Gene mapping means the mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Such maps indicates the positions of genes in the genome and also distance between them.
Gene mapping means the mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Such maps indicates the positions of genes in the genome and also distance between them.
Gene mapping | Genetic map | Physical Map | DNA Data Analysis (upgraded)NARC, Islamabad
Genes are useful markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that are not genes are called DNA markers.
DNA markers must have at least two alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence features that satisfy this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Southern hybridization
PCR
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
They are useful in predicting results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
It allows geneticists to understand the overall complexity and genetic organization of a particular species.
Identify genes responsible for diseases.
Identify genes responsible for traits.
genetic maps are useful from an evolutionary point of view.
Gene mapping, describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. Molecular markers come in all forms.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Gene mapping | Genetic map | Physical Map | DNA Data Analysis (upgraded)NARC, Islamabad
Genes are useful markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that are not genes are called DNA markers.
DNA markers must have at least two alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence features that satisfy this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Southern hybridization
PCR
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
They are useful in predicting results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
It allows geneticists to understand the overall complexity and genetic organization of a particular species.
Identify genes responsible for diseases.
Identify genes responsible for traits.
genetic maps are useful from an evolutionary point of view.
Gene mapping, describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. Molecular markers come in all forms.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Linkage Mapping
Physical Basis
2-factor Testcross
3-factor Testcross
Physical basis of linkage mapping
Mapping by the 2-factor testcross method
Mapping by the 3-factor testcross method
Recombination and LinkageA Three point test cross in Drosophil.docxsodhi3
Recombination and Linkage
A Three point test cross in Drosophila
Linkage
Relationship between two or more genes near each other on the same chromosome is known as Linkage
Law of independent assortment applies to genes on different chromosomes(non linked genes)
Linkage
In a three point cross if there is no linkage what would be the expected ratio for all classes ?
1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1
Aim for three point linkage experiment
Locate the respective position of the three linked gene loci on the same chromosome
Measure distances between genes
Construct the genetic map which estimate the physical distances between gene loci
Drosophila Genes & Phenotypes
Genotype (alleles)
y cv f mutant and + + + (Y CV F) wildtype
Phenotype (appearance)
Mutant: wild type:
y: yellow body grey body
cv: crossveinless wings crossvein wings
f: forked bristles straight bristles
Genes are located on the X chromosome
Parental Cross:
+++ / Y X ycvf / ycvf
Males Females
Phenotype (P): [WT] [yellow, crossveinless, forked]
F1 Generation:
ycvf / Y and +++ / ycvf
Males Females
P: [yellow, crossveinless, forked] [WT]
F1 trihybrid test cross:
ycvf / Y X +++ / ycvf
4 Males 6 Females
First day lab set up
Test Cross-Testing genotype of parents showing dominant phenotype
Test cross- Cross between F1 progeny and recessive parents.
F1 trihybrid test cross:
ycvf / Y x +++ / ycvf
4 Males 6 Females
During meiosis of spermatogenesis male Drosophila flies do not exhibit crossing over between homologous pair - no recombinant product.
X chromosome and Y chromosome do have regions of pairing, and do form tetrads, but don’t recombine.
Male show complete linkage, advantageous for our experiment.
Tri-hybrid females had crossing over .
8 Phenotypes You will be expecting today!!
Grey, crossvein,straight (+ + + )
Yellow,crossveinless,forked(y cv f )
Grey,crossveinless,forked (+cv f )
Yellow,crossvein,straight(y + +)
Grey,crossvein,forked (+ + f)
Yellow,crossveinless,straight (y cv +)
Grey, crossveinless,straight(+cv +)
Yellow,crossvein,forked(y + f)
Place 10 -12 flies at a time to get the phenotypes.
Non-recombinant
Single CO- region I
Single CO-region II
Double CO
Our results
pool out the whole class data to calculate the genetic distance more accurately
Today’s Goal: Construct a crude genetic map
Find the gene position
calculate c.o.c., interference
Perform X²(to determine if the map distance from the pooled class data are statistically same with the published map distance)
F2 Trihybrid Test Cross example
axp / +++ X axp / Y
gametes a x p ...
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2. Gene Mapping determines order of genes & relative distances between them 1 map unit = 1 cM (centimorgan) A B A B A & B are Cis arrangement (coupled) Trans arrangement (repulsed) 1 locus; 2 loci a b a b
3.
4. % Recombination <50% recombination --> genes linked on same chromosome > 50% recombination --> genes are far apart on chromosome acts like genes are unlinked (indep. assort.)
5.
6. Genes on Separate Chromosomes + + a b a a b b +a X aa +a, +a, aa, aa 1/2 : 1/2 +b X bb +b, +b, bb, bb 1/2 : 1/2 +a+b : +abb : aa+b : aabb dihybrid pure recessive normal bent albino albino/bent expected 1/4 : 1/4 : 1/4 : 1/4 + = wt (normal for any trait) (A, B) a = albino (recessive mutant) b = bent (recessive mutant) + a + b X a a b b
8. Chi-Square Interpretation if X 2 < p.05, then observed and expected are not statistically different Therefore, 2 traits are not linked on same chromosomes and independent assortment occurs d.f. (degree of freedom) = # phenotypes - 1 d.f. = 4 - 1 = 3 probability .05 (95% confidence level) of being different from expected w/ d.f. 3 = 7.82 (read off a chart) X 2 = 0.89 0.89 < 7.82, therefore not linked
9. If 2 Genes are linked 250 250 250 250 #1 make a dihybrid, then #2 cross with pure recessive
10. Diploid Mapping wildtype albino/bent bent albino 430 437 65 68 = 1000 total + + a b a a b b + a + b X a a b b To determine distance between 2 genes: total # of recombinants/total # offspring = freq. of recombination freq. x 100 = % recomb. = M.U. = # cM 65 + 68 / 1000 = 0.133 x 100 = 13.3 % or 13.3 cM X
