Debamalya Roy, profile picture
Uploaded byDebamalya Roy
DOCX, PDF822 views

General agreement on tariffs and trade

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade signed in 1947. It aimed to reduce trade barriers through a series of rounds of negotiations. There were 9 rounds, the last being the Uruguay Round from 1986-1994 which established the World Trade Organization in 1995 to replace GATT. The rounds achieved major reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers.

Embed presentation

Download to read offline
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia V · T · EGATT and WTO trade rounds[2] Name Start Duration Countries Subjects covered Achievements Geneva April 1947 7 months 23 Tariffs Signing of GATT, 45,000 tariff concessions affecting $10 billion of trade Annecy April 1949 5 months 13 Tariffs Countries exchanged some 5,000 tariff concessions Torquay September 1950 8 months 38 Tariffs Countries exchanged some 8,700 tariff concessions, cutting the 1948 tariff levels by 25% Geneva II January 1956 5 months 26 Tariffs, admission of Japan $2.5 billion in tariff reductions Dillon September 1960 11 months 26 Tariffs Tariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of world trade Kennedy May 1964 37 months 62 Tariffs, Anti- dumping Tariff concessions worth $40 billion of world trade Tokyo September 1973 74 months 102 Tariffs, non- tariff measures, "framework" agreements Tariff reductions worth more than $300 billion achieved
Jump to: navigation, search "GATT" redirects here. For other uses, see GATT (disambiguation). The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Uruguay September 1986 87 months 123 Tariffs, non- tariff measures, rules, services, intellectual property, dispute settlement, textiles, agriculture, creation of WTO, etc. The round led to the creation of WTO, and extended the range of trade negotiations, leading to major reductions in tariffs (about 40%) and agricultural subsidies, an agreement to allow full access for textiles and clothing from developing countries, and an extension of intellectual property rights. Doha November 2001 ? 159 Tariffs, non- tariff measures, agriculture, labor standards, environment, competition, investment, transparency, patents etc. The round has not yet concluded. Bali Package signed on the 7th December 2013.
Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on October 30, 1947 and took effect on January 1, 1948. It lasted until the signature by 123 nations in Marrakesh on April 14, 1994 of the Uruguay Round Agreements, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.[1] Contents  1 Rounds o 1.1 Annecy Round: 1949 o 1.2 Torquay Round: 1951 o 1.3 Geneva Round: 1955–59 o 1.4 Dillon Round: 1960–62 o 1.5 Kennedy Round: 1962–67 o 1.6 Tokyo Round: 1973–79 o 1.7 Uruguay Round: 1986–94  2 GATT and the World Trade Organization  3 See also  4 References  5 Further reading  6 External links Rounds[edit] GATT held a total of nine rounds, Annecy Round: 1949[edit] The second round took place in 1949 in Annecy, France. 13 countries took part in the round. The main focus of the talks was more tariff reductions, around 5000 in total. Torquay Round: 1951[edit] The third round occurred in Torquay, England in 1950. Thirty-eight countries took part in the round. 8,700 tariff concessions were made totaling the remaining amount of tariffs to ¾ of the tariffs which were in effect in 1948. The contemporaneous rejection by the U.S. of the Havana Charter signified the establishment of the GATT as a governing world body.[3] Geneva Round: 1955–59[edit] The fourth round returned to Geneva in 1955 and lasted until May 1956. Twenty-six countries took part in the round. $2.5 billion in tariffs were eliminated or reduced.
Dillon Round: 1960–62[edit] The fifth round occurred once more in Geneva and lasted from 1960-1962. The talks were named after U.S. Treasury Secretary and former Under Secretary of State, Douglas Dillon, who first proposed the talks. Twenty-six countries took part in the round. Along with reducing over $4.9 billion in tariffs, it also yielded discussion relating to the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC). Kennedy Round: 1962–67[edit] The sixth round of GATT multilateral trade negotiations, held from 1963 to 1967. It was named after U.S. President John F. Kennedy in recognition of his support for the reformulation of the United States trade agenda, which resulted in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. This Act gave the President the widest-ever negotiating authority. As the Dillon Round went through the laborious process of item-by-item tariff negotiations, it became clear, long before the Round ended, that a more comprehensive approach was needed to deal with the emerging challenges resulting from the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) and EFTA, as well as Europe's re-emergence as a significant international trader more generally. Japan's high economic growth rate portended the major role it would play later as an exporter, but the focal point of the Kennedy Round always was the United States-EEC relationship. Indeed, there was an influential American view that saw what became the Kennedy Round as the start of a transatlantic partnership that might ultimately lead to a transatlantic economic community. To an extent, this view was shared in Europe, but the process of European unification created its own stresses under which the Kennedy Round at times became a secondary focus for the EEC. An example of this was the French veto in January 1963, before the round had even started, on membership by the United Kingdom. Another was the internal crisis of 1965, which ended in the Luxembourg Compromise. Preparations for the new round were immediately overshadowed by the Chicken War, an early sign of the impact variable levies under the Common Agricultural Policy would eventually have. Some participants in the Round had been concerned that the convening of UNCTAD, scheduled for 1964, would result in further complications, but its impact on the actual negotiations was minimal. In May 1963 Ministers reached agreement on three negotiating objectives for the round: (a) Measures for the expansion of trade of developing countries as a means of furthering their economic development, (b) Reduction or elimination of tariffs and other barriers to trade, and
(c) Measures for access to markets for agricultural and other primary products. The working hypothesis for the tariff negotiations was a linear tariff cut of 50% with the smallest number of exceptions. A drawn-out argument developed about the trade effects a uniform linear cut would have on the dispersed rates (low and high tariffs quite far apart) of the United States as compared to the much more concentrated rates of the EEC which also tended to be in the lower held of United States tariff rates. The EEC accordingly argued for an evening-out or harmonization of peaks and troughs through its cerement, double cart and thirty: ten proposals. Once negotiations had been joined, the lofty working hypothesis was soon undermined. The special-structure countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa), so called because their exports were dominated by raw materials and other primary commodities, negotiated their tariff reductions entirely through the item-by-item method. In the end, the result was an average 35% reduction in tariffs, except for textiles, chemicals, steel and other sensitive products; plus a 15% to 18% reduction in tariffs for agricultural and food products. In addition, the negotiations on chemicals led to a provisional agreement on the abolition of the American Selling Price (ASP). This was a method of valuing some chemicals used by the noted States for the imposition of import duties which gave domestic manufacturers a much higher level of protection than the tariff schedule indicated. However, this part of the outcome was disallowed by Congress, and the American Selling Price was not abolished until Congress adopted the results of the Tokyo Round. The results on agriculture overall were poor. The most notable achievement was agreement on a Memorandum of Agreement on Basic Elements for the Negotiation of a World Grants Arrangement, which eventually was rolled into a new International Grains Arrangement. The EEC claimed that for it the main result of the negotiations on agriculture was that they "greatly helped to define its own common policy". The developing countries, who played a minor role throughout the negotiations in this Round, benefited nonetheless from substantial tariff cuts particularly in non-agricultural items of interest to them. Their main achievement at the time, however, was seen to be the adoption of Part IV of the GATT, which absolved them from according reciprocity to developed countries in trade negotiations. In the view of many developing countries, this was a direct result of the call at UNCTAD I for a better trade deal for them. There has been argument ever since whether this symbolic gesture was a victory for them, or whether it ensured their exclusion in the future from meaningful participation in the multilateral trading system. On the other hand, there was no doubt that the extension of the Long-Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, which later became the Multi- Fiber Arrangement, for three years until 1970 led to the longer-term impairment of export opportunities for developing countries.
Another outcome of the Kennedy Round was the adoption of an Anti-dumping Code, which gave more precise guidance on the implementation of Article VI of the GATT. In particular, it sought to ensure speedy and fair investigations, and it imposed limits on the retrospective application of anti-dumping measures. Kennedy Round took place from 1962-1967. $40 billion in tariffs were eliminated or reduced. Tokyo Round: 1973–79[edit] Reduced tariffs and established new regulations aimed at controlling the proliferation of non- tariff barriers and voluntary export restrictions. 102 countries took part in the round. Concessions were made on $190 billion worth. Uruguay Round: 1986–94[edit] The Uruguay Round began in 1986. It was the most ambitious round to date, hoping to expand the competence of the GATT to important new areas such as services, capital, intellectual property, textiles, and agriculture. 123 countries took part in the round. The Uruguay Round was also the first set of multilateral trade negotiations in which developing countries had played an active role.[4] Agriculture was essentially exempted from previous agreements as it was given special status in the areas of import quotas and export subsidies, with only mild caveats. However, by the time of the Uruguay round, many countries considered the exception of agriculture to be sufficiently glaring that they refused to sign a new deal without some movement on agricultural products. These fourteen countries came to be known as the "Cairns Group", and included mostly small and medium-sized agricultural exporters such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and New Zealand. The Agreement on Agriculture of the Uruguay Round continues to be the most substantial trade liberalization agreement in agricultural products in the history of trade negotiations. The goals of the agreement were to improve market access for agricultural products, reduce domestic support of agriculture in the form of price-distorting subsidies and quotas, eliminate over time export subsidies on agricultural products and to harmonize to the extent possible sanitary and phytosanitary measures between member countries. GATT and the World Trade Organization[edit] Main article: Uruguay Round In 1993, the GATT was updated (GATT 1994) to include new obligations upon its signatories. One of the most significant changes was the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The 75 existing GATT members and the European Communities became the founding members of the WTO on 1 January 1995. The other 52 GATT members rejoined the WTO in the following two years (the last being Congo in 1997). Since the founding of the WTO, 21 new
non-GATT members have joined and 29 are currently negotiating membership. There are a total of 159 member countries in the WTO, with Laos and Tajikistan being new members as of 2013. Of the original GATT members, Syria[5][6] and the SFR Yugoslavia have not rejoined the WTO. Since FR Yugoslavia, (renamed as Serbia and Montenegro and with membership negotiations later split in two), is not recognised as a direct SFRY successor state; therefore, its application is considered a new (non-GATT) one. The General Council of WTO, on 4 May 2010, agreed to establish a working party to examine the request of Syria for WTO membership.[7][8] The contracting parties who founded the WTO ended official agreement of the "GATT 1947" terms on 31 December 1995. Montenegro became a member in 2012, while Serbia is in the decision stage of the negotiations and is expected to become one of the newest members of the WTO in 2014 or in near future. Whilst GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an institutional body. The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to include trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT.[9] See also[edit]  Most favoured nation  GATT special and differential treatment References[edit] 1. ^ World Trade Organization: WTO legal texts; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 2. ^ a)The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh,World Trade Organization b)Timeline: World Trade Organization – A chronology of key events, BBC News c)Brakman-Garretsen-Marrewijk-Witteloostuijn, Nations and Firms in the Global Economy, Chapter 10: Trade and Capital Restriction 3. ^ Michael Hudson, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentalsof U.S. World Dominance, 2nd ed. (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press,2003), 258. 4. ^ "The GATT Uruguay Round". ODI briefing paper. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2011. 5. ^ "Fiftieth Anniversary GATT". Wto.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 6. ^ "Understanding the WTO - members". WTO. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 7. ^ "Accession status: Syrian Arab Republic". WTO. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 8. ^ "2010 News items - Working party established on Syria’s membership request". WTO. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 9. ^ What is the WTO? (Official WTO site) Further reading[edit]
 Aaronson Susan A. Trade and the American Dream: A Social History of Postwar Trade Policy & co (1996)  Irwin, Douglas A. "The GATT in Historical Perspective," American Economic Review Vol. 85, No. 2, (May, 1995), pp. 323–328 in JSTOR  McKenzie, Francine. "GATT and the Cold War," Journal of Cold War Studies, Summer 2008, 10#3 pp 78–109  Zeiler, Thomas W. Free Trade, Free World: The Advent of GATT (1999) excerpt and text search External links[edit]  GATT Turns 80  All GATT Panel Reports  GATT Digital Library 1947-1994 at Stanford University  The WTO and Global Trade at PBS  BBCnews World/Europe country profile  ODI Briefing Paper/ GATT Uruguay Round  Agriculture in the GATT: A Historical Account  Text of GATT 1947  Text of GATT 1994  v  t  e International trade Terminology  Absolute advantage  Balance of payments  Balance of trade  Capital account  Comparative advantage  Current account  Export-oriented industrialization  Fair trade  Foreign exchange reserves  Globalization  Import substitution industrialization  Net capital outflow  Outsourcing  Trade justice  Trading nation
Organizations and policies  International Monetary Fund (IMF)  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development  World Bank Group  World Trade Organization (WTO) o International Trade Centre  Bilateral investment treaty  Economic integration  Free trade zone  Special economic zone  Trade agreement  Trade barrier  Trade bloc Schools of thought  Economic nationalism  Free trade  Mercantilism  Protectionism Regional organizations  ACU  ASEAN  CACM  CAN  CARICOM  CEMAC  CUBKR  EAC  EAEC  EU  GCC  Mercosur  RCEP  SAARC  SACU  WAEMU Trading partners  Argentina  Canada  China  European Union  Germany
 India  Japan  Netherlands  Pakistan  Russia  United States  South Korea  Category  Commons  v  t  e Globalization  Books  Indices  Journals  Lists  Organizations  Outline  Studies  Terms  Writers Aspects  Alter-globalization  Anti-globalization  Counter-hegemonic globalization  Cultural globalization  Deglobalization  Democratic globalization  Economic globalization  Financial globalization  Global citizenship o education  Global governance  Global health  History of globalization o archaic
o early modern  Political globalization  Trade globalization  Workforce globalization Issues Global  Disease  Digital divide  Labor arbitrage  Population  Sustainable cities  Warming  Water crisis Other  Brain drain o reverse  Climate change  Climate justice  Development aid  Economic inequality  Endangered languages  Fair trade  Forced migration  Human rights  Illicit financial flows  Invasive species  Investor-state disputes  New international division of labour  North–South divide  Offshoring  Race to the bottom o pollution havens  Transnational crime  Westernization  World war Theories  Capital accumulation  Dependency  Development  Earth system  Fiscal localism  Modernization
o ecological o history of  Primitive accumulation  Social change  World history  World-systems Notable scholars  Samir Amin  Arjun Appadurai  K. Anthony Appiah  Daniele Archibugi  Giovanni Arrighi  Ravi Batra  Jean Baudrillard  Zygmunt Bauman  Ulrich Beck  Walden Bello  Jagdish Bhagwati  Robert Brenner  Manuel Castells  Noam Chomsky  Alfred Crosby  Christopher Chase-Dunn  Andre G. Frank  Thomas Friedman  Anthony Giddens  Peter Gowan  Michael Hardt  David Harvey  David Held  Paul Hirst  Michael Hudson  Paul James  Ibn Khaldun  Naomi Klein  Antonio Negri  Jeffrey Sachs  Saskia Sassen  John R. Saul  Vandana Shiva  Joseph Stiglitz  John Urry  Immanuel Wallerstein
 Portal  Category  Commons  WikiProject  v  t  e World Trade Organization System  Accession and membership  Appellate Body  Dispute Settlement Body  International Trade Centre  Chronology of key events Issues  Criticism  Doha Development Round  Singapore issues  Quota Elimination  Peace Clause Agreements  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  Agriculture  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  Technical Barriers to Trade  Trade Related Investment Measures  Trade in Services  Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  Government Procurement  Information Technology  Marrakech Agreement  Doha Declaration  Bali Package Ministerial Conferences  1st (1996)  2nd (1998)  3rd (1999)  4th (2001)
 5th (2003)  6th (2005)  7th (2009)  8th (2011)  9th (2013) People  Pascal Lamy (Director-General)  Roberto Azevêdo (Elected Director-General)  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General)  Deputy Directors-General: o Alejandro Jara o Valentine Rugwabiza o Harsha Singh o Rufus Yerxa Members  Albania  Algeria  Angola  Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Armenia  Australia  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Barbados  Belize  Benin  Bolivia  Botswana  Brazil  Brunei  Burkina Faso  Burma  Burundi  Cambodia  Cameroon  Canada  Cape Verde  Central African Republic  Chad  Chile  China  Colombia
 Democratic Republic of the Congo  Republic of the Congo  Costa Rica  Côte d'Ivoire  Cuba  Djibouti  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Egypt  El Salvador  European Union¹  Fiji  Gabon  The Gambia  Georgia  Ghana  Grenada  Guatemala  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Hong Kong²  Iceland  India  Indonesia  Israel  Jamaica  Japan  Jordan  Kenya  South Korea  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Lesotho  Liechtenstein  Macau²  Macedonia  Madagascar  Malawi  Malaysia  Maldives  Mali
 Mauritania  Mauritius  Mexico  Moldova  Mongolia  Montenegro  Morocco  Mozambique  Namibia  Nepal  New Zealand  Nicaragua  Niger  Nigeria  Norway  Oman  Pakistan  Panama  Papua New Guinea  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Qatar  Russia  Rwanda  St. Kitts and Nevis  St. Lucia  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  Samoa  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Singapore  Solomon Islands  South Africa  Sri Lanka  Suriname  Swaziland  Switzerland  Taiwan³  Tanzania  Thailand  Togo  Tonga  Trinidad and Tobago
 Tunisia  Turkey  Uganda  Ukraine  United Arab Emirates  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia  Zimbabwe 1. All twenty-eight member states ofthe European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right:  Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  United Kingdom
2. Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". 3. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu" Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&oldid=6 53168750" Categories:  World Trade Organization  International trade  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  1947 in Switzerland  Commercial treaties  Treaties concluded in 1947  Treaties entered into force in 1948  Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda  Treaties of Argentina  Treaties of Australia  Treaties of Austria  Treaties of Bahrain  Treaties of Bangladesh  Treaties of Barbados  Treaties of Belgium  Treaties of Belize  Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic  Treaties of Brunei  Treaties of Canada  Treaties of Chile  Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–49)  Treaties of Costa Rica  Treaties of Ivory Coast  Treaties of the Czech Republic  Treaties of Czechoslovakia  Treaties of Denmark  Treaties of Dominica  Treaties of the Dominican Republic  Treaties entered into by the European Union  Treaties of Finland  Treaties of the French Fourth Republic  Treaties of Gabon  Treaties of West Germany  Treaties of Ghana  Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
 Treaties of Guyana  Treaties of Haiti  Treaties of Honduras  Treaties of Hungary  Treaties of Iceland  Treaties of the Dominion of India  Treaties of Indonesia  Treaties of Ireland  Treaties of Italy  Treaties of Japan  Treaties of Kenya  Treaties of South Korea  Treaties of Kuwait  Treaties of Liberia  Treaties of Luxembourg  Treaties of Macau  Treaties of Malaysia  Treaties of Malta  Treaties of Mauritius  Treaties of Mexico  Treaties of Morocco  Treaties of Burma  Treaties of Namibia  Treaties of the Netherlands  Treaties of New Zealand  Treaties of Nicaragua  Treaties of Nigeria  Treaties of Norway  Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan  Treaties of Paraguay  Treaties of Peru  Treaties of the Philippines  Treaties of Poland  Treaties of Portugal  Treaties of Romania  Treaties of Saint Lucia  Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Treaties of Senegal  Treaties of Singapore  Treaties of Slovakia  Treaties of the Union of South Africa  Treaties of Southern Rhodesia  Treaties of Spain  Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon  Treaties of Suriname  Treaties of Swaziland
 Treaties of Sweden  Treaties of Switzerland  Treaties of Syria  Treaties of Tanzania  Treaties of Thailand  Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago  Treaties of Uganda  Treaties of the United Kingdom  Treaties of the United States  Treaties of Uruguay  Treaties of Venezuela  Treaties of Yugoslavia  Treaties of Zambia  Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo  Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies  Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)  Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies  Treaties extended to Greenland  Treaties extended to French Equatorial Africa  Treaties extended to French West Africa  Treaties extended to French Somaliland  Treaties extended to French Polynesia  Treaties extended to New Caledonia  Treaties extended to the New Hebrides  Treaties extended to Guadeloupe  Treaties extended to French Guiana  Treaties extended to French Indochina  Treaties extended to French Madagascar  Treaties extended to Martinique  Treaties extended to Réunion  Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon  Treaties extended to the French Protectorate of Tunisia  Treaties extended to the Colony of Aden  Treaties extended to the Aden Protectorate  Treaties extended to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan  Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas  Treaties extended to Bahrain (protectorate)  Treaties extended to the Colony of Barbados  Treaties extended to Basutoland  Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate  Treaties extended to Bermuda  Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)  Treaties extended to British Cyprus  Treaties extended to British Dominica  Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands  Treaties extended to Colonial Fiji
 Treaties extended to British Gambia  Treaties extended to Gibraltar  Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands  Treaties extended to the Gold Coast (British colony)  Treaties extended to Guernsey  Treaties extended to British Guiana  Treaties extended to British Honduras  Treaties extended to British Hong Kong  Treaties extended to the Isle of Man  Treaties extended to Jersey  Treaties extended to British Kenya  Treaties extended to the Sheikhdom of Kuwait  Treaties extended to the British Leeward Islands  Treaties extended to the British Windward Islands  Treaties extended to Malta Colony  Treaties extended to British Mauritius  Treaties extended to the Malayan Union  Treaties extended to the Dominion of Newfoundland  Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria  Treaties extended to Nyasaland  Treaties extended to Northern Rhodesia  Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands  Treaties extended to Qatar (protectorate)  Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha  Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles  Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone  Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore  Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands  Treaties extended to British Somaliland  Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)  Treaties extended to Tanganyika Territory  Treaties extended to Tonga (protectorate)  Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago  Treaties extended to the Trucial States  Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate  Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar  Treaties extended to British Togoland  Treaties extended to British Cameroons  Treaties extended to the British Western Pacific Territories  History of Geneva Hidden categories:  Use dmy dates from July 2012 Navigation menu
Personal tools  Create account  Log in Namespaces  Article  Talk Variants Views  Read  Edit  View history More Search Search Go Navigation  Main page  Contents  Featured content  Current events  Random article  Donate to Wikipedia  Wikipedia store Interaction  Help  About Wikipedia  Community portal  Recent changes  Contact page Tools
 What links here  Related changes  Upload file  Special pages  Permanent link  Page information  Wikidata item  Cite this page Print/export  Create a book  Download as PDF  Printable version Languages  ‫ية‬ ‫عرب‬ ‫ال‬  Беларуская (тарашкевіца)  Български  Català  Čeština  Deutsch  Eesti  Ελληνικά  Español  Esperanto  Euskara  ‫سی‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ف‬  Français  한국어  Bahasa Indonesia  Íslenska  Italiano  ‫עברית‬  ಕನ್ನಡ  ქართული  Македонски  ‫صرى‬ ‫م‬  မြန်ြာဘာသာ  Nederlands  日本語  Norsk bokmål  ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
 Polski  Português  Română  Русский  Shqip  Slovenčina  Suomi  Svenska  ไทย  Türkçe  Українська  Tiếng Việt  中文  Edit links  This page was last modified on 23 March 2015, at 15:39.  Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non- profit organization.  Privacy policy  About Wikipedia  Disclaimers  Contact Wikipedia  Developers  Mobile view  

More Related Content

DOCX
Gatt
byAbdul Rehman
 
PPTX
Gatt
bybinnz
 
PPTX
WTO GATT
byadityasood007
 
PPTX
General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)
byNambi Nam
 
PPTX
India And GATT
byVivek Ranjan
 
PPTX
Gatt
byBibhu Manik
 
PPTX
Gatt.....niloy
byNiloy Saha
 
PPTX
GATT presentation BY Salman Anjum
byMD SALMAN ANJUM
 
Gatt
byAbdul Rehman
 
Gatt
bybinnz
 
WTO GATT
byadityasood007
 
General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)
byNambi Nam
 
India And GATT
byVivek Ranjan
 
Gatt
byBibhu Manik
 
Gatt.....niloy
byNiloy Saha
 
GATT presentation BY Salman Anjum
byMD SALMAN ANJUM
 

What's hot

PPT
Gatt
byMalla Reddy College of Pharmacy
 
DOCX
GATT Agreements
byWaliullah Wali
 
PPTX
GATT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and GATS : General Agreement on...
bySakshi Saxena
 
PPTX
What is gatt
bynitinsoni02
 
PPT
Gatt and wto foundation
byhh_hjs
 
PPTX
WTO and GATT
byJeetendra Khilnani
 
PPT
Praveen copy
byMalla Reddy College of Pharmacy
 
PPTX
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
byBiltu Patra
 
PPT
GATT/WTO
byNishant Pahad
 
PPT
Ch 38 gatt & wto
byNikita
 
PPTX
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
byJean Tralala
 
PPTX
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
byKaustubh Gupta
 
PPTX
Wto and gatt
bySuditi Bhagat
 
PPT
Uruguay ao a ppt
byAbhishek Gupta
 
PDF
MOST-FAVOUREDNATION TREATMENT
byIra Kristina Lumban Tobing
 
PPT
The Multilateral Trading System After Doha
bySimon Lacey
 
PPT
Priyanka GATT
bypinky005
 
PPTX
Gatt
byNiraj Patel
 
PPSX
GATT & WTO - Their Impact on India
byAniruddh Tiwari
 
Gatt
byMalla Reddy College of Pharmacy
 
GATT Agreements
byWaliullah Wali
 
GATT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and GATS : General Agreement on...
bySakshi Saxena
 
What is gatt
bynitinsoni02
 
Gatt and wto foundation
byhh_hjs
 
WTO and GATT
byJeetendra Khilnani
 
Praveen copy
byMalla Reddy College of Pharmacy
 
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
byBiltu Patra
 
GATT/WTO
byNishant Pahad
 
Ch 38 gatt & wto
byNikita
 
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
byJean Tralala
 
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
byKaustubh Gupta
 
Wto and gatt
bySuditi Bhagat
 
Uruguay ao a ppt
byAbhishek Gupta
 
MOST-FAVOUREDNATION TREATMENT
byIra Kristina Lumban Tobing
 
The Multilateral Trading System After Doha
bySimon Lacey
 
Priyanka GATT
bypinky005
 
Gatt
byNiraj Patel
 
GATT & WTO - Their Impact on India
byAniruddh Tiwari
 

Viewers also liked

PPT
The wto agreement on agriculture
bybhshmuec
 
PPTX
WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture Issues and Concerns for India
byYogesh Bandhu
 
PPTX
wto and indian agriculture
bycharudatta gangoli
 
PPTX
International monetary fund
byPankaj Rao
 
PPTX
World bank
byRuchir Shukla
 
PPT
World bank
byCitibank N.A.
 
PPTX
World Bank
byHj Habib
 
PPT
Imf ppt
byBlue Angel
 
PPT
worldbank.ppt
byHongha Phung
 
PPTX
International Monetary Fund
byAabhas Rastogi
 
PPTX
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
byHj Habib
 
PPTX
World bank ppt
bySudarshana Jaiman
 
PPT
Imf ppt
byLalit Arora
 
PPTX
Role and function of imf
byShiba Prasad Mohanty
 
PPT
World Bank Ppt
bymilanmadhukar
 
PPTX
Wto and its impact on indian agriculture, avikal
byAvikal Arya
 
The wto agreement on agriculture
bybhshmuec
 
WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture Issues and Concerns for India
byYogesh Bandhu
 
wto and indian agriculture
bycharudatta gangoli
 
International monetary fund
byPankaj Rao
 
World bank
byRuchir Shukla
 
World bank
byCitibank N.A.
 
World Bank
byHj Habib
 
Imf ppt
byBlue Angel
 
worldbank.ppt
byHongha Phung
 
International Monetary Fund
byAabhas Rastogi
 
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
byHj Habib
 
World bank ppt
bySudarshana Jaiman
 
Imf ppt
byLalit Arora
 
Role and function of imf
byShiba Prasad Mohanty
 
World Bank Ppt
bymilanmadhukar
 
Wto and its impact on indian agriculture, avikal
byAvikal Arya
 

Similar to General agreement on tariffs and trade

PPTX
GATT history.pptx
byNIHARGUPTA13
 
PPTX
GATT Roundsmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.pptx
bynishita25sharma
 
PPTX
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND TRADE, PPT FOR iIBT
byZhennLorenzoAvillano
 
PPTX
Gatt
byReteshPawma
 
DOC
Chapter 3
bysriram
 
DOCX
Wto
byShriya Dhar
 
PPTX
Various rounds of wto
byDurga .A
 
PPTX
New Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation.pptx
bynazneenkhatib88
 
PPTX
WTO
bySagar K Savale
 
PDF
SeminarWork
byeconomicdiplomacy
 
PPTX
Evolution of WTO .pptx
byBhawna173140
 
PPTX
GATT_Presentation_With_Transitions.pptx.
byDarshanKumarG3
 
PPT
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)
byHarshit Ahuja
 
PPT
GATT(GENERAL AGREEMENTS OF TARIFF AND TRADE)
bysajal789
 
PPT
World Trade Organization
byeconomicdiplomacy
 
ODP
Wto and implications for small and developing countries
byDavepres
 
PDF
Vskills international trade and forex professional sample material
byVskills
 
PPTX
Presentation_on___GATT_Presentation.pptx
byDarshanKumarG3
 
PPTX
GATT/General Agreement on Trade and Traffic
byVvv.mba
 
PDF
us_trade_policy_since1934_ir6_pub4094.pdf
bySakhawatHossainRony
 
GATT history.pptx
byNIHARGUPTA13
 
GATT Roundsmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.pptx
bynishita25sharma
 
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND TRADE, PPT FOR iIBT
byZhennLorenzoAvillano
 
Gatt
byReteshPawma
 
Chapter 3
bysriram
 
Wto
byShriya Dhar
 
Various rounds of wto
byDurga .A
 
New Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation.pptx
bynazneenkhatib88
 
WTO
bySagar K Savale
 
SeminarWork
byeconomicdiplomacy
 
Evolution of WTO .pptx
byBhawna173140
 
GATT_Presentation_With_Transitions.pptx.
byDarshanKumarG3
 
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)
byHarshit Ahuja
 
GATT(GENERAL AGREEMENTS OF TARIFF AND TRADE)
bysajal789
 
World Trade Organization
byeconomicdiplomacy
 
Wto and implications for small and developing countries
byDavepres
 
Vskills international trade and forex professional sample material
byVskills
 
Presentation_on___GATT_Presentation.pptx
byDarshanKumarG3
 
GATT/General Agreement on Trade and Traffic
byVvv.mba
 
us_trade_policy_since1934_ir6_pub4094.pdf
bySakhawatHossainRony
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
VD 570 - Robust Inline Flow Meter From CS-Instruments
byCS Instruments
 
DOCX
Best Place to Learn Old or Aged Verified Square Accounts in WWW.docx
byTopSelleriT
 
PDF
What Is Setup for Decoration | Machine Reality Explained
byInkdnylon
 
PDF
Prasenjit Bhaumik Plano - Proficient In JavaScript, Python, And Database Mana...
byPrasenjit Bhaumik Plano
 
PDF
Precision Agriculture 2026: Using Drones for Targeted Insecticide and Herbici...
byDhanuka Agritech Limited
 
PDF
Comments on Ultra Map Section II Multifaceted Second Edition.pdf
byBrij Consulting, LLC
 
PDF
Where to Buy Facebook Accounts safely.pdf
bysmmsellerit.com
 
PDF
Intangible (Knowledge) Assets and Dynamic Capabilities: New Paradigms for Ana...
byDavid Teece
 
DOCX
How to Buy Verified Bybit Accounts in 2026 not risk .docx
bymarketing
 
PPTX
Levels of Management: Top, Middle and Lower Management Explained
bychrispshajugig
 
DOCX
What Are Telegram Accounts and Why Are They Important for Global Communicatio...
byx24gm4qs23vusc8s2b53
 
PDF
AI,Analytics, Digital HR, Agentic AI.pdf
bypgp25chinica
 
PDF
Company Valuation webinar - Feb 2026.pdf
byFelixPerez547899
 
DOCX
Important Asset To know About Buying Old or Aged Verified Bybit Accounts.docx
byTopSelleriTDotCom
 
DOCX
8 Best Places to Buy Facebook Accounts at Wholesale Prices.docx
byFacebook Accounts
 
PDF
Best Place to Learn Old or Aged Verified Paysera Accounts in WWW.pdf
byTopSelleriT
 
PDF
A Brief Introduction About Xin Yi Hoo
byXin Yi Hoo
 
PPTX
5, Money Number Tax and Wages 19072017.pptx
byAdrian Hawkes
 
PPTX
Sewage Treatment Plant in Bangalore |Best STP Plant Manufacturers in Tamilna...
byKemproPumps
 
PDF
ICv2 White Paper - Navigating the New World of Comics
byDennisViau
 
VD 570 - Robust Inline Flow Meter From CS-Instruments
byCS Instruments
 
Best Place to Learn Old or Aged Verified Square Accounts in WWW.docx
byTopSelleriT
 
What Is Setup for Decoration | Machine Reality Explained
byInkdnylon
 
Prasenjit Bhaumik Plano - Proficient In JavaScript, Python, And Database Mana...
byPrasenjit Bhaumik Plano
 
Precision Agriculture 2026: Using Drones for Targeted Insecticide and Herbici...
byDhanuka Agritech Limited
 
Comments on Ultra Map Section II Multifaceted Second Edition.pdf
byBrij Consulting, LLC
 
Where to Buy Facebook Accounts safely.pdf
bysmmsellerit.com
 
Intangible (Knowledge) Assets and Dynamic Capabilities: New Paradigms for Ana...
byDavid Teece
 
How to Buy Verified Bybit Accounts in 2026 not risk .docx
bymarketing
 
Levels of Management: Top, Middle and Lower Management Explained
bychrispshajugig
 
What Are Telegram Accounts and Why Are They Important for Global Communicatio...
byx24gm4qs23vusc8s2b53
 
AI,Analytics, Digital HR, Agentic AI.pdf
bypgp25chinica
 
Company Valuation webinar - Feb 2026.pdf
byFelixPerez547899
 
Important Asset To know About Buying Old or Aged Verified Bybit Accounts.docx
byTopSelleriTDotCom
 
8 Best Places to Buy Facebook Accounts at Wholesale Prices.docx
byFacebook Accounts
 
Best Place to Learn Old or Aged Verified Paysera Accounts in WWW.pdf
byTopSelleriT
 
A Brief Introduction About Xin Yi Hoo
byXin Yi Hoo
 
5, Money Number Tax and Wages 19072017.pptx
byAdrian Hawkes
 
Sewage Treatment Plant in Bangalore |Best STP Plant Manufacturers in Tamilna...
byKemproPumps
 
ICv2 White Paper - Navigating the New World of Comics
byDennisViau
 

General agreement on tariffs and trade

  • 1.
    General Agreement onTariffs and Trade From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia V · T · EGATT and WTO trade rounds[2] Name Start Duration Countries Subjects covered Achievements Geneva April 1947 7 months 23 Tariffs Signing of GATT, 45,000 tariff concessions affecting $10 billion of trade Annecy April 1949 5 months 13 Tariffs Countries exchanged some 5,000 tariff concessions Torquay September 1950 8 months 38 Tariffs Countries exchanged some 8,700 tariff concessions, cutting the 1948 tariff levels by 25% Geneva II January 1956 5 months 26 Tariffs, admission of Japan $2.5 billion in tariff reductions Dillon September 1960 11 months 26 Tariffs Tariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of world trade Kennedy May 1964 37 months 62 Tariffs, Anti- dumping Tariff concessions worth $40 billion of world trade Tokyo September 1973 74 months 102 Tariffs, non- tariff measures, "framework" agreements Tariff reductions worth more than $300 billion achieved
  • 2.
    Jump to: navigation,search "GATT" redirects here. For other uses, see GATT (disambiguation). The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Uruguay September 1986 87 months 123 Tariffs, non- tariff measures, rules, services, intellectual property, dispute settlement, textiles, agriculture, creation of WTO, etc. The round led to the creation of WTO, and extended the range of trade negotiations, leading to major reductions in tariffs (about 40%) and agricultural subsidies, an agreement to allow full access for textiles and clothing from developing countries, and an extension of intellectual property rights. Doha November 2001 ? 159 Tariffs, non- tariff measures, agriculture, labor standards, environment, competition, investment, transparency, patents etc. The round has not yet concluded. Bali Package signed on the 7th December 2013.
  • 3.
    Trade and Employmentand was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on October 30, 1947 and took effect on January 1, 1948. It lasted until the signature by 123 nations in Marrakesh on April 14, 1994 of the Uruguay Round Agreements, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.[1] Contents  1 Rounds o 1.1 Annecy Round: 1949 o 1.2 Torquay Round: 1951 o 1.3 Geneva Round: 1955–59 o 1.4 Dillon Round: 1960–62 o 1.5 Kennedy Round: 1962–67 o 1.6 Tokyo Round: 1973–79 o 1.7 Uruguay Round: 1986–94  2 GATT and the World Trade Organization  3 See also  4 References  5 Further reading  6 External links Rounds[edit] GATT held a total of nine rounds, Annecy Round: 1949[edit] The second round took place in 1949 in Annecy, France. 13 countries took part in the round. The main focus of the talks was more tariff reductions, around 5000 in total. Torquay Round: 1951[edit] The third round occurred in Torquay, England in 1950. Thirty-eight countries took part in the round. 8,700 tariff concessions were made totaling the remaining amount of tariffs to ¾ of the tariffs which were in effect in 1948. The contemporaneous rejection by the U.S. of the Havana Charter signified the establishment of the GATT as a governing world body.[3] Geneva Round: 1955–59[edit] The fourth round returned to Geneva in 1955 and lasted until May 1956. Twenty-six countries took part in the round. $2.5 billion in tariffs were eliminated or reduced.
  • 4.
    Dillon Round: 1960–62[edit] Thefifth round occurred once more in Geneva and lasted from 1960-1962. The talks were named after U.S. Treasury Secretary and former Under Secretary of State, Douglas Dillon, who first proposed the talks. Twenty-six countries took part in the round. Along with reducing over $4.9 billion in tariffs, it also yielded discussion relating to the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC). Kennedy Round: 1962–67[edit] The sixth round of GATT multilateral trade negotiations, held from 1963 to 1967. It was named after U.S. President John F. Kennedy in recognition of his support for the reformulation of the United States trade agenda, which resulted in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. This Act gave the President the widest-ever negotiating authority. As the Dillon Round went through the laborious process of item-by-item tariff negotiations, it became clear, long before the Round ended, that a more comprehensive approach was needed to deal with the emerging challenges resulting from the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) and EFTA, as well as Europe's re-emergence as a significant international trader more generally. Japan's high economic growth rate portended the major role it would play later as an exporter, but the focal point of the Kennedy Round always was the United States-EEC relationship. Indeed, there was an influential American view that saw what became the Kennedy Round as the start of a transatlantic partnership that might ultimately lead to a transatlantic economic community. To an extent, this view was shared in Europe, but the process of European unification created its own stresses under which the Kennedy Round at times became a secondary focus for the EEC. An example of this was the French veto in January 1963, before the round had even started, on membership by the United Kingdom. Another was the internal crisis of 1965, which ended in the Luxembourg Compromise. Preparations for the new round were immediately overshadowed by the Chicken War, an early sign of the impact variable levies under the Common Agricultural Policy would eventually have. Some participants in the Round had been concerned that the convening of UNCTAD, scheduled for 1964, would result in further complications, but its impact on the actual negotiations was minimal. In May 1963 Ministers reached agreement on three negotiating objectives for the round: (a) Measures for the expansion of trade of developing countries as a means of furthering their economic development, (b) Reduction or elimination of tariffs and other barriers to trade, and
  • 5.
    (c) Measures foraccess to markets for agricultural and other primary products. The working hypothesis for the tariff negotiations was a linear tariff cut of 50% with the smallest number of exceptions. A drawn-out argument developed about the trade effects a uniform linear cut would have on the dispersed rates (low and high tariffs quite far apart) of the United States as compared to the much more concentrated rates of the EEC which also tended to be in the lower held of United States tariff rates. The EEC accordingly argued for an evening-out or harmonization of peaks and troughs through its cerement, double cart and thirty: ten proposals. Once negotiations had been joined, the lofty working hypothesis was soon undermined. The special-structure countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa), so called because their exports were dominated by raw materials and other primary commodities, negotiated their tariff reductions entirely through the item-by-item method. In the end, the result was an average 35% reduction in tariffs, except for textiles, chemicals, steel and other sensitive products; plus a 15% to 18% reduction in tariffs for agricultural and food products. In addition, the negotiations on chemicals led to a provisional agreement on the abolition of the American Selling Price (ASP). This was a method of valuing some chemicals used by the noted States for the imposition of import duties which gave domestic manufacturers a much higher level of protection than the tariff schedule indicated. However, this part of the outcome was disallowed by Congress, and the American Selling Price was not abolished until Congress adopted the results of the Tokyo Round. The results on agriculture overall were poor. The most notable achievement was agreement on a Memorandum of Agreement on Basic Elements for the Negotiation of a World Grants Arrangement, which eventually was rolled into a new International Grains Arrangement. The EEC claimed that for it the main result of the negotiations on agriculture was that they "greatly helped to define its own common policy". The developing countries, who played a minor role throughout the negotiations in this Round, benefited nonetheless from substantial tariff cuts particularly in non-agricultural items of interest to them. Their main achievement at the time, however, was seen to be the adoption of Part IV of the GATT, which absolved them from according reciprocity to developed countries in trade negotiations. In the view of many developing countries, this was a direct result of the call at UNCTAD I for a better trade deal for them. There has been argument ever since whether this symbolic gesture was a victory for them, or whether it ensured their exclusion in the future from meaningful participation in the multilateral trading system. On the other hand, there was no doubt that the extension of the Long-Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, which later became the Multi- Fiber Arrangement, for three years until 1970 led to the longer-term impairment of export opportunities for developing countries.
  • 6.
    Another outcome ofthe Kennedy Round was the adoption of an Anti-dumping Code, which gave more precise guidance on the implementation of Article VI of the GATT. In particular, it sought to ensure speedy and fair investigations, and it imposed limits on the retrospective application of anti-dumping measures. Kennedy Round took place from 1962-1967. $40 billion in tariffs were eliminated or reduced. Tokyo Round: 1973–79[edit] Reduced tariffs and established new regulations aimed at controlling the proliferation of non- tariff barriers and voluntary export restrictions. 102 countries took part in the round. Concessions were made on $190 billion worth. Uruguay Round: 1986–94[edit] The Uruguay Round began in 1986. It was the most ambitious round to date, hoping to expand the competence of the GATT to important new areas such as services, capital, intellectual property, textiles, and agriculture. 123 countries took part in the round. The Uruguay Round was also the first set of multilateral trade negotiations in which developing countries had played an active role.[4] Agriculture was essentially exempted from previous agreements as it was given special status in the areas of import quotas and export subsidies, with only mild caveats. However, by the time of the Uruguay round, many countries considered the exception of agriculture to be sufficiently glaring that they refused to sign a new deal without some movement on agricultural products. These fourteen countries came to be known as the "Cairns Group", and included mostly small and medium-sized agricultural exporters such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and New Zealand. The Agreement on Agriculture of the Uruguay Round continues to be the most substantial trade liberalization agreement in agricultural products in the history of trade negotiations. The goals of the agreement were to improve market access for agricultural products, reduce domestic support of agriculture in the form of price-distorting subsidies and quotas, eliminate over time export subsidies on agricultural products and to harmonize to the extent possible sanitary and phytosanitary measures between member countries. GATT and the World Trade Organization[edit] Main article: Uruguay Round In 1993, the GATT was updated (GATT 1994) to include new obligations upon its signatories. One of the most significant changes was the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The 75 existing GATT members and the European Communities became the founding members of the WTO on 1 January 1995. The other 52 GATT members rejoined the WTO in the following two years (the last being Congo in 1997). Since the founding of the WTO, 21 new
  • 7.
    non-GATT members havejoined and 29 are currently negotiating membership. There are a total of 159 member countries in the WTO, with Laos and Tajikistan being new members as of 2013. Of the original GATT members, Syria[5][6] and the SFR Yugoslavia have not rejoined the WTO. Since FR Yugoslavia, (renamed as Serbia and Montenegro and with membership negotiations later split in two), is not recognised as a direct SFRY successor state; therefore, its application is considered a new (non-GATT) one. The General Council of WTO, on 4 May 2010, agreed to establish a working party to examine the request of Syria for WTO membership.[7][8] The contracting parties who founded the WTO ended official agreement of the "GATT 1947" terms on 31 December 1995. Montenegro became a member in 2012, while Serbia is in the decision stage of the negotiations and is expected to become one of the newest members of the WTO in 2014 or in near future. Whilst GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an institutional body. The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to include trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT.[9] See also[edit]  Most favoured nation  GATT special and differential treatment References[edit] 1. ^ World Trade Organization: WTO legal texts; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 2. ^ a)The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh,World Trade Organization b)Timeline: World Trade Organization – A chronology of key events, BBC News c)Brakman-Garretsen-Marrewijk-Witteloostuijn, Nations and Firms in the Global Economy, Chapter 10: Trade and Capital Restriction 3. ^ Michael Hudson, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentalsof U.S. World Dominance, 2nd ed. (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press,2003), 258. 4. ^ "The GATT Uruguay Round". ODI briefing paper. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2011. 5. ^ "Fiftieth Anniversary GATT". Wto.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 6. ^ "Understanding the WTO - members". WTO. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 7. ^ "Accession status: Syrian Arab Republic". WTO. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 8. ^ "2010 News items - Working party established on Syria’s membership request". WTO. Retrieved 2013-08-16. 9. ^ What is the WTO? (Official WTO site) Further reading[edit]
  • 8.
     Aaronson SusanA. Trade and the American Dream: A Social History of Postwar Trade Policy & co (1996)  Irwin, Douglas A. "The GATT in Historical Perspective," American Economic Review Vol. 85, No. 2, (May, 1995), pp. 323–328 in JSTOR  McKenzie, Francine. "GATT and the Cold War," Journal of Cold War Studies, Summer 2008, 10#3 pp 78–109  Zeiler, Thomas W. Free Trade, Free World: The Advent of GATT (1999) excerpt and text search External links[edit]  GATT Turns 80  All GATT Panel Reports  GATT Digital Library 1947-1994 at Stanford University  The WTO and Global Trade at PBS  BBCnews World/Europe country profile  ODI Briefing Paper/ GATT Uruguay Round  Agriculture in the GATT: A Historical Account  Text of GATT 1947  Text of GATT 1994  v  t  e International trade Terminology  Absolute advantage  Balance of payments  Balance of trade  Capital account  Comparative advantage  Current account  Export-oriented industrialization  Fair trade  Foreign exchange reserves  Globalization  Import substitution industrialization  Net capital outflow  Outsourcing  Trade justice  Trading nation
  • 9.
    Organizations and policies  InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF)  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development  World Bank Group  World Trade Organization (WTO) o International Trade Centre  Bilateral investment treaty  Economic integration  Free trade zone  Special economic zone  Trade agreement  Trade barrier  Trade bloc Schools of thought  Economic nationalism  Free trade  Mercantilism  Protectionism Regional organizations  ACU  ASEAN  CACM  CAN  CARICOM  CEMAC  CUBKR  EAC  EAEC  EU  GCC  Mercosur  RCEP  SAARC  SACU  WAEMU Trading partners  Argentina  Canada  China  European Union  Germany
  • 10.
     India  Japan Netherlands  Pakistan  Russia  United States  South Korea  Category  Commons  v  t  e Globalization  Books  Indices  Journals  Lists  Organizations  Outline  Studies  Terms  Writers Aspects  Alter-globalization  Anti-globalization  Counter-hegemonic globalization  Cultural globalization  Deglobalization  Democratic globalization  Economic globalization  Financial globalization  Global citizenship o education  Global governance  Global health  History of globalization o archaic
  • 11.
    o early modern Political globalization  Trade globalization  Workforce globalization Issues Global  Disease  Digital divide  Labor arbitrage  Population  Sustainable cities  Warming  Water crisis Other  Brain drain o reverse  Climate change  Climate justice  Development aid  Economic inequality  Endangered languages  Fair trade  Forced migration  Human rights  Illicit financial flows  Invasive species  Investor-state disputes  New international division of labour  North–South divide  Offshoring  Race to the bottom o pollution havens  Transnational crime  Westernization  World war Theories  Capital accumulation  Dependency  Development  Earth system  Fiscal localism  Modernization
  • 12.
    o ecological o historyof  Primitive accumulation  Social change  World history  World-systems Notable scholars  Samir Amin  Arjun Appadurai  K. Anthony Appiah  Daniele Archibugi  Giovanni Arrighi  Ravi Batra  Jean Baudrillard  Zygmunt Bauman  Ulrich Beck  Walden Bello  Jagdish Bhagwati  Robert Brenner  Manuel Castells  Noam Chomsky  Alfred Crosby  Christopher Chase-Dunn  Andre G. Frank  Thomas Friedman  Anthony Giddens  Peter Gowan  Michael Hardt  David Harvey  David Held  Paul Hirst  Michael Hudson  Paul James  Ibn Khaldun  Naomi Klein  Antonio Negri  Jeffrey Sachs  Saskia Sassen  John R. Saul  Vandana Shiva  Joseph Stiglitz  John Urry  Immanuel Wallerstein
  • 13.
     Portal  Category Commons  WikiProject  v  t  e World Trade Organization System  Accession and membership  Appellate Body  Dispute Settlement Body  International Trade Centre  Chronology of key events Issues  Criticism  Doha Development Round  Singapore issues  Quota Elimination  Peace Clause Agreements  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  Agriculture  Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  Technical Barriers to Trade  Trade Related Investment Measures  Trade in Services  Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  Government Procurement  Information Technology  Marrakech Agreement  Doha Declaration  Bali Package Ministerial Conferences  1st (1996)  2nd (1998)  3rd (1999)  4th (2001)
  • 14.
     5th (2003) 6th (2005)  7th (2009)  8th (2011)  9th (2013) People  Pascal Lamy (Director-General)  Roberto Azevêdo (Elected Director-General)  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General)  Deputy Directors-General: o Alejandro Jara o Valentine Rugwabiza o Harsha Singh o Rufus Yerxa Members  Albania  Algeria  Angola  Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Armenia  Australia  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Barbados  Belize  Benin  Bolivia  Botswana  Brazil  Brunei  Burkina Faso  Burma  Burundi  Cambodia  Cameroon  Canada  Cape Verde  Central African Republic  Chad  Chile  China  Colombia
  • 15.
     Democratic Republicof the Congo  Republic of the Congo  Costa Rica  Côte d'Ivoire  Cuba  Djibouti  Dominica  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Egypt  El Salvador  European Union¹  Fiji  Gabon  The Gambia  Georgia  Ghana  Grenada  Guatemala  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Hong Kong²  Iceland  India  Indonesia  Israel  Jamaica  Japan  Jordan  Kenya  South Korea  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Lesotho  Liechtenstein  Macau²  Macedonia  Madagascar  Malawi  Malaysia  Maldives  Mali
  • 16.
     Mauritania  Mauritius Mexico  Moldova  Mongolia  Montenegro  Morocco  Mozambique  Namibia  Nepal  New Zealand  Nicaragua  Niger  Nigeria  Norway  Oman  Pakistan  Panama  Papua New Guinea  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Qatar  Russia  Rwanda  St. Kitts and Nevis  St. Lucia  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  Samoa  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Singapore  Solomon Islands  South Africa  Sri Lanka  Suriname  Swaziland  Switzerland  Taiwan³  Tanzania  Thailand  Togo  Tonga  Trinidad and Tobago
  • 17.
     Tunisia  Turkey Uganda  Ukraine  United Arab Emirates  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia  Zimbabwe 1. All twenty-eight member states ofthe European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right:  Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  United Kingdom
  • 18.
    2. Special administrativeregion of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". 3. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu" Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&oldid=6 53168750" Categories:  World Trade Organization  International trade  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  1947 in Switzerland  Commercial treaties  Treaties concluded in 1947  Treaties entered into force in 1948  Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda  Treaties of Argentina  Treaties of Australia  Treaties of Austria  Treaties of Bahrain  Treaties of Bangladesh  Treaties of Barbados  Treaties of Belgium  Treaties of Belize  Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic  Treaties of Brunei  Treaties of Canada  Treaties of Chile  Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–49)  Treaties of Costa Rica  Treaties of Ivory Coast  Treaties of the Czech Republic  Treaties of Czechoslovakia  Treaties of Denmark  Treaties of Dominica  Treaties of the Dominican Republic  Treaties entered into by the European Union  Treaties of Finland  Treaties of the French Fourth Republic  Treaties of Gabon  Treaties of West Germany  Treaties of Ghana  Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
  • 19.
     Treaties ofGuyana  Treaties of Haiti  Treaties of Honduras  Treaties of Hungary  Treaties of Iceland  Treaties of the Dominion of India  Treaties of Indonesia  Treaties of Ireland  Treaties of Italy  Treaties of Japan  Treaties of Kenya  Treaties of South Korea  Treaties of Kuwait  Treaties of Liberia  Treaties of Luxembourg  Treaties of Macau  Treaties of Malaysia  Treaties of Malta  Treaties of Mauritius  Treaties of Mexico  Treaties of Morocco  Treaties of Burma  Treaties of Namibia  Treaties of the Netherlands  Treaties of New Zealand  Treaties of Nicaragua  Treaties of Nigeria  Treaties of Norway  Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan  Treaties of Paraguay  Treaties of Peru  Treaties of the Philippines  Treaties of Poland  Treaties of Portugal  Treaties of Romania  Treaties of Saint Lucia  Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Treaties of Senegal  Treaties of Singapore  Treaties of Slovakia  Treaties of the Union of South Africa  Treaties of Southern Rhodesia  Treaties of Spain  Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon  Treaties of Suriname  Treaties of Swaziland
  • 20.
     Treaties ofSweden  Treaties of Switzerland  Treaties of Syria  Treaties of Tanzania  Treaties of Thailand  Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago  Treaties of Uganda  Treaties of the United Kingdom  Treaties of the United States  Treaties of Uruguay  Treaties of Venezuela  Treaties of Yugoslavia  Treaties of Zambia  Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo  Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies  Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)  Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies  Treaties extended to Greenland  Treaties extended to French Equatorial Africa  Treaties extended to French West Africa  Treaties extended to French Somaliland  Treaties extended to French Polynesia  Treaties extended to New Caledonia  Treaties extended to the New Hebrides  Treaties extended to Guadeloupe  Treaties extended to French Guiana  Treaties extended to French Indochina  Treaties extended to French Madagascar  Treaties extended to Martinique  Treaties extended to Réunion  Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon  Treaties extended to the French Protectorate of Tunisia  Treaties extended to the Colony of Aden  Treaties extended to the Aden Protectorate  Treaties extended to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan  Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas  Treaties extended to Bahrain (protectorate)  Treaties extended to the Colony of Barbados  Treaties extended to Basutoland  Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate  Treaties extended to Bermuda  Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)  Treaties extended to British Cyprus  Treaties extended to British Dominica  Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands  Treaties extended to Colonial Fiji
  • 21.
     Treaties extendedto British Gambia  Treaties extended to Gibraltar  Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands  Treaties extended to the Gold Coast (British colony)  Treaties extended to Guernsey  Treaties extended to British Guiana  Treaties extended to British Honduras  Treaties extended to British Hong Kong  Treaties extended to the Isle of Man  Treaties extended to Jersey  Treaties extended to British Kenya  Treaties extended to the Sheikhdom of Kuwait  Treaties extended to the British Leeward Islands  Treaties extended to the British Windward Islands  Treaties extended to Malta Colony  Treaties extended to British Mauritius  Treaties extended to the Malayan Union  Treaties extended to the Dominion of Newfoundland  Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria  Treaties extended to Nyasaland  Treaties extended to Northern Rhodesia  Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands  Treaties extended to Qatar (protectorate)  Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha  Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles  Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone  Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore  Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands  Treaties extended to British Somaliland  Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)  Treaties extended to Tanganyika Territory  Treaties extended to Tonga (protectorate)  Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Trinidad and Tobago  Treaties extended to the Trucial States  Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate  Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar  Treaties extended to British Togoland  Treaties extended to British Cameroons  Treaties extended to the British Western Pacific Territories  History of Geneva Hidden categories:  Use dmy dates from July 2012 Navigation menu
  • 22.
    Personal tools  Createaccount  Log in Namespaces  Article  Talk Variants Views  Read  Edit  View history More Search Search Go Navigation  Main page  Contents  Featured content  Current events  Random article  Donate to Wikipedia  Wikipedia store Interaction  Help  About Wikipedia  Community portal  Recent changes  Contact page Tools
  • 23.
     What linkshere  Related changes  Upload file  Special pages  Permanent link  Page information  Wikidata item  Cite this page Print/export  Create a book  Download as PDF  Printable version Languages  ‫ية‬ ‫عرب‬ ‫ال‬  Беларуская (тарашкевіца)  Български  Català  Čeština  Deutsch  Eesti  Ελληνικά  Español  Esperanto  Euskara  ‫سی‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ف‬  Français  한국어  Bahasa Indonesia  Íslenska  Italiano  ‫עברית‬  ಕನ್ನಡ  ქართული  Македонски  ‫صرى‬ ‫م‬  မြန်ြာဘာသာ  Nederlands  日本語  Norsk bokmål  ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
  • 24.
     Polski  Português Română  Русский  Shqip  Slovenčina  Suomi  Svenska  ไทย  Türkçe  Українська  Tiếng Việt  中文  Edit links  This page was last modified on 23 March 2015, at 15:39.  Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non- profit organization.  Privacy policy  About Wikipedia  Disclaimers  Contact Wikipedia  Developers  Mobile view  