1. The document provides background information on genetic engineering and biotechnology terms. It discusses genetic engineering as the process of altering genetic makeup using recombinant DNA technology. Key terms defined include DNA, plasmids, cloning, and polymerase chain reaction.
2. The document is from a biology class and covers several lessons on genetics and genetic engineering. It includes pre-lesson activities defining terms and questions. Post-lesson quizzes assess learning. Performance tasks include research on pros and cons of genetic engineering and a poster on recombinant DNA steps.
3. The final section defines terms related to different eras in the history of life on Earth, including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and C
This document contains notes from a General Biology 2 module on genetics and evolution. It includes definitions of key terms, answers to pre-activity questions, multiple choice questions, and descriptions of performance tasks and activities. The notes cover topics like genetic engineering, applications of recombinant DNA, the history of life on Earth, and mechanisms that produce change in populations.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including scientific method, nature of life, cells, biochemistry, genetics, evolution, ecology, and human impacts. It discusses key concepts such as the structures and functions of plant and animal cells, diffusion and osmosis, DNA replication, genetic disorders, natural selection, ecosystem interactions, and the greenhouse effect. Safety protocols for laboratories are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of various topics in biology including cells, DNA, genetics, evolution, and ecology. It discusses key concepts such as the scientific method, cell structures, mitosis, biochemical reactions, DNA replication, genetic disorders, natural selection, photosynthesis, and human impact on the biosphere. Safety protocols for laboratories are also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living cells, including microorganisms, plant cells, and animal cells, for the benefit of humanity. Key areas of biotechnology discussed include agriculture, food, industry, biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and waste utilization. The document outlines several important techniques in biotechnology such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, bioinformatics, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction, genetic fingerprinting, cloning, and genetically modified plants.
The document provides information on genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, inducing mutations, polyploidy, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction, cell transformation, transgenic organisms, cloning, and applications of genetic engineering such as glowing plants and animals, disease resistance, and producing human proteins.
The document discusses chromosome manipulations and genetically engineered animals. It describes how animal models are used to develop medical treatments and test new drugs and procedures before applying them to humans. Regulations require testing plans and oversight to ensure animal welfare. Products undergo rigorous testing first in cell cultures, then animal models, before progressing to human trials. Animal models can provide information on how the body absorbs, metabolizes and excretes chemicals. Genetically engineered animals are also discussed as ways to improve food supply and understand biology.
Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's genes using technology. It was first achieved in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen inserted antibiotic resistance genes into bacterial DNA. Rudolf Jaenisch then created the first genetically modified animal, a mouse, in 1974. In 1994, the first genetically modified food, a longer-lasting tomato, was approved for sale. More recently, scientists have developed new gene editing tools like CRISPR that allow more precise genetic modifications. While genetic engineering enables benefits like increased food production and disease resistance, it also raises concerns about unintended health and environmental impacts.
This document provides information about a lecture series on methods in molecular biology. The course is titled "Methods in Molecular Biology" and is worth 3 credit hours. It will be taught by Dr. Sumera Shaheen in the department of biochemistry at Govt. College Women University Faisalabad. The lectures will cover topics such as recombinant DNA technology, vectors, PCR, DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, expression of recombinant proteins, antibodies, and blotting techniques. Recommended textbooks for the course are also listed.
This document contains notes from a General Biology 2 module on genetics and evolution. It includes definitions of key terms, answers to pre-activity questions, multiple choice questions, and descriptions of performance tasks and activities. The notes cover topics like genetic engineering, applications of recombinant DNA, the history of life on Earth, and mechanisms that produce change in populations.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including scientific method, nature of life, cells, biochemistry, genetics, evolution, ecology, and human impacts. It discusses key concepts such as the structures and functions of plant and animal cells, diffusion and osmosis, DNA replication, genetic disorders, natural selection, ecosystem interactions, and the greenhouse effect. Safety protocols for laboratories are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of various topics in biology including cells, DNA, genetics, evolution, and ecology. It discusses key concepts such as the scientific method, cell structures, mitosis, biochemical reactions, DNA replication, genetic disorders, natural selection, photosynthesis, and human impact on the biosphere. Safety protocols for laboratories are also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living cells, including microorganisms, plant cells, and animal cells, for the benefit of humanity. Key areas of biotechnology discussed include agriculture, food, industry, biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and waste utilization. The document outlines several important techniques in biotechnology such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, bioinformatics, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction, genetic fingerprinting, cloning, and genetically modified plants.
The document provides information on genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, inducing mutations, polyploidy, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction, cell transformation, transgenic organisms, cloning, and applications of genetic engineering such as glowing plants and animals, disease resistance, and producing human proteins.
The document discusses chromosome manipulations and genetically engineered animals. It describes how animal models are used to develop medical treatments and test new drugs and procedures before applying them to humans. Regulations require testing plans and oversight to ensure animal welfare. Products undergo rigorous testing first in cell cultures, then animal models, before progressing to human trials. Animal models can provide information on how the body absorbs, metabolizes and excretes chemicals. Genetically engineered animals are also discussed as ways to improve food supply and understand biology.
Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's genes using technology. It was first achieved in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen inserted antibiotic resistance genes into bacterial DNA. Rudolf Jaenisch then created the first genetically modified animal, a mouse, in 1974. In 1994, the first genetically modified food, a longer-lasting tomato, was approved for sale. More recently, scientists have developed new gene editing tools like CRISPR that allow more precise genetic modifications. While genetic engineering enables benefits like increased food production and disease resistance, it also raises concerns about unintended health and environmental impacts.
This document provides information about a lecture series on methods in molecular biology. The course is titled "Methods in Molecular Biology" and is worth 3 credit hours. It will be taught by Dr. Sumera Shaheen in the department of biochemistry at Govt. College Women University Faisalabad. The lectures will cover topics such as recombinant DNA technology, vectors, PCR, DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, expression of recombinant proteins, antibodies, and blotting techniques. Recommended textbooks for the course are also listed.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques such as molecular cloning and methods to introduce DNA into cells. It compares classical breeding to genetic engineering and describes how genetically modified organisms are created by inserting recombinant DNA into host organisms using techniques like biolistics, heat shock treatment, or electroporation. Examples of GMOs discussed include Flavr-Savr tomatoes and Bt-corn. While GMOs may increase crop yields, some have safety concerns about long term effects.
Recombinant DNA technology allows for precise manipulation of genetic material from different organisms. It has led to improvements in crop yields, nutritional value, and resistance to pests and herbicides. However, introducing transgenes also carries some risks, such as genes spreading to wild plants and forming new weeds, which require careful evaluation of each new genetically engineered strain.
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdfarhamnighty
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as \'code\'.It is said as \'genetic code\' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favour.
This document provides information on the syllabus for the course ABT 301 Plant Biotechnology. The course covers 4 units: 1) basics of plant tissue culture, 2) applied plant tissue culture, 3) basic molecular biology, and 4) recombinant DNA technology and genetic transformation. Unit 1 discusses concepts of plant tissue culture, history, media, sterilization techniques, and different culture types. Unit 2 focuses on applications like micropropagation and secondary metabolite production. Unit 3 covers topics in molecular biology like DNA structure and gene expression. Unit 4 discusses techniques in genetic engineering like vector construction and plant transformation methods.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONStanz Ng
Recombinant DNA technology has had widespread global impacts. It has applications in medicine like producing insulin, vaccines, and cancer treatments. In agriculture, it has led to herbicide and insect resistant crops as well as efforts to engineer nitrogen-fixing plants. It also has uses in animal husbandry such as producing transgenic animals. Additional applications include DNA fingerprinting for forensics, producing monoclonal antibodies, and developing diagnostic tests and gene therapies. While offering benefits, it also raises ethical issues that require ongoing research and regulation.
Dr. B. Victor is a retired biology professor with over 32 years of experience teaching and researching reproductive technology in fishes. His presentation outlines various forms of reproduction including asexual, sexual, and parthenogenesis. It also discusses cloning technology such as embryo splitting, nuclear transfer, and the three main types of cloning - recombinant DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. The benefits and applications of cloning as well as techniques for transgenic animal production are also summarized.
This document outlines key concepts and objectives related to genetics, genetic engineering, and biotechnology. It discusses techniques like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling. It also describes gene transfer methods using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase. Examples of genetic modification in animals and plants are provided. The document discusses cloning techniques, creating recombinant DNA, and potential benefits and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.
This document outlines topics related to genetics and genetic engineering, including:
1. Using PCR and gel electrophoresis to analyze and separate DNA fragments.
2. Techniques for genetic engineering like using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase to transfer genes between organisms.
3. Examples of genetically modified crops and animals, and potential benefits and risks of genetic modification.
B sc biotech i fob unit 3 genetic engineeringRai University
Genetic engineering techniques allow for the precise manipulation of genes. Recombinant DNA techniques can create new combinations of genes that do not exist in nature. These techniques involve isolating, cutting, and splicing DNA molecules, and inserting genes into vectors to introduce them into host cells. While challenges remain, genetic engineering holds promise for applications in industry, agriculture, medicine, and more.
This document discusses genetic engineering and its applications. It begins by introducing genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It then provides a brief history of genetic engineering, noting key pioneers and developments from the 1970s onward. The document goes on to discuss various types of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), including genetically modified microbes, crops, and animals. It also covers applications of genetic engineering in medicine.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archea make up the human microbiome, comprising 1-3% of the human body mass. Bacteria are some of Earth's oldest life forms and come in various shapes. They have diverse metabolic functions and can live in extreme environments. Some bacteria engage in symbiotic relationships with humans and support functions like digestion. While many bacteria are beneficial, certain pathogens can cause diseases. Advances like antibiotics revolutionized medicine but their overuse led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Lecture 3 -the diversity of genomes and the tree of lifeEmmanuel Aguon
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating that differentiated cells could be reprogrammed to pluripotency. Prior to Dolly, all cloning had involved embryonic cells or cells that had not yet differentiated. Dolly showed that the cell specialization process could be reversed, proving the possibility of therapeutic cloning and stem cell research using somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques. Her successful cloning from an adult cell was a major scientific breakthrough.
This document provides learning objectives and content about genetic engineering and its applications. It discusses:
- How genetic engineering works by transferring genes between organisms using plasmids and bacteria. This allows production of human insulin and other proteins.
- Advantages of genetic engineering like combining genes from different species and producing large quantities of desired proteins easily.
- Uses of genetic engineering including producing human insulin for diabetes treatment, blood clotting factors for hemophilia, and potential gene therapy applications.
- Issues around genetic engineering involve risks of gene therapy and problems with genetically modified crops despite improvements they can provide.
This document discusses the principles and history of biotechnology. It describes how Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen combined DNA splicing with plasmid insertion in bacteria in the 1970s, laying the foundations for the discipline of biotechnology. The document then explains some of the key techniques in biotechnology like genetic engineering, restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and recombinant DNA technology. It provides examples of how these techniques allow scientists to isolate and introduce desirable genes into organisms.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, dealing with how traits are passed from parents to offspring. A gene is a unit of heredity located on chromosomes that determines a characteristic.
2. Heredity refers to the transmission of similarities from parents to offspring, explaining resemblances within a family. Variation refers to differences between individuals of the same species or between siblings, explaining why offspring are similar but not identical.
3. Genetics has many applications, including improving crop yields through techniques like hybridization and transgenic plants, producing pharmaceuticals using transgenic bacteria, and promoting plant health using transgenic bacteria that produce insect toxins.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's genes. It can be used to remove or insert genes through techniques like recombinant DNA and gene editing. The basics of genetics like genes, genomes, DNA, and chromosomes were discovered in the 1950s-1970s, allowing for genetic manipulation. The first genetically modified organisms were created in the 1970s, including mice and tobacco plants. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns. It is a complex field with great potential but also uncertainties.
There are two main ways that variation can occur in bacteria: evolution and genetic mutations. Evolution occurs over many generations as genetic mutations arise and natural selection favors some mutations over others, allowing populations to adapt to their environments. Genetic mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or through horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. These genetic changes introduce variations within bacterial populations that natural selection can then act upon.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Similar to general-biology-2-module-1-answers_compress.pdf
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques such as molecular cloning and methods to introduce DNA into cells. It compares classical breeding to genetic engineering and describes how genetically modified organisms are created by inserting recombinant DNA into host organisms using techniques like biolistics, heat shock treatment, or electroporation. Examples of GMOs discussed include Flavr-Savr tomatoes and Bt-corn. While GMOs may increase crop yields, some have safety concerns about long term effects.
Recombinant DNA technology allows for precise manipulation of genetic material from different organisms. It has led to improvements in crop yields, nutritional value, and resistance to pests and herbicides. However, introducing transgenes also carries some risks, such as genes spreading to wild plants and forming new weeds, which require careful evaluation of each new genetically engineered strain.
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdfarhamnighty
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as \'code\'.It is said as \'genetic code\' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favour.
This document provides information on the syllabus for the course ABT 301 Plant Biotechnology. The course covers 4 units: 1) basics of plant tissue culture, 2) applied plant tissue culture, 3) basic molecular biology, and 4) recombinant DNA technology and genetic transformation. Unit 1 discusses concepts of plant tissue culture, history, media, sterilization techniques, and different culture types. Unit 2 focuses on applications like micropropagation and secondary metabolite production. Unit 3 covers topics in molecular biology like DNA structure and gene expression. Unit 4 discusses techniques in genetic engineering like vector construction and plant transformation methods.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONStanz Ng
Recombinant DNA technology has had widespread global impacts. It has applications in medicine like producing insulin, vaccines, and cancer treatments. In agriculture, it has led to herbicide and insect resistant crops as well as efforts to engineer nitrogen-fixing plants. It also has uses in animal husbandry such as producing transgenic animals. Additional applications include DNA fingerprinting for forensics, producing monoclonal antibodies, and developing diagnostic tests and gene therapies. While offering benefits, it also raises ethical issues that require ongoing research and regulation.
Dr. B. Victor is a retired biology professor with over 32 years of experience teaching and researching reproductive technology in fishes. His presentation outlines various forms of reproduction including asexual, sexual, and parthenogenesis. It also discusses cloning technology such as embryo splitting, nuclear transfer, and the three main types of cloning - recombinant DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. The benefits and applications of cloning as well as techniques for transgenic animal production are also summarized.
This document outlines key concepts and objectives related to genetics, genetic engineering, and biotechnology. It discusses techniques like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling. It also describes gene transfer methods using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase. Examples of genetic modification in animals and plants are provided. The document discusses cloning techniques, creating recombinant DNA, and potential benefits and ethical issues related to genetic engineering.
This document outlines topics related to genetics and genetic engineering, including:
1. Using PCR and gel electrophoresis to analyze and separate DNA fragments.
2. Techniques for genetic engineering like using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase to transfer genes between organisms.
3. Examples of genetically modified crops and animals, and potential benefits and risks of genetic modification.
B sc biotech i fob unit 3 genetic engineeringRai University
Genetic engineering techniques allow for the precise manipulation of genes. Recombinant DNA techniques can create new combinations of genes that do not exist in nature. These techniques involve isolating, cutting, and splicing DNA molecules, and inserting genes into vectors to introduce them into host cells. While challenges remain, genetic engineering holds promise for applications in industry, agriculture, medicine, and more.
This document discusses genetic engineering and its applications. It begins by introducing genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It then provides a brief history of genetic engineering, noting key pioneers and developments from the 1970s onward. The document goes on to discuss various types of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), including genetically modified microbes, crops, and animals. It also covers applications of genetic engineering in medicine.
Prokaryotes like bacteria and archea make up the human microbiome, comprising 1-3% of the human body mass. Bacteria are some of Earth's oldest life forms and come in various shapes. They have diverse metabolic functions and can live in extreme environments. Some bacteria engage in symbiotic relationships with humans and support functions like digestion. While many bacteria are beneficial, certain pathogens can cause diseases. Advances like antibiotics revolutionized medicine but their overuse led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Lecture 3 -the diversity of genomes and the tree of lifeEmmanuel Aguon
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating that differentiated cells could be reprogrammed to pluripotency. Prior to Dolly, all cloning had involved embryonic cells or cells that had not yet differentiated. Dolly showed that the cell specialization process could be reversed, proving the possibility of therapeutic cloning and stem cell research using somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques. Her successful cloning from an adult cell was a major scientific breakthrough.
This document provides learning objectives and content about genetic engineering and its applications. It discusses:
- How genetic engineering works by transferring genes between organisms using plasmids and bacteria. This allows production of human insulin and other proteins.
- Advantages of genetic engineering like combining genes from different species and producing large quantities of desired proteins easily.
- Uses of genetic engineering including producing human insulin for diabetes treatment, blood clotting factors for hemophilia, and potential gene therapy applications.
- Issues around genetic engineering involve risks of gene therapy and problems with genetically modified crops despite improvements they can provide.
This document discusses the principles and history of biotechnology. It describes how Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen combined DNA splicing with plasmid insertion in bacteria in the 1970s, laying the foundations for the discipline of biotechnology. The document then explains some of the key techniques in biotechnology like genetic engineering, restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and recombinant DNA technology. It provides examples of how these techniques allow scientists to isolate and introduce desirable genes into organisms.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, dealing with how traits are passed from parents to offspring. A gene is a unit of heredity located on chromosomes that determines a characteristic.
2. Heredity refers to the transmission of similarities from parents to offspring, explaining resemblances within a family. Variation refers to differences between individuals of the same species or between siblings, explaining why offspring are similar but not identical.
3. Genetics has many applications, including improving crop yields through techniques like hybridization and transgenic plants, producing pharmaceuticals using transgenic bacteria, and promoting plant health using transgenic bacteria that produce insect toxins.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's genes. It can be used to remove or insert genes through techniques like recombinant DNA and gene editing. The basics of genetics like genes, genomes, DNA, and chromosomes were discovered in the 1950s-1970s, allowing for genetic manipulation. The first genetically modified organisms were created in the 1970s, including mice and tobacco plants. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns. It is a complex field with great potential but also uncertainties.
There are two main ways that variation can occur in bacteria: evolution and genetic mutations. Evolution occurs over many generations as genetic mutations arise and natural selection favors some mutations over others, allowing populations to adapt to their environments. Genetic mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or through horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. These genetic changes introduce variations within bacterial populations that natural selection can then act upon.
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Slides from talk:
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
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spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
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Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
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Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
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Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
1. Kamille A. Buenafe Grade 12 – STEM A
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Quarter 1 - Module 1 GENETICS
Lesson 1: Genetic Engineering
What I Know
Definition of Terms:
1. Genetic Engineering - is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
2. DNA - or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
3. Recombinant DNA - molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted into a host
organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and
industry.
4. Plasmids – are small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from
chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
5. Cloning - the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or
organism.
6. Genome - an organism's complete set of genetic instructions.
7. Gene Mapping - is the process of establishing the locations of genes on the chromosomes.
8. Biotechnology - technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction - a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a
specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large
enough amount to study in detail.
10. Gene Therapy - a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic
acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
What’s New
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. How organisms may be modified?
- Organisms may be modified with the use of genetic engineering technology by manipulating its
genetic material.
2. Enumerate plants and animals that have desirable or enhanced traits and how each of the traits was
introduced or developed. Modifying Technique ex. Classical Breeding, Recombinant DNA Technology.
ENHANCED TRAIT MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
Example: Flavr-Savr (Delayed
Ripening Tomatoes)
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Corn (Insect resistance) 1. Recombinant DNA Technology
2. Soybean (Herbicide tolerance) 2. Recombinant DNA Technology
3. Canola (Altered fatty acid composition) 3. Recombinant DNA Technology
4. Plum (Virus resistance) 4. Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Cotton crop (Insect resistance) 5. Recombinant DNA Technology
What’s More
Poster Making:
Create a poster on the steps and other methods involved in recombinant DNA.
(next page ma’am)
2.
3. What I’ve Learned
POST QUIZ
1. Determine which technologies are most appropriate for which cell types.
TECHNOLOGY CELL TYPE
1. Biolistics Plant cells
2. Electroporation Mammalian cells
3. Biolistics Plant cells
4. Heat Shock Treatment Bacterial cells
5. Electroporation Mammalian cells
What I Can Do
PERFORMANCE TASK:
Research on the pros and cons of genetic engineering. Present your information on a tabular form.
PROS CONS
1. It can improve the nutrition, taste, and growth rate of
crops.
1. It can increase the number of croplands we have
available.
2. It can lead to crops which have natural pest resistance. 2. It creates the potential for problematic pathogens.
3. It can help use to begin producing new foods. 3. It creates the potential for unwanted side effects.
4. It is a process that could improve human health at the
cellular level.
4. It would create an unfavorable level of diversity.
5. It can boost the positive traits in every life form. 5. It could create unpredictable outcomes.
6. It can be used to help current food resources to begin
producing more of them.
6. It might make it possible for companies to copyright our
food.
7. It would help to improve the quality of the soil. 7. It can put agricultural workers at risk for financial harm.
8. It follows the same processes we already use to create
new resources.
8. It can reduce the amount of diversity in our food supply.
9. It would reduce the cost of food for the average
household.
9. It could be used for abusive purposes.
10. It would ensure that our food supply remains
accessible.
10. It could interact negatively with other species.
11. It gives us access to additional products that are
useful.
11. It could create new diseases.
12. It allows patients to be treated with their own cells.
13. It can be used to improve our current pharmaceuticals.
14. It can increase the number of croplands we have
available.
Lesson 2: Discuss the Applications of Recombinant DNA
What I Know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Clone - copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original.
2. Plasmids - are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal
DNA.
3. Biotechnology - technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
4. PCR Amplification - is the selective amplification of DNA or RNA targets using the polymerase chain
reaction.
5. Detection - act of detecting, discovery, the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or of what
tends to elude observation.
6. Modified trait - introduction of new traits to an organism by making changes directly to its genetic
makeup, e.g. DNA, through intervention at the molecular level.
7. Human Genome - a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the
23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
8. Genetic Modified Organism - is an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using
genetic engineering techniques.
What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY: Designer Genes Work
1. How does DNA replicate?
4.
5. - Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA
strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. During
separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin.
2. What is Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material has been
artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This creates combinations of
plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional
crossbreeding methods.
What I’ve Learned
POST QUIZ:
1. Discuss how PCR may be used for the detection of disease-causing pathogens in a population during
the COVID Pandemic.
- The PCR test on blood and urine samples is capable of detecting the virus in the early stages of the
disease, resulting in early diagnosis and subsequent isolation of infected patients to block
transmission.
2. Discuss how the cloning and expression of certain genes allows for massive production of the desired
product.
- Cloning allows for the creation of multiple copies of genes, expression of genes, and study of
specific genes. Inside the host cell the recombinant DNA undergoes replication; thus, a bacterial
host will give rise to a colony of cells containing the cloned target gene. Various screening methods
may be used to identify such colonies, enabling them to be selected and cultured. Gene cloning
facilitates DNA sequencing; it also enables large quantities of a desired protein product to be
produced. Human insulin, for example, is now produced by bacteria containing the cloned insulin
gene.
Lesson 3: History of Life on Earth
What I Know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Precambrian - of, relating to, or being the earliest era of geologic history or the corresponding system
of rocks that is characterized especially by the appearance of single-celled organisms and is equivalent
to the Archean and Proterozoic eons
2. Paleozoic - of, relating to, originating in, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the
beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian and is marked by the culmination of nearly all
classes of invertebrates except the insects and in the later epochs by the appearance of terrestrial
plants, amphibians, and reptiles
3. Mesozoic - of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history comprising the interval between the
Permian and the Tertiary or the corresponding system of rocks that was marked by the presence of
dinosaurs, marine and flying reptiles, ammonites, ferns, and gymnosperms and the appearance of
angiosperms, mammals, and birds
4. Cenozoic - of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the
Tertiary period to the present time and is marked by a rapid evolution of mammals and birds and of
angiosperms and especially grasses and by little change in the invertebrates
5. Epoch - an event or a time marked by an event that begins a new period or development
6. Cambrian - of, relating to, or being the earliest geologic period of the Paleozoic era or the
corresponding system of rocks marked by fossils of nearly every major invertebrate animal group
7. Ordovician - of, relating to, or being the period between the Cambrian and the Silurian or the
corresponding system of rocks
8. Silurian - of, relating to, or being a period of the Paleozoic era between the Ordovician and Devonian
or the corresponding system of rocks marked by numerous eurypterid crustaceans and the appearance
of the first land plants
9. Devonian - of, relating to, or being the period of the Paleozoic era between the Silurian and the
Mississippian or the corresponding system of rocks
10. Carboniferous - of, relating to, or being the period of the Paleozoic era between the Devonian and the
Permian or the corresponding system of rocks that includes coal beds
11. Permian - of, relating to, or being the last period of the Paleozoic era or the corresponding system of
rocks
12. Triassic - of, relating to, or being the earliest period of the Mesozoic era or the corresponding system of
rocks marked by the first appearance of the dinosaurs