We are all aware of Dust hazards such as causing slippery surface and health dust inhalation hazard, however, dust explosion hazard awareness is not adequate. Even if we know about dust explosion but there are many risk factors for dust explosion hazard which are unknown.
We are all aware of Dust hazards such as causing slippery surface and health dust inhalation hazard, however, dust explosion hazard awareness is not adequate. Even if we know about dust explosion but there are many risk factors for dust explosion hazard which are unknown.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Introduction
The laboratory of FIMA BIODIESEL SDN BHD. requires hazard
containment of chemical and physical hazards. Hence, we must follow
the Health & Safety at work act 1974.
The success of a laboratory safety program depends on every
employee's participation and cooperation.
Nonconformity with safety precautions not only endangers the
individual, but often compromises the health and safety of fellow
workers and the surrounding community, and may result in loss of
experimental integrity and property damage.
3. Roles and Responsibilities in
Implementing the Laboratory Standard
1. Management
Bears ultimate responsibility for chemical hygiene
within the facility.
Provides continuous support for institutional chemical
hygiene.
4. Roles and Responsibilities
2. Laboratory Supervisor
Identification of hazards and assessment of the risks associated
with operations
Selection of proper laboratory safety practices and engineering
controls necessary to minimize personal injury or property
damage;
Providing instruction and training programs for personnel in the
practices and techniques required for their assigned tasks and
laboratory operations;
Maintaining a laboratory procedure notebook;
Ensuring that necessary safety equipment is available in the
laboratory, used when required, and adequately maintained;
5. Responsibilities
3. Individual Employees
Complying with all safety policies and procedures;
Maintaining awareness of the risks associated with assigned
duties;
Taking all necessary and appropriate safety precautions relevant
to performance of duties;
Becoming familiar with emergency procedures prior to
accidental spills, overt personal exposures, fire, etc.;
Inform any unsafe conditions or practices to superior
Report all incidents resulting in injury or exposure to hazardous
agents (physical, chemical or biological) to your superior.
7. General lab safety rules
Having a strong set of overall laboratory safety rules is essential to
avoid disasters in the lab.
The following are rules that relate to almost every laboratory :
1. Read all fire alarm and safety signs and follow the instructions in
the event of an accident or emergency.
2. Ensure you are fully aware of your facility's/building's evacuation
procedures.
3. Make sure you know where your lab's safety equipment—
including first aid kit(s), fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and
safety showers—is located and how to properly use it.
8. General lab safety rules
4. Know emergency phone numbers to use to call for help in case of
an emergency.
5. Open flames should never be used in the laboratory unless you
have permission from a qualified supervisor.
6. Make sure you are aware of where your lab's exits and fire alarms
are located.
7. If there is a fire drill, be sure to turn off all electrical equipment
and close all containers.
9.
10. General lab safety rules
8. Always work in properly-ventilated areas. Do not chew
gum, drink, or eat while working in the lab.
9. Laboratory glassware should never be utilized as food or
beverage containers.
10. Each time you use glassware, be sure to check it for chips
and cracks. Notify your lab supervisor of any damaged
glassware so it can be properly disposed of.
11. Never use lab equipment that you are not approved or
trained by your supervisor to operate.
11. General lab safety rules
12. If an instrument or piece of equipment fails during use, or isn't
operating properly, report the issue right away. Never try to repair
an equipment problem on your own.
13. If you are the last person to leave the lab, make sure to lock all
the doors and turn off all ignition sources.
14. Never leave an ongoing experiment unattended.
15. Never smell or taste chemicals. Do not pipette by mouth.
16. Make sure you always follow the proper procedures for
disposing lab waste.
12. General lab safety rules
17. Report all injuries, accidents, and broken equipment or glass
right away, even if the incident seems small or unimportant.
18. If you have been injured, yell out immediately and as loud as
you can to ensure you get help.
19. In the event of a chemical splashing into your eye(s) or on
your skin, immediately flush the affected area(s) with running
water for at least 20 minutes.
20. If you notice any unsafe conditions in the lab, let your
supervisor know as soon as possible.
15. Hazards in Laboratory
Laboratory workers are exposed to numerous
potential hazards including chemical, biological,
physical and radioactive hazards, as well as,
musculoskeletal stresses.
Many workers are unaware of the potential
hazards in their work environment, which makes
them more vulnerable to injury.
16. Different types of hazards
First step in protecting worker health and safety is
recognizing workplace hazards.
Most hazards encountered fall into three main
categories: chemical, biological, or physical.
Cleaning agents and disinfectants, drugs, anesthetic
gases, solvents, paints, and compressed gases are
examples of chemical hazards.
Potential exposures to chemical hazards can
occur both during use and with poor storage.
17. Chemical hazards
Use of chemicals in laboratory is inevitable, and the potential for harm
or injury could be significant if they are misused or mishandled.
18. Chemical hazards
PREVENTION
When it comes to chemical hazards, effective
prevention is the best way to manage the risks of
working with these dangerous substances.
Practising proper chemical segregation is essential
in all labs, as some substances can react with each
other to create chemical reactions, fires and even
explosions. Protective clothing and good
housekeeping are also important
19. Biological Hazards
Encompass microbes, recombinant organisms,
and viral vectors. They also include biological
agents introduced into experimental animals.
Health and safety issues such as containment, the
ability for replication, and potential biological effect
are all important.
20.
21. Physical hazards
Included here are electrical safety hazards, ergonomic
hazards associated with manual material handling and
equipment use, handling sharps, and basic housekeeping
issues.
Many operations in the lab can result in lab workers
assuming sustained or repetitive awkward postures.
Examples are eluting a column in a fume hood, working for
extended periods in a biosafety cabinet, or looking at slides
on a microscope for extended periods. What is found
acceptable for brief or occasional use may become
problematic if performed for long durations or very
frequently. Pain is a good indicator that something is wrong.
22. Physical hazards
Conduct work with a neutral, balanced posture.
Sharps containers are ubiquitous in labs and following a few
safety rules can help prevent getting stuck with accident reports.
Use only puncture-proof and leakproof containers that are
clearly labeled.
Many injuries stem from poor housekeeping. Slips, trips, and
falls are very common but easily avoided. Start with safe and
organized storage areas.
Material storage should not create hazards. Bags, containers,
bundles, etc., stored in tiers should be stacked, blocked,
interlocked, and limited in height so that they are stable and
secure against sliding or collapse.
23.
24.
25. Electrical hazards
oEquip all electrical power outlets in wet locations with
ground-fault circuit interrupters, or GFCIs, to prevent
accidental electrocutions. GFCIs are designed to “trip” and
break the circuit when a small amount of current begins
flowing to ground.
oVery common electrical hazard is improper use of flexible
extension cords. Do not use these as a substitute for
permanent wiring. The cord insulation should be in good
condition and continue into the plug ends. Never repair
cracks, breaks, cuts, or tears with tape.
28. Safety Data Sheets
What is a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?
An SDS (formerly known as MSDS) includes information such as
the properties of each chemical; the physical, health, and
environmental health hazards; protective measures; and safety
precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical.
It provides guidance for each specific chemical on things such as:
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
First aid procedures
Spill clean-up procedures
30. Labeling and Signage
Labels and signage are the cornerstones of hazard
communications.
They provide the ability to locate and identify
laboratory hazards.
Labels must be placed on chemical packaging and
be easily visible and readable. If there are changes
to the chemical, the label must be updated or
replaced with a new label.
31. Signage
oProper signage at a laboratory entrance provides
important information about the hazards located
inside, as well as required personal protective
equipment (PPE). This information is extremely
valuable for responders and visitors and reminds
employees of the hazards they encounter upon
entering a laboratory.
oSignage inside the laboratory designates the
locations for safety equipment, chemical storage,
and unattended experiments.
32. Chemical Labeling
Labeling of chemical containers is
fundamental to effective hazard
communication.
The manufacturer provides compliant
labeling for each chemical they sell.
33. Hazardous Waste Labeling
Waste containers must have accurate
labeling.
The label must clearly and neatly list the
chemical or common name of each
substance that is at least 1% by volume of
the total contents or mixture.
37. What is personal protective
equipment?
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred
to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize
exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace
injuries and illnesses.
These injuries and illnesses may result from contact
with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical,
mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
38. What can be done to ensure proper
use of personal protective equipment?
All personal protective equipment should be
safely designed and constructed, and should be
maintained in a clean and reliable fashion.
It should fit comfortably, encouraging worker use.
If the personal protective equipment does not fit
properly, it can make the difference between being
safely covered or dangerously exposed.
39. Employers must provide personal
protective equipment to their workers
Employers are also required to train each worker required to use
personal protective equipment to know :
1. When it is necessary
2. What kind is necessary
3. How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
4. The limitations of the equipment
5. Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the
equipment
43. Chemical Storage
Hazardous chemical reactions can occur from improper
storage when incompatible materials mix because of :
1. Accidental breakage
2. Container failure
3. Fires and earthquakes
4. Mixing of gases or vapors from poorly closed containers
5. Mistakenly storing incompatibles together because of
improperly labeled containers
46. General Storage Requirements
All chemicals must be stored in a safe, secure
location. Hazardous chemicals must be stored
below eye level.
Do not store chemicals on the floor, window
ledges, or balconies. Keep containers closed unless
you are dispensing a chemical or adding to the
container.
47. Chemical Segregation
Chemicals should always be segregated according to their specific
hazard(s) to prevent unintended reactions. Begin by categorizing
and separating chemicals by the following categories :
Other types of materials require more specific storage
requirements such as :
1. Explosives
2. Compressed gases
3. Cryogens
a. Pyrophorics d. Flammables
b. Corrosives e. Oxidizers
c. Water reactives f. Toxics
50. Purpose of emergency
preparedness & response
1. Minimize the risks of emergencies
occurring.
2. Identify potential emergency situations.
3. Minimize the impact of emergencies on
the environment.
51. Emergency procedures
During any type of emergency, follow these important procedures :
If you are in a building, know the exit nearest to you. In the event that
this exit is blocked, be familiar with alternate exits.
Avoid panic. Remain calm. Follow procedures and instructions.
Stop rumors. Rumors lead to confusion and make everyone’s task harder.
Avoid using the telephone. It is for emergencies only. Unnecessary use of
the phone delays delivery of emergency resources when and where they
are most needed.
Leave the building immediately when conditions are safe. If it is nearby,
take the Emergency Kit you prepared in advance, and your wallet or
purse. Do not take time to collect other personal items.
In general, do not use the elevators. Even if it is safe to use them,
elevators will be needed by authorized personnel to evacuate people with
disabilities and children. In the event of a fire or structural damage,
elevators cannot be used by anyone. You must use the stairs.
After leaving the building, report immediately to the identified Assembly
Area or Evacuation Site. Remain in the Assembly Area until advised of
further action
56. Laboratory Waste
Management
Some suggestions to help manage hazardous waste output :
1. Keep inventories up to date with thorough record-keeping.
2. Make substitutions for chemicals whenever possible.
3. Try to avoid purchasing chemical materials in bulk quantities
4. Recycle as many agents as possible – some common examples
of laboratory materials that can be distilled, filtered, or
recycled include xylene, formalin, and ethyl alcohol.
5. Reduce the size and number of the containers you’re using (if
you find that you aren’t regularly filling them).
57. Laboratory Waste
Management cont…
Some suggestions to help manage hazardous waste output :
1. Manage all chemicals as if they were hazardous to ensure
there is no possibility of contamination.
2. Make sure you are storing all hazardous waste in the
appropriate storage containers.
3. Confirm that each container holding hazardous laboratory
waste is appropriately labeled with the correct details for
what’s inside.
4. Regularly train employees in safety procedures for adding
waste to and removing from storage containers.
59. Workplace Housekeeping
Why should we pay attention to housekeeping at work?
Effective housekeeping can help control or eliminate
workplace hazards. Poor housekeeping practices frequently
contribute to incidents.
Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping
work areas neat and orderly, maintaining halls and floors
free of slip and trip hazards, and removing of waste
materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire hazards
from work areas.
60. How does good housekeeping
improve safety?
Benefits of good housekeeping in the workplace :
1. Eliminates and/or reduces slips, trips and falls.
2. Decreases fire hazards by reducing waste, debris and
flammable materials.
3. Improves worker health by reducing exposure to harmful
substances and airborne particles.
4. Fewer worker injuries because equipment is maintained,
materials are well-organized and warning signs are posted.
5. Reduced work-related stress on the worker.
61. How do I plan a good
housekeeping program?
A good housekeeping program identifies and assigns
responsibilities for the following :
1. clean up during the shift
2. day-to-day cleanup
3. waste disposal
4. removal of unused materials
5. inspection to ensure cleanup is complete
62. Tips for Effective Workplace
Housekeeping
1. Prevent slips, trips and falls.
2. Eliminate fire hazards.
3. Control dust.
4. Avoid tracking materials.
5. Prevent falling objects.
6. Declutter.
7. Store materials properly.
8. Use and inspect personal protective equipment and tools.