This document contains notes from a General Biology 2 module on genetics and evolution. It includes definitions of key terms, answers to pre-activity questions, multiple choice questions, and descriptions of performance tasks and activities. The notes cover topics like genetic engineering, applications of recombinant DNA, the history of life on Earth, and mechanisms that produce change in populations.

1. StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
General Biology 2 Module 1 answers
STEM-shs (St. Michael's College (Iligan))
StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
General Biology 2 Module 1 answers
STEM-shs (St. Michael's College (Iligan))
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972

2. Kamille A. Buenafe Grade 12 – STEM A
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 1 - Module 1 GENETICS
Lesson 1: Genetic Engineering
What I Know
Definition of Terms:
1. Genetic Engineering - is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
2. DNA - or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
3. Recombinant DNA - molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted into a host
organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and
industry.
4. Plasmids – are small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from
chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
5. Cloning - the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or
organism.
6. Genome - an organism's complete set of genetic instructions.
7. Gene Mapping - is the process of establishing the locations of genes on the chromosomes.
8. Biotechnology - technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction - a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a
specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large
enough amount to study in detail.
10. Gene Therapy - a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic
acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
What’s New
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. How organisms may be modified?
- Organisms may be modified with the use of genetic engineering technology by manipulating its
genetic material.
2. Enumerate plants and animals that have desirable or enhanced traits and how each of the traits was
introduced or developed. Modifying Technique ex. Classical Breeding, Recombinant DNA Technology.
ENHANCED TRAIT MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
Example: Flavr-Savr (Delayed
Ripening Tomatoes)
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Corn (Insect resistance) 1. Recombinant DNA Technology
2. Soybean (Herbicide tolerance) 2. Recombinant DNA Technology
3. Canola (Altered fatty acid composition) 3. Recombinant DNA Technology
4. Plum (Virus resistance) 4. Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Cotton crop (Insect resistance) 5. Recombinant DNA Technology
What’s More
Poster Making:
Create a poster on the steps and other methods involved in recombinant DNA.
(next page ma’am)
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972

3. What I’ve Learned
POST QUIZ
1. Determine which technologies are most appropriate for which cell types.
TECHNOLOGY CELL TYPE
1. Biolistics Plant cells
2. Electroporation Mammalian cells
3. Biolistics Plant cells
4. Heat Shock Treatment Bacterial cells
5. Electroporation Mammalian cells
What I Can Do
PERFORMANCE TASK:
Research on the pros and cons of genetic engineering. Present your information on a tabular form.
PROS CONS
1. It can improve the nutrition, taste, and growth rate of
crops.
1. It can increase the number of croplands we have
available.
2. It can lead to crops which have natural pest resistance. 2. It creates the potential for problematic pathogens.
3. It can help use to begin producing new foods. 3. It creates the potential for unwanted side effects.
4. It is a process that could improve human health at the
cellular level.
4. It would create an unfavorable level of diversity.
5. It can boost the positive traits in every life form. 5. It could create unpredictable outcomes.
6. It can be used to help current food resources to begin
producing more of them.
6. It might make it possible for companies to copyright our
food.
7. It would help to improve the quality of the soil. 7. It can put agricultural workers at risk for financial harm.
8. It follows the same processes we already use to create
new resources.
8. It can reduce the amount of diversity in our food supply.
9. It would reduce the cost of food for the average
household.
9. It could be used for abusive purposes.
10. It would ensure that our food supply remains
accessible.
10. It could interact negatively with other species.
11. It gives us access to additional products that are
useful.
11. It could create new diseases.
12. It allows patients to be treated with their own cells.
13. It can be used to improve our current pharmaceuticals.
14. It can increase the number of croplands we have
available.
Lesson 2: Discuss the Applications of Recombinant DNA
What I Know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Clone - copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original.
2. Plasmids - are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal
DNA.
3. Biotechnology - technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
4. PCR Amplification - is the selective amplification of DNA or RNA targets using the polymerase chain
reaction.
5. Detection - act of detecting, discovery, the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or of what
tends to elude observation.
6. Modified trait - introduction of new traits to an organism by making changes directly to its genetic
makeup, e.g. DNA, through intervention at the molecular level.
7. Human Genome - a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the
23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
8. Genetic Modified Organism - is an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using
genetic engineering techniques.
What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY: Designer Genes Work
1. How does DNA replicate?
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972

4. - Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA
strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. During
separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin.
2. What is Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material has been
artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This creates combinations of
plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional
crossbreeding methods.
What I’ve Learned
POST QUIZ:
1. Discuss how PCR may be used for the detection of disease-causing pathogens in a population during
the COVID Pandemic.
- The PCR test on blood and urine samples is capable of detecting the virus in the early stages of the
disease, resulting in early diagnosis and subsequent isolation of infected patients to block
transmission.
2. Discuss how the cloning and expression of certain genes allows for massive production of the desired
product.
- Cloning allows for the creation of multiple copies of genes, expression of genes, and study of
specific genes. Inside the host cell the recombinant DNA undergoes replication; thus, a bacterial
host will give rise to a colony of cells containing the cloned target gene. Various screening methods
may be used to identify such colonies, enabling them to be selected and cultured. Gene cloning
facilitates DNA sequencing; it also enables large quantities of a desired protein product to be
produced. Human insulin, for example, is now produced by bacteria containing the cloned insulin
gene.
Lesson 3: History of Life on Earth
What I Know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Precambrian - of, relating to, or being the earliest era of geologic history or the corresponding system
of rocks that is characterized especially by the appearance of single-celled organisms and is equivalent
to the Archean and Proterozoic eons
2. Paleozoic - of, relating to, originating in, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the
beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian and is marked by the culmination of nearly all
classes of invertebrates except the insects and in the later epochs by the appearance of terrestrial
plants, amphibians, and reptiles
3. Mesozoic - of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history comprising the interval between the
Permian and the Tertiary or the corresponding system of rocks that was marked by the presence of
dinosaurs, marine and flying reptiles, ammonites, ferns, and gymnosperms and the appearance of
angiosperms, mammals, and birds
4. Cenozoic - of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the
Tertiary period to the present time and is marked by a rapid evolution of mammals and birds and of
angiosperms and especially grasses and by little change in the invertebrates
5. Epoch - an event or a time marked by an event that begins a new period or development
6. Cambrian - of, relating to, or being the earliest geologic period of the Paleozoic era or the
corresponding system of rocks marked by fossils of nearly every major invertebrate animal group
7. Ordovician - of, relating to, or being the period between the Cambrian and the Silurian or the
corresponding system of rocks
8. Silurian - of, relating to, or being a period of the Paleozoic era between the Ordovician and Devonian
or the corresponding system of rocks marked by numerous eurypterid crustaceans and the appearance
of the first land plants
9. Devonian - of, relating to, or being the period of the Paleozoic era between the Silurian and the
Mississippian or the corresponding system of rocks
10. Carboniferous - of, relating to, or being the period of the Paleozoic era between the Devonian and the
Permian or the corresponding system of rocks that includes coal beds
11. Permian - of, relating to, or being the last period of the Paleozoic era or the corresponding system of
rocks
12. Triassic - of, relating to, or being the earliest period of the Mesozoic era or the corresponding system of
rocks marked by the first appearance of the dinosaurs
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972

5. 13. Jurassic - of, relating to, or being the period of the Mesozoic era between the Triassic and the
Cretaceous or the corresponding system of rocks marked by the presence of dinosaurs and the first
appearance of birds
14. Cretaceous - of, relating to, or being the last period of the Mesozoic era characterized by continued
dominance of reptiles, emergent dominance of angiosperms, diversification of mammals, and the
extinction of many types of organisms at the close of the period
What’s New
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. What is the age of the Earth?
- Earth is estimated to be 4.54 billion years old, plus or minus about 50 million years. Scientists have
scoured the Earth searching for the oldest rocks to radiometrically date.
2. What was the Earth like million years ago?
- The Earth was three or four degrees warmer, the North was mostly ice free. A lot of the water that is
now locked up in glaciers was in the ocean, which means the global sea level was about 60 feet
higher.
What I’ve Learned
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. A.
2. A.
3. C.
4. B.
5. A.
6. B.
7. A.
8. D.
9. C.
10. B.
Lesson 4: Mechanisms that Produce Change in Populations
What I Know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
1. Natural Selection - is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in
phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a
population over generations.
2. Mitigation - means reducing risk of loss from the occurrence of any undesirable event.
3. Mutation - is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or
extrachromosomal DNA.
4. Genotype - is the collection of genes responsible for the various genetic traits of a given organism.
5. Genetic Equilibrium - is the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population)
where the frequency does not change from generation to generation.
6. Genetic Variation - is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations.
7. DNA Sequence - is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in
DNA.
8. Genetic Drift - is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to random
sampling of organisms.
What’s New
PRE ACTIVITY: A Picture Paints a Thousand Words
1. Observe the two pictures and recognize the similarities and the differences between individuals or
animals belonging to the same species.
- The first picture shows a group of humans whereas in the second picture shows a group of dog
breeds. The similarities between the two are that both humans and dogs are intelligent and
emotional. Also both species are under the same class which is Mammalia class. The differences
between the two are that all humans are omnivores and most animals are either herbivores or
carnivores. Also humans have “true language” to express themselves while animals none have the
complexity nor the expressiveness of the human language.
Lesson 5: Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity: Patterns of Descent with Modification
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972

6. What I Know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Species - is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of
biodiversity.
2. Classification - the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the basis of presumed
natural relationships among organisms.
3. Interbreeding - the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce
hybrids.
4. Isolating mechanism - are the ways in which groups of organisms become separated for long enough
to develop into different species.
5. Zygote - fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male
gamete (sperm).
6. Allopatric - a speciation in which biological populations are physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier
and evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation, such that if the barrier breaks down, individuals of
the population can no longer interbreed.
7. Sympatric - is speciation that occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same
geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered
different species.
8. Parapatric - A speciation in which the zones of two diverging populations are only partially separated
that the species may still come in contact or cross the barrier from time to time, until selection for
specific behaviours or certain isolating mechanisms will eventually prevent them from interbreeding.
What’s New
PRE ACTIVITY: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Identify or give an organism which can be an animal or a plant species.
- Euglena is a large genus of unicellular protists: they have both plant and animal characteristics.
2. Identify the different kind or variants of the species.
- Specie: Euglena
- Kinds or variants: Euglena viridis, Euglena gracilis, Euglena sanguinea
ACTIVITY
1. Research 5 similar species with different characteristics.
Kit fox
Arctic fox
adapted to desert environments; it has sandy coloration and large ears
adapted to cold climates; it has thick fur
Appaloosa
Ponies
colorful, spotted; believed to be a descendant of wild horses mixed with the thoroughbred,
American quarter horse, and Arabian
a horse that's fully grown at 14.2 hands (57 inches) or less
Afgan Hound
Beagle
has an appearance quite unlike any other: dramatic silky coat, exotic face, and thin,
fashion-model build
small, compact, and hardy; active companions for kids and adults alike
Abyssinian
American Bobtail
ticked coat; ruddy, red, blue and fawn colors
medium to large, naturally occurring, bobtailed cat
Bonito
Milkfish
swift, predacious fishes found worldwide; have striped backs and silvery bellies and grow
to a length of about 75 cm (30 inches)
has an elongate and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and
streamlined appearance.
What I’ve Learned
1. Give examples on the reproductive isolating mechanisms.
MECHANISMS EXAMPLES
1. Geographic Isolation 1. Physical Separation
2. Migration
3. Speciation
2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation 1. Fowler's toad and the American toad
2. Cicadas of the species Magicicada septendecim
3. Wood frog and the Leopard frog
3. Behavioral Isolation 1. Chemical stimulus
2. Visual stimulus
3. Mating calls
4. Mechanical Isolation 1. Bucket orchid and orchid bee
2. Flowering plant
3. Snail shell coiling
5. Gametic Isolation 1. Purples orchin
2. Sympathetic sea orchin
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972

7. 3. Giant red orchin
Downloaded by Sheryl Osorio (realshe19@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11067972