carrie...
Similar to Generalized optimal placement of PMUs considering power system observability, communication infrastructure, and quality of service requirements
HEURISTIC BASED OPTIMAL PMU ROUTING IN KPTCL POWER GRIDIAEME Publication
Power system monitoring is an important process in an efficient smart grid. The control centers used in smart grid requires restructuring. State measurements rather than state estimationare pre-requisite for the modern control center. The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) measures the synchronized voltage and current parameters. Placement of minimum number of PMUs in a bus system such that the wholes system becomes observable is considered as Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem. In this paper, Hybrid Distance Optimization (HDO) algorithm is proposed to reduce the number of PMUs for complete observability along with the minimum length of fiber optic cable required for interconnecting the PMU nodes
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
IEC 61850-9-2 based module for state estimation in co-simulated power grids IJECEIAES
This paper presents a research context on the virtualization of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and real-time power grids simulation with state estimation. In this research, real-time simulation is introduced to use powerful features for validating state estimation solutions with PMUs. Virtual and online measurement equipment are reviewed in this manuscript to develop an innovative integration of the OpenPMU incorporated with a real-time simulation power grid and additional virtualized PMUs. The implementation of the platform has useful features within the infrastructure that allows the user to reproduce a detailed modeled power grid with simulation software. The use of real-time simulation tools brings several possibilities for improving testing and prototype assessment with higher precision in different applications. In this case, 2 tests power systems are evaluated by realistic integration of IEC61850-9-2 data utilization to observe the performance of a customized state estimation approach. The study implements a versatile methodology for commissioning OpenPMU devices, interacting simultaneously with additional virtual PMUs within the same simulation through sampled values (SV) to validate the measurement frames and assess the estimation with the generated data. Finally, the proposed work identifies the potential of virtualizing PMUs and the features of the OpenPMU applied to state estimation in conjunction with real-time simulation data
Remote reading of electricity meters using PLCjournalBEEI
The telecommunications platforms of the electricity industry, including optical fiber, wireless, radio and microwave, despite providing sufficient bandwidth to transmit power market data, have limitations and disadvantages that are particularly apparent in remote suburban areas. PLC technology provides such facilities relatively. So this paper aim is providing practical solutions for the transmission of electricity market meters data through this type of PLC. This paper examines how to transfer the data from the electricity market to the central server using a PLC telecommunications platform and a practical example at 132 kV. In this case, the appropriate option is PLC. In this paper, it has been shown that there is the possibility of sending market data onto the PLC platform in transient and over- voltage transmission lines, which so far seemed to be impractical. With the comprehensive implementation of this work in the country's electricity industry, especially regional electricity, a major step will be taken to create a smart grid for meter readings. Due to the successful outcome of the experiment, it is possible to easily connect the PLC, the availability of this platform in many posts, a large and new smart grid for reading electricity meter readings.
Channel Estimation in MIMO OFDM Systems with Tapped Delay Line ModelIJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the user demands fornew-generation communication systems, is making the wireless channel more complex and challenging for estimation, developing a simulation model for the channel,and evaluating the performance of different MIMO systems. In this work, a simulation model for multipath fading channels in wireless communication is performed. The model includes a selection of typical Tapped-Delay-Line channel models that can be implemented to reproduce the effects of representative channel distortion and interference. Based on the simulation results, the proposed method exhibits accurate channel estimation performance for frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed work employed LS, MMSE, and ML methods for channel estimation, using 16 and 32 pilots and fixed pilot locations in each frame. Results are obtained for 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 16x8, and 16x4 MIMO systems and tapped delay line systems.
Channel Estimation in MIMO OFDM Systems with Tapped Delay Line ModelIJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the user demands fornew-generation communication systems, is making the wireless channel more complex and challenging for estimation, developing a simulation model for the channel,and evaluating the performance of different MIMO systems. In this work, a simulation model for multipath fading channels in wireless communication is performed. The model includes a selection of typical Tapped-Delay-Line channel models that can be implemented to reproduce the effects of representative channel distortion and interference. Based on the simulation results, the proposed method exhibits accurate channel estimation performance for frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed work employed LS, MMSE, and ML methods for channel estimation, using 16 and 32 pilots and fixed pilot locations in each frame. Results are obtained for 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 16x8, and 16x4 MIMO systems and tapped delay line systems.
An Energy Efficient Mobile Sink Based Mechanism for WSNs.pdfMohammad Siraj
Network lifetime and energy efficiency are crucial performance metrics used to evaluate
wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Decreasing and balancing the energy consumption of nodes can be
employed to increase network lifetime. In cluster-based WSNs, one objective of applying clustering
is to decrease the energy consumption of the network. In fact, the clustering technique will be
considered effective if the energy consumed by sensor nodes decreases after applying clustering,
however, this aim will not be achieved if the cluster size is not properly chosen. Therefore, in this
paper, the energy consumption of nodes, before clustering, is considered to determine the optimal
cluster size. A two-stage Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to determine the optimal interval of
cluster size and derive the exact value from the interval. Furthermore, the energy hole is an inherent
problem which leads to a remarkable decrease in the network’s lifespan. This problem stems from
the asynchronous energy depletion of nodes located in different layers of the network.
Novel framework of retaining maximum data quality and energy efficiency in re...IJECEIAES
There are various unseen and unpredictable networking states in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that adversely affect the aggregated data quality. After reviewing the existing approaches of data quality in WSN, it was found that the solutions are quite symptomatic and they are applicable only in a static environment; however their successful applicability on dynamic and upcoming reconfigurable network is still a big question. Moreover, data quality directly affects energy conservation among the nodes. Therefore, the proposed system introduces a simple and novel framework that jointly addresses the data quality and energy efficiency using probability-based design approach. Using a simplified analytical methodology, the proposed system offers solution in the form of selection transmission of an aggergated data on the basis of message priority in order to offer higher data utilization factor. The study outcome shows proposed system offers a good balance between data quality and energy efficiency in contrast to existing system.
DYNAMIC CURATIVE MECHANISM FOR GEOGRAPHIC ROUTING IN WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENS...csandit
Maintaining network stability and extending network lifetime to cope with breaking links and topology changes remain nowadays a unsolved issues in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), which aim to ensure flow delivery while guaranteeing QoS requirements, particularly, during data transmission phase. Therefore, in this paper, we jointly consider multipath transmission, load balancing and fault tolerance, to enhance the reliability of transmitted data. We propose a Dynamic Curative Mechanism for Geographic Routing in WMSNs. Theoricals results and those obtained from simulation study demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our proposed mechanism, and indicate that it is highly advised for multimedia transmission and network stability
Routing Optimization with Load Balancing: an Energy Efficient ApproachEswar Publications
The area of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is covered with considerable range of problems, where majority of research attempts were carried out to enhance the network lifetime of WSN. But very few of the studies have proved successful. This manuscript discusses about a structure for optimizing routing and load balancing that uses standard radio and energy model to perform energy optimization by introducing a novel routing agent. The routing agent is built within aggregator node and base station to perform self motivated reconfiguration in case of energy depletion. Compared with standard LEACH algorithm, the proposed technique has better energy efficiency within optimal data aggregation duration.
AN OPTIMIZED WEIGHT BASED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENS...cscpconf
The last few years have seen an increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields like disastermanagementbattle field surveillance, and border security surveillance. In such applications, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed, which are often unattended and work autonomously. The process of dividing the network into interconnected substructures is called clustering and the interconnected substructures are called clusters. The cluster head (CH) of each cluster act as a coordinator within the substructure. Each CH acts as a temporary base station within its zone or cluster. It also communicates with other CHs. Clustering is a key technique used to extend the lifetime of a sensor network by reducing energy consumption. It can also increase network scalability. Researchers in all fields of wireless sensor network believe that nodes are homogeneous, but
some nodes may be of different characteristics to prolong the lifetime of a WSN and its reliability. We have proposed an algorithm for better cluster head selection based on weights for different parameter that influence on energy consumption which includes distance from base station as a new parameter to reduce number of transmissions and reduce energy consumption by sensor nodes. Finally proposed algorithm compared with the WCA, IWCA algorithm in terms of number of clusters and energy consumption.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Investigation of Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Efficient Energy Utili...IJCNCJournal
Maintaining the energy conservation is considered as an important approach to increase the lifetime of WSN. In fact, an energy reduction mechanism is considered as the main concept to enhance the lifespan of the network. In this paper, the performance analysis/evaluation of optimization technique, specifically, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and modified ACO (m-ACO) in the routing method are investigated. This network analysis is done by 100 iterations and differentiated with 50, 75 and 100 numbers of nodes. Finally, experimental results illustrate that the performance of m-ACO algorithm obtained the obvious performance, which is comparatively better than ACO algorithm, because it improves the routing efficiency by pheromone evaporation control and energy threshold value. It demonstrates that m-ACO algorithm gives better results than ACO in terms of throughput (1.41%), transmission delay (1.43%), packet delivery ratio (1.41%), energy consumption (2.05%), and the packet loss (9.70%). The convergence rate is analysed for ACO and m-ACO algorithms with respect to 100 number of iterations for WSNs.
Investigation of Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Efficient Energy Utili...IJCNCJournal
Maintaining the energy conservation is considered as an important approach to increase the lifetime of WSN. In fact, an energy reduction mechanism is considered asthe main concept to enhance the lifespan of the network. In this paper, the performance analysis/evaluation of optimization technique, specifically, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and modified ACO (m-ACO) in the routing method are investigated. This network analysis is done by 100 iterations and differentiated with 50, 75 and 100 numbers of nodes. Finally, experimental results illustrate that the performance of m-ACO algorithm obtained the obvious performance,which is comparatively better than ACO algorithm, because it improves the routing efficiency by pheromone evaporation control and energy threshold value. It demonstrates that m-ACO algorithm gives better results than ACO in terms of throughput (1.41%), transmission delay (1.43%), packet delivery ratio (1.41%), energy consumption (2.05%), and the packet loss (9.70%). The convergence rate is analysed for ACO and m-ACO algorithms with respect to 100 number of iterations for WSNs.
Integrated approach for efficient power consumption and resource allocation i...IJECEIAES
The growing interest towards wireless communication advancement with smart devices has provided the desired throughput of wireless communication mechanisms. But, attaining high-speed data packets amenities is the biggest issue in different multimedia applications. Recently, OFDM has come up with the useful features for wireless communication however it faces interference issues at carrier level (intercarrier interferences). To resolve these interference issues in OFDM, various existing mechanisms were utilized cyclic prefix, but it leads to redundancy in transmitted data. Also, the transmission of this redundant data can take some more power and bandwidth. All these limitations factors can be removed from a parallel cancellation mechanism. The integration of parallel cancellation and Convolution Viterbi encoding and decoding in MIMOOFDMA will be an effective solution to have high data rate which also associations with the benefits of both the architectures of MIMO and OFDMA modulation approaches. This paper deals with this integrated mechanism for efficient resource allocation and power consumption. For performance analysis, MIMO-OFDMA system is analyzed with three different approaches likeMIMO-OFDM system without parallel cancellation (MIMO-OFDMA-WPC), MIMO-OFDMA System with parallel cancellation (MIMO-OFDMA-PC) and proposed IMO-OFDMA system with parallel cancellation and Convolution Viterbi encoding/decoding (pMIMO-OFDMAPC &CVed) for 4x4 transmitter and receiver. Through performance analysis, it is found that the proposed system achieved better resource allocation (bandwidth) with high data rate by minimized BER rate and achieved least power consumption with least BER.
Similar to Generalized optimal placement of PMUs considering power system observability, communication infrastructure, and quality of service requirements (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Generalized optimal placement of PMUs considering power system observability … (M. M. H. Elroby)
2825
medium should satisfy the purpose of high bandwidth data and other requirement of Quality of Service
(QoS). However, high per unit cost and challenges related to its communication system have made its judicial
placement in an electric grid significant [4]. The data generated by PMUs needs a reliable and stable
communication network. The OPGW is selected to be the media of the case study based on the high channel
capacity, low latency time, and immunity to electromagnetic interference [5-8]. With limited annual
investments, it would be desirable to add a limited number of PMUs until a final goal is achieved. Initially,
there will not be enough PMUs to have a linear estimator. The attempt is to place the PMUs so that at each
stage the selection satisfies some design criteria [9]. In order to obtain a sufficient amount of observability of
a power system PMUs, installation sites are dispersed over a wide area. In recent years, many investigators
presented different methods for finding the minimum number and optimal placement of PMUs with different
degree of observability [10]. The actual subproblem is the issue of sequentially adding PMUs to a system
starting with a low degree of observability and ending with complete observability with redundancy.
Generally, observability analysis can be done using either a numerical approach or a topological
approach [11]. In numerical observability analysis, for specific application, a network is observable if - and
only if - its measurement gain matrix is of full column rank [12]. In this approach the observability usually is
derived from Energy Management System (EMS) applications [13, 14]. However, for a large-scale system,
the computational burden of this approach is heavy, and it sucks in the identification of the real zero diagonal
elements of the matrix due to the possible errors in rounding numbers. Most papers, as a result, have gone
through using the topological approaches to verify the system full observability [15]. On the other hand,
the topological observability approach determines network observability strictly based on the type and
location of measurements in the entire system. The topological observability analysis uses graph concepts.
The network is observable topologically if - and only if - a spanning tree can be found in the graph. Readers
may refer to [10, 16, 17] for more details about topological observability analysis. Since in the power
systems, measuring and its application lie within the power system studies, power system engineers mainly
focus on these observability problems in their researches. On the other hand, in some researches,
telecommunication engineers have paid more attention to communication systems. As a result,
few researches have considered the whole domains of the observability and CI comprehensively [18].
A number of limitations while designing a communication system gives rise to need for an optimal solution
that takes into account the QoS requirements such as reliability, data loads, latency time, and congestion of
the communication network [19]. Many researchers considered the PMUs optimization problem as
a minimization of the PMUs number. The mainly used optimization techniques are conventional such as
linear integer programing [15, 20–23] or meta-heuristic such as Genetic Algorithms (GA) [24, 25], simulated
annealing [4, 11, 26], tabu search [27], and binary particle swarm optimization [28]. In [14], the author
assumed a pre-known installed communication infrastructure for the system and assigned a penalty factor for
the case when a PMU is placed at a bus lacking CI. In other words, in this approach, communication
infrastructure is also considered as a constraint. In [18], the measurement and communication infrastructures
were optimally designed using the GA. They formulated and optimized this problem with a GA model in
both simultaneous and independent approaches. The results indicate that while the total number of
measurement devices for system observability may increase (and therefore, the observability is improved),
the total cost is reduced. However, they did not introduce any specific method to evaluate the location of
the CCBS. In addition, the meter placement has been carried out only for PMUs as measurement devices.
Also, the authors considered that the cost of the network depends on the accumulative length of the OPGW
only, and did not consider the allocation of the link capacity. Moreover, the authors did not take into
account the quality of service such as latency time of the communication network, reliability, and the degree
of the observability. Therefore, in the proposed approaches, the power system observability, CI requirements,
system reliability, and the latency time are considered in the objective functions. We take into account
the predesign requirements such as predefined locations of some PMUs and any existing CDs in some buses
and CCBS location. For this study, two different approaches are used. The first approach uses BPSOGSA to
search the best location of the PMUs and the channel capacity of the Communication Links (CLs) while
the connection topology is done using MST algorithm. The second approach uses BPSOGSA to search
the best location of the PMUs, the channel capacity of CLs, and the connection topology.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the observability constraint.
Section 3 introduce BPSOGSA. Section 4 describe Minimum Spanning Tree. Section 5 presents the quality
of service. Section 6 presents the total cost calculation. Section 7 presents problem formulation and
implementation, also this section discuss the systems variables and cost factors. Section 8 discuss the two
approaches results. Finally, conclusions are extracted in Section 9.
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020 : 2824 - 2841
2826
2. OBSERVABILITY CONSTRAINT
In general, given a PMU with unlimited number of channels at a bus, bus voltage phasor and all
current phasors along lines connected to that bus will be available. As shown in (1) presents observability
constraint in general form as introduced in [10, 16] for complete observability with a required degree of
redundancy (Without Conventional Measurements - With Conventional Measurements), one depth of
unobservability (Without Zero Injection Measurement - With Zero Injection Measurements)and,two depth of
unobservability (Without Zero Injection Measurement - With Zero Injection Measurement ).
Observability constraint: TX ≥ B (1)
T and B are a matrix and vector depend on each case [10, 16].
X is the PMUs placement variables X = [x1 x2 … xn],
xi = {
1 if PMU at bus i,
0 if No PMU at bus i,
The minimum number of PMUs (PMUSmin) can be formulated as a problem of Integer Linear
Programming [29] as shown in the following equation.
PMUSmin = {
min ∑ xk
N
k=1
Subject to: Observability constraint
(2)
where
N is the number of buses
3. BINARY OPTIMIZATION USING HYBRID PSO AND GSA
The PSOGSA is a hybrid optimization algorithm, combining strengths of both PSO and GSA.
This algorithm performs both PSO and GSA in terms of improved exploration and exploitation [30].
This technique has the nature of meta-heuristic optimization techniques. One of the main advantage of these
techniques is that they do not need a function formulation, but rather need a fitness function only or any other
way for distinguishing the results. As a result, the black box problem can be solved using these techniques.
The BPSOGSA algorithm is a binary version of hybrid PSOGSA. Readers may refer to [31] for more
detailsabout this algorithm. For the above-mentioned reasons, this version will be used in this study.
4. MINIMUM SPANNING TREE
The vertices (nodes) of the CI in a power grid correspond to PMUs, CDs, and CCBS, while
the edges correspond to high-voltage lines [32] or a new data transmission paths. Dijkstra's algorithm,
conceived by Dutch computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra in 1959 [33] is a graph search algorithm that solves
the shortest path problem for a graph with nonnegative edge [34]. The Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to search
the short path in the MST algorithm. The complete pseudocode for MST algorithm is shown in Figure 1 Step
3 in this algorithm could be modified to start with a highest short path and end with the lowest short path.
This modification is preferable when small propagation time delay is required, where this modification
shrinks the network and reduces the maximum propagation time delay of the farthest site. In step 4, the node
is connected with tree through switch.
Figure 1. MST Pseudocode
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Generalized optimal placement of PMUs considering power system observability … (M. M. H. Elroby)
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5. QUALITY OF SERVICE
The Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) is a distributed communication network. The QoS in
the WAMS depends on the latency time, data losses and reliability of the system. The latency time
performance is very important especially in protection and dynamic control applications [35]. The tree
network is a common methodology in order to design the networks [36, 37]. The network architecture
consists of several PMUs, CDs, and Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) as shown in Figure 2. PDC collects
the data generated by these PMUs over a shared communication network. Additionally, it performs quality
checks on phasor data and interprets and inserts the missing data at their appropriate position [38, 39].
Typically, many PMUs located at various substations gather data and send it in real time to a PDC.
Many PDCs can be connected to a common central PDC, in order to provide an interconnection wide
snapshot of the power grid measurements. In large systems, they may contain more than one PDC, where
each PDC is placed in a subarea. For simplicity in this study, the power system is assumed as one area, and
only one PDC is used in the control center. The measurements are made at specific time instances and
physical distant locations. They are then transmitted to a common location for use by wide area applications.
The latency time experienced by data between PMU and the destination node (CCBS) is
a combination of PMU reporting delay, the network propagation delays, queuing, routing delays, and PDCs
delay [40]. A representative latency time of the data network is shown in Figure 3. PMU reporting delay
𝑡 𝑝𝑚𝑢 is defined as the maximum time interval between the data report time as indicated by the data
timestamp, and the time when the data becomes available at the PMU output. This delay includes many
factors, such as the window over which data is gathered to make a measurement, measurement filtering, and
the PMU processing time. PDC delay 𝑡 𝑝𝑑𝑐 is defined as the maximum time interval between
the data input time as indicated by the data timestamp, and the time when the data becomes available at
the PDC output. This delay includes many factors such as processing, and alignment received data from
PMUs/PDCs. The PDC aligns received data and places that data in a packet. In addition, the PDC data
processing may include filtering, reporting rate conversion, interpolation, extrapolation, phase and magnitude
adjustment, etc. Most of the time the data frame is transmitted continuously from the PMU or PDC at
the designated reporting rate.
Figure 2. CDs and PMUs network
Figure 3. Latency time
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Queuing and transitions delays (𝑇𝑞𝑢) are caused by the amount of data that has to be transported
across the medium and the data rate of the medium. Considering an M/M/1 model, 𝑇𝑞𝑢 can be expressed as
follows [41]:
Tqu =
𝜇
𝐶 𝑙 −𝑓 𝑙
(3)
C𝑙 > f𝑙
where μ is the average packet length in bits, 𝐶𝑙 and 𝑓𝑙, respectively, represent the capacity and the flow of
the link l in bps.
The propagation delay (𝑡 𝑝) is dependent on the medium and thus is a function of both the medium
and the physical distance separating the individual components of WAMS. In the fiber optic, the propagation
delay can be considered as in the following equation [42].
tp =
NL
S
(4)
where
S is the speed of the light in a vacuum.
L is the length of the communication link
N is the group index of the material≈1.5
Consider the network is connected using backbone switches. We can conclude the above-mentioned
facts and summarize the total communication latency time as in the following equation:
T = tpmu + ∑ tpi
𝑙n
i=1 + ∑ tqu i
SWn
i=1 + tpdcpdc (5)
where
T is the total latency,
𝑙 𝑛 is the number of links between PMU and CCBS
SWn is the number of switches between PMU and CCBS
tpdc is PDC delay
Based on the typical values shown in Table C.2 in [43], and with assuming PDC uses direct forward
mode tpdc ≈ 2ms, and tpmu ≈ 25ms. The (5) will be as follows:
T ≈ 25 + ∑ tpi
𝑙n
i=1 + ∑ tqu
SWn
i=1 + 2 (6)
Queuing packet losses mostly occur because of the finite queue capacity of packet switching
networks. To compute the average loss rate at each switch, each node is modeled with the M/M/1/k queuing
system. On the topic of [44], the total number of packet losses is estimated as a function of the link flow and
the capacity of buffers and links. The form of average packet loss will be:
Average packet loss =
1
∑ hdd
∑
1−ρe
1−ρe
be+1e ρe
be
(7)
where
ρe =
fe
ye
hd = Traffic volume for all PMUs and CDs
be = Buffer capacity of link e ,
ye = Capacity of link e ,
fe = Traffic flow of link e.
For a system, which contains 500 PMUs and 500 CDs with each data flow 128 kbps and 500 links
with flow link ratio 𝜌 𝑒 equal to 0.8, if we use a buffer memory equal to one mega, average packet loss ≈ 0.
Therefore, the buffer memory can be assumed with enough value and the cost of this memory relative to
other component in CI can be neglected. This leads to reducing variables in the optimization problem and
reducing the run time.
The reliability of the WAMS depend on the reliability of media channel and nodes elements. Based
on the concept in [45] we can describe the relation which assess the reliability of connection between any
Required-node (Rnode) and CCBS as follows:
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RS = ∏ Ris (8)
Rp = 1– ∏ [1 – Ri ]p (9)
where
Rs=series element reliability,
Rp=parallel element reliability,
s = Number of series elements in a path
p = Number of parallel elements in a paths.
For each bus reliability calculation, there are two cases: Case1) Complete observability without
redundancy. In this case, there is only one path. If the PMU is located at Rnode the series components are
only communication components (i.e. switches, communication links (cl), and PDCs) as shown in
Figure 4(a). If the PMU is located at Neighbor-node (Nnode), the series components are communication
components plus the transmission line (T.L.) as shown in Figure 4(b) (Case2) Complete observability with
redundancy. In this case, there are series path and parallel paths as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 (for two
degree of redundancy). If the PMUs are located at Rnode, the path contain Rnode has only communication
components and the other paths have communication components plus T.Ls. If the PMUs are located at
Nnodes, all paths contain communication components plus T.Ls.
Figure 4. Complete observability
Figure 5. Redundancy with PMU at Rnode and Nnode
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Figure 6. Redundancy with PMUs at Nnodes
In this study, the reliability of each switch is assumed as 0.99 and the reliability of OPGW and
transmission lines is calculated as follows:
Reliabilitycl or T.L. = RL/BL
(10)
where
L is the length per km of the OPGW link or transmission line
BL is the base length
R is the reliability of the base length
In this study, the base length and the reliability of the base length is assumed 20 km, and 0.99 respectively
6. COST CALCULATION
The WAMS cost depends on CI cost, PMUs cost, and CCBs cost. The cost of a CI is mainly
composed of two major costs including the cost of passive components and the cost of active devices. In fiber
optic networks, the price of passive components mainly depends on OPGW length and capacity. On the other
hand, the cost of active devices mainly depends on the number of switches, which are installed at backbone
nodes [46]. As a result, the cost of CI correspond directly to the number of switches, and data transmission
medium (i.e. OPGW) price and installation cost as in the following equation
CostCI = ∑ Li
𝑙
i=1 di + ∑ SWci
SWn
i=1 (11)
where
𝑙=number of the links
Li = Lcrpi
+ Lini
𝐿 𝑐𝑟𝑝=link capacity rate price factor (Depend on the link capacity)
𝐿𝑖𝑛=link installation cost factor
𝑑𝑖=length of the link
SWc i ≈ switch crpi
+ switch ini
switch crp=switch capacity rate price factor
switch in=switch installation cost
Subscript i indicate link or node i
Actually, however, the model should be such that the price of channel capacity can take only
discrete values. In addition to the CI cost, there are the cost of PMUs, which equal to the total price of
the PMUs and its installation cost.
CostPMUs = ∑pmu
i=1 pmuci (12)
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where
pmu=number of the PMUs
pmuci = PMUpchni
+ PMUini
PMUpchni
= PMU price factor (depend on the number of channal of the PMU)
PMUini
= PMU installation cost (depend on site location)
In the case of adding new data transmission paths between buses, the economic study has considered
the establishment of new towers; the cost of the total new towers will depend on the link length. The total
link cost can be calculated as follows:
cdi = (Lavcrp + Lini
)di + tc = Lavi di + αidi = Lavidvi (13)
dvi =
di(Lavi+α)
Lavi
= di (1 +
αi
Lavi
) = di(1 + β) (14)
where
𝑐𝑑𝑖=cost for direct link i
Lavcrp=Capacity rate price factor of the new data transmission paths
𝐿𝑖𝑛 =link installation cost factor
𝑡𝑐=towers cost=𝛼𝑑𝑖
α=tower cost factor
𝐿 𝑎𝑣𝑖 = 𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑐𝑟𝑝 + 𝐿𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑑𝑖=actual distance for link i
𝑑 𝑣𝑖= virtual direct distance for link i
β=direct connection factor
The minimum number of the PMUs required could be calculated using (2). In addition, the number
of CDs (Ncds) are known, so that the capacity of the new data transmission line Cav) could be approximated
as follows:
Cav ≈ (
PMUSmin
2
) PMUdata flow + (
Ncds
2
) CDdata flow (15)
where
PMUdataflow is rate of the pmu data flow (kbps)
CDdataflow is rate of the CD data flow (kbps)
For each existing economic study between two buses, calculate virtual distance from (14) for all
possible new data transmission paths. After calculating virtual distance there are two-distance matrices:
distance matrix corresponding to transmission lines distance matrix (𝐷 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) and distance matrix from
virtual calculating (𝐷𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙). Merge the two matrixes in one matrix 𝐷 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 as follows:
- For direct connected buses, compare the link distance in Dpower with 𝐷𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 and take the 𝑑 𝑣𝑖 as link
distance if it is less than 𝑑𝑖 in Dpower. 𝑑 𝑣𝑖
- For not direct connected buses, take the virtual length as link distance.
- Then modify (11) as follows:
CostCI = ∑ Li
𝑙𝑝
i=1 di + ∑ (Li
𝑙
i=𝑙𝑝+1 di + α di) + ∑ SWci
SWn
i=1 (16)
where
from 1 to lp are the links from power system network
from 𝑙 𝑝+1 to 𝑙 are the links from new added paths
Finally, the total cost will be as following
Total Cost = CostCI + CostPMUs + CostCCBi (17)
where
CostCCBi is the cost of CCBS (Include CCBS site and PDC cost)
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7. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
The PMUs optimal placement problem can be considered as nondeterministic polynomial complete
problem [47]. For a system with N buses, the search space is 2 𝑁
without considering CI topology, channel
capacity allocation, and number of PMU channels. Therefore, the PMUs optimal problem is considered as
a combinatorial optimization problem [48]. Meta heuristic algorithm population based methods, such as
BPSOGSA, are candidate for solving such problems. In the following, two approaches are presented to
minimize the total cost with considering the observability and CI. In these approaches, the optimization
problem is defined as follows:
Prob. ∶
{
Min: (Total Cost = CostCI + CostPMUs + +CostCCBi)
variable:PMUs locations, the network
topolgy, link capcity, and buffer memory
Subject to:
{
i) Observability constraint
ii) Connection constraint (
All PMUs, CDs, and
CCB are connected
)
iii) Latency time constraint
V) Reliability constraint
(18)
The following considerations are made in these approaches:
- Some CDs are existed, and will be connected with the communication network.
- Two Cases are considered for location of the CCBS; predefined and free selected.
- Some PMUs locations are predefined and included in the cost calculation.
- Conventional measurements and ZIB with a required degree of observability and required redundancy are
considered in the observability constraint such as in Section 2
- The buffer to store the packet in the switching node has a fixed enough value and not considered in
the optimization problem.
- Based on fairness grade of service, the link capacity is allocated to minimize the maximum latency time.
The maximum Latency time for any PMU(𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐪) is less than 0.04 Sec.
- PMU and CD dataflow are assumed 128 kbps.
- The reliability of the observability for any node (rreq) is greater than 0.8
In the following sections, the IEEE 14 and IEEE 118 systems with given data in below is
investigated for full observability condition using PC with Intel Core i5-430M @ 2.27 GHz and Matlab 2016.
In addition, the results of these approaches are compared with the method, which was presented in [18] with
fixed channel capacity (ten times actual data flow) and without adding new data transmission paths. Distance
matrix of each IEEE test network, we have assumed that all transmission lines have the same conductors.
Thus, the relative distances between system buses can be extracted from system admittance matrix.
In addition, the distances of the new data transmission paths are assumed as listed in Table 1 and Table 2 for
IEEE 118 bus and for IEEE 14 bus. Table 3 and Table 4 show CCBS per unit cost at each bus for IEEE 14
bus and IEEE 118 bus systems respectively. Table 5 shows the rate of the data flow for PMU and CD.
Table 6 presents cost factors values, which are used to calculate the total cost.
Table 1. distances of the new data transmission paths for IEEE 118 bus
Bus To Bus Distance (k M)
24 17 16
24 31 24
24 39 32
24 49 28
24 96 20
5 27 33
37 47 16
32 43 18
45 80 31
Table 2. distances of the new data transmission paths for IEEE 14 bus
Bus To Bus Distance (k M)
5 10 28.5 2
6 10 23.2
4 14 26.2
7 14 20.2
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Table 3. CCBS per unit cost for IEEE 14 bus
Bus No. CCBS cost Bus No. CCBS cost
1 2 8 2.6
2 2.2 9 2.6
3 2.3 10 2
4 2 11 2.7
5 2.4 12 2.1
6 2.1 13 2.3
7 2.5 14 2.4
Table 4. CCBS per unit cost for IEEE 118 bus
Bus No. CCBS Cost Bus No. CCBS Cost Bus No. CCBS Cost Bus No. CCBS Cost
1 3.719 60 3.3434 31 3.1984 91 2.9697
2 2.3641 61 1533 32 2.9213 92 3.3111
3 1.9626 62 2.2164 33 3.9567 93 2.1998
4 2.2863 63 2.9469 34 2.542 94 2.6452
5 3.4149 64 3.2891 35 2.542 94 2.6452
6 1.7678 65 3.8697 36 3.1778 95 2.5281
7 3.5341 66 3.0082 37 3.1812 96 3.0965
8 3.8472 67 2.6127 38 2.485 97 3.422
9 1.9138 68 2.9791 39 3.3338 98 3.1374
10 2.0987 69 3.4924 40 2.1127 99 1.7917
11 2.7317 70 3.1871 41 2.2335 100 3.8055
12 2.0737 71 1.524 42 2.4873 101 2.228
13 3.681 72 3.331 43 2.1265 102 2.9907
14 3.6215 73 3.2627 44 2.5577 103 3.0714
15 1.659 74 1.8533 45 2.5245 104 2.1432
16 2.1787 75 3.3286 46 2.8445 105 3.3132
17 3.7605 76 2.3377 47 3.1605 106 3.9032
18 2.5059 78 3.4523 48 3.9543 107 3.3752
19 2.2869 79 1.5871 49 1.9412 108 2.8049
20 3.1107 80 3.9971 50 3.2633 109 1.9165
Table 5. Flow data
PMU and CD data flow 128 kbps
PMU and CD frame length 1 Kb
Table 6. Cost factors values
Factor Rate value Cost Per unit cost
𝐿 𝑐𝑟𝑝 ( IEEE 14 bus) 0.3 Mbit/s
0.7 Mbit/s
1.3 Mbit/s
2.7 Mbit/s
6 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s
14 $/km
40 $/km
60 $/km
100 $/km
200 $/km
50000 $/km
0.00014
0.0004
0.0006
0.001
0.002
0.5
𝐿 𝑐𝑟𝑝 ( IEEE 118 bus) 0.3 Mbit/s
1.3 Mbit/s
6 Mbit/s
12 Mbit/s
24 Mbit/s
48 Mbit/s
96 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
1200 Mbit/s
14 $/km
60 $/km
200 $/km
400 $/km
800 $/km
1600 $/km
3200 $/km
18000 $/km
36000 $/km
0.00014
0.0006
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.016
0.032
0.18
0.36
switch 𝑐𝑟𝑝 ( IEEE 14 bus) 100 Mbit/s
250 Mbit/s
500 Mbit/s
10,000 $/node
20,000 $/node
40,000 $/node
0.1
0.2
0.4
switch 𝑐𝑟𝑝 ( IEEE 118 bus) 100 Mbit/s
250 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
1200 Mbit/s
10,000 $/node
20,000 $/node
40,000 $/node
80,000 $/node
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.8
𝑃𝑀𝑈𝑐ℎ𝑝 2 channel
4 channel
6 channel
8 channel
10 channel
12 channel
14 channel
20,000 $/node
50,000 $/node
60,000 $/node
70,000 $/node
80,000 $/node
90,000 $/node
100,000[1*] $/node
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
𝑃𝑀𝑈𝑖𝑛 20000 $/node 0.2
α (tower cost) 1000 $/km 0.01[2*]
𝐿𝑖𝑛 1000 $/km 0.01[2*]
switch 𝑖𝑛 100 $/node 0.001[3*]
[1*] This value is used as base for the per unit cost
[2*] This value is used for all links unless otherwise stated
[3*] This value is used for all nodes unless otherwise stated
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7.1. Using BPSOGSA Combined with MST
In this approach, the optimization is divided into three loops as shown in Figure 7. The first loop,
the main loop, the BPSOGSA in Section 3 is tseb uh secrao uoe desu location of the CCBS and PMUs that
achieve the observability constraint as shown in Section 2. If the observability condition is not met, the inner
loops are not required. Therefore, the following equation is used as the cost function in the outer loop.
Total Cost = C1 + OBS_Penalty (19)
where
OBSPenalty = C2 ∗ ineqdsum
𝐶1, 𝐶2 are constants with large value
ineqdsum = summation of all postive elements in OBSd vector
OBSd = observability right hand side − observability left hand side
Based on Dmerged, the MST or MMST in Section 4 to connect all PMUs, CDs, and CCBS is used in
the second loop. The third loop, BPSOGSA is used to allocate the links capacity of the connected network.
Cost of the connected network according to (17 This loop return the total) with considering the (20) and (21)
as a weighted penalty.
max (Tpmu) < treq (20)
min (RNode) < rreq (21)
where
Tpmu is a vector of latency time for all PMUs according to (6)
RNode is a vector of latency time for all nodes according to (9), (10).
Figure 7. Flow chart of BPSOGSA and MST
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7.1.1. IEEE 14 bus Case study
a. Free selection of the CCBS
Table 7 lists the predefined locations of the PMUs and CDs. In addition, Table 8 shows the results
of the proposed approach, and the network topology is shown in Figure 8. The results of the used method
in [18] for this case are: cost= 33.048 per unit, maximum latency 0.027844 Sec., and minimum
reliability =0.87146.
b. Predefined selection of the CCBS (CCBS=14)
Table 9 lists the Predefined locations of the PMUs, CDs, and CCBS. In addition, Table 10 shows
the results of the proposed approach, and the network topology is shown in Figure 9. The results of the used
method in [18] for this case are: cost= 47.561 per unit, maximum latency 0.02826 Sec., and minimum
reliability =0.83678.
Table 7. Predefined locations
PMUs locations 2,8
CDs locations 3,10
Table 8. Results of the proposed approach
CCBS location 10
All PMUs locations 2, 6, 8, 9
Total cost (per unit) 9.212
Maximum latency time (Sec) 0.028169
Minimum reliability 0.90821
Runtime (minute) 40
Figure 8. Network topology (14 bus free selection case)
Table 9. Predefined locations
PMUs locations 2,8
CDs locations 3,10
CCBS location 14
Table 10. Results of the proposed approach
All PMUs locations 2 ,6 ,8, 9
Total cost (per unit) 10.228
Maximum latency time (Sec) 0.02894
Minimum reliability 0.88665
Runtime (minute) 35
Figure 9. Network topology (14 bus predefined selection case)
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7.1.2. IEEE 118 bus Case study (Free selection of the CCB)
The Predefined locations of the PMUs, CDs, and the results of the proposed approach are listed in
Table 11. In addition, the network topology is shown in Figure 10. The results of the used method in [18] for
this case are: cost= 54 per unit, maximum latency 0.029074 Sec., and minimum reliability =0.76225.
Table 11. Predefined locations and optimization results
Predefined locations
PMUs locations 2, 5, 10, 12, 14, 21, 32, 34, 37, 41, 94
CDs locations 91, 92, 96, 100, 105
Results of the proposed approach
CCBS location 30
All PMUs locations 2, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 21, 25, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 56, 62. 64, 72, 73, 75,77, 80,85, 87,
91, 92, 94 ,96, 97, 100, 105, 106 ,110, 114, 116
Total cost 49 (Per unit) + penalty of the reliability constraint
Maximum latency time (Sec) 0.031341
Minimum reliability 0.79868 <0.8
Runtime (minute) 230
Figure 10. Network topology (118 bus free selection case)
7.2. Using BPSOGSA
In this approach, the optimization is divided into three loops.
- The first loop, the main loop, is treated as explained in the Section 7.1
- The second loop, the BPSOGSA with particles dimension equal length of 𝐷 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 is used to search
the low cost network connection topology, which connect all CCBS, PMUs, and CDs. The value of
the fitness function for this loop is evaluated using the connectivity algorithm, which is shown in
Figure 11.
Figure 11. Connectivity algorithm
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- The third loop is treated as explained in the Section 7.1 complete the flowchart of the approach is shown
in Figure 12.
The main difference between the approach in this section and the approach in Section 1.7 is that
the connection topology is not depend on the length of the network, but the topology connection is depend on
the CI cost.
Figure 12. Flow chart of BPSOGSA
7.2.1. IEEE 14 bus Case study
a. Free selection of the CCBS
Table 7 lists the Predefined locations of the PMUs and CDs. In addition, Table 12 shows the results
of the proposed approach, and the network topology is shown in Figure 13.
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Table 12. Results of the proposed approach
CCBS location 10
All PMUs locations 2, 6, 8, 9
Total cost (Per unit) 9.1316
Maximum latency time (Sec) 0.030168
Minimum reliability 0.87146
Runtime (minute) 200
Figure 13. Network topology (14 bus free selection case)
b. Predefined selection of the CCBS (CCBS=14)
Table 9 lists the Predefined locations of the PMUs and CDs. In addition, Table 13 shows the results
of the proposed approach, and the network topology is shown in Figure 14.
Table 13. Results of the proposed approach
All PMUs locations 2,6,8, 9
Total cost (Per unit) 10.074
Maximum latency time (Sec) 0.028836
Minimum reliability 0.89372
Runtime (minute) 180
Figure 14. Network topology (118 bus predefined selection case)
7.2.2. IEEE 118 bus Case study (Free selection of the CCBS)
Table 11 lists the Predefined locations of the PMUs and CDs. In addition, Table 14 shows the results
of the proposed approach, and the network topology is shown in Figure 15.
Table 14. Results of the proposed approach
CCBS location 26
All PMUs locations 2, 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 21, 25, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 45, 49,
53, 56, 62, 64, 72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 85, 87, 91, 92, 94, 100,
105, 110, 114, 116
Total cost (Per unit) 45.267
Maximum latency time (Sec) 0.030619
Minimum reliability 0.80655
Runtime (minute) 1510
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Figure 15. Network topology (118 bus free selection case)
8. RESULTS DISCUSSION
The following results were observed from simulation results.
- The run time of second approach is longer than the first approach
- The second approach is more efficient than the first approach, especially if the difference in price
resulting from the change in channel capacity is significant.
- Indeed, the methods presented in [18] was unsuccessful to achieve the global solution. Since it used MST
algorithm to find the network topology and did not take into account the channel capacity allocation.
Also due to, the multi-loop is not used in this method, the runtime is large.
9. CONCLUSION
In this study, optimal placement of PMUs and their required CI for power systems are co-optimally
designed. Two approaches have been presented. The first approach (i.e. BPSOGSA Combined with MST)
and the second approach (i.e. BPSOGSA) to find the optimum placement of PMUs and their CI are
investigated using IEEE 14 buses and IEEE 118 buses. The simulation results indicate that the second
approach is cost effective. Moreover, the second approach, due to using BPSOGSA in all loops, may succeed
converge to the global solution. In contrast, the first approach due to using MST for links topology can take
less run time but it may not converge to the global solution. The cost of the CI in this study is not depend on
the accumulative length of the OPGW only. However, it considered the switches and the link capacity in
the objective function. In addition, the quality of service such as latency time and the reliability of
the communication network and the degree of the observability are considered. Also, the partially
optimization problem (predefined locations of some PMUs and CDs), and the economic study for additional
new data paths are considered in the proposed approaches.
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