This document discusses the differences between sex and gender. Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and relationships. It provides examples of how gender is defined and expressed differently across cultures. Gender is influenced by social institutions and ideology, and is embodied through learned behaviors. The document discusses how understanding gender as a social construct, rather than being based solely on biology, can provide insights into related public health issues that have a gender dimension, such as maternal health, violence, and disease transmission.
Ilkkaracan and Jolly (2007)
Report presented as requirement for WD 227 (Gender & Sexuality)
University of the Philippines Diliman
College of Social Work and Community Development
[Prof. R. Ofreneo]
Gender and sex,what is gender identity?what you mean gender expression?what is gender stereotyping?what is the difference between gender equity and gender equality?
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Ilkkaracan and Jolly (2007)
Report presented as requirement for WD 227 (Gender & Sexuality)
University of the Philippines Diliman
College of Social Work and Community Development
[Prof. R. Ofreneo]
Gender and sex,what is gender identity?what you mean gender expression?what is gender stereotyping?what is the difference between gender equity and gender equality?
Pansexuality, bisexuality and genderfluidity powerpointJosh Hopper
A brief and simplistic explanation of pansexuality, bisexuality, gender-fluidity and the "gender binary" - apologies if there is any incorrect information.
Essay on History of Sexuality
Essay on Sex and Gender
Essay about Human Sexuality
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Defines kinship and explains its importance. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units.
1 S e x a n d G e n d e r SEX AND GENDER Learni.docxjeremylockett77
1 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
SEX AND GENDER
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Differentiate between sex and gender.
Define gender roles, gender role socialization, and gender role identify.
Compare females’ life experiences to that of males.’
Examine the Men’s Movement.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
By far, sex and gender have been two of the most
socially significant factors in the history of the
world and the United States. Sex is one’s
biological classification as male or female, which is
biologically determined at the moment the sperm
fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at
the genetic level with XX being female and XY
being male. The main difference between sexes is
the reproductive body parts assigned to each
(including their functions and corresponding
hormones).
Males and females have much more in common than they have differences. Every major
system of the human body functions in very similar ways to the point that health
guidelines, disease prevention and maintenance, and even organ transplants are very
similar and guided under a large umbrella of shared guidelines. True, there are medical
specialists in treating men and women, but again the similarities outweigh the differences.
Today you probably ate breakfast, took a shower (hopefully), walked in the sunlight,
sweated, slept, used the bathroom, was exposed to germs and pathogens, grew more hair
and finger nails, exerted your muscles to the point that they became stronger, and felt and
managed stress. So did every man and woman you know and in very similar ways.
So, why the big debate of the battle of the sexes? Perhaps it’s because of the impact of
gender, the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words,
gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex.
Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based
and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
Gender has been shaped by political, religious, philosophical, linguistic, traditional, and
other cultural forces for many years. To this day, in most countries of the world women
and girls are still oppressed and denied access to opportunities more often than men and
boys. This can be seen through many diverse historical documents. When reading these
documents, the most common theme of how women were historically oppressed in the
world’s societies is the omission of women as being legally, biologically, economically, and
2 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
even spiritually on par with men. The second most common theme is the assumption that
women were somehow broken versions of men or lesser beings than men.1
Biology has disproven the belief that women are broken versions of men. In fact, the 23rd
chromosome looks like XX in females and XY in ...
1 S e x a n d G e n d e r SEX AND GENDER Learni.docxkarisariddell
1 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
SEX AND GENDER
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Differentiate between sex and gender.
Define gender roles, gender role socialization, and gender role identify.
Compare females’ life experiences to that of males.’
Examine the Men’s Movement.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
By far, sex and gender have been two of the most
socially significant factors in the history of the
world and the United States. Sex is one’s
biological classification as male or female, which is
biologically determined at the moment the sperm
fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at
the genetic level with XX being female and XY
being male. The main difference between sexes is
the reproductive body parts assigned to each
(including their functions and corresponding
hormones).
Males and females have much more in common than they have differences. Every major
system of the human body functions in very similar ways to the point that health
guidelines, disease prevention and maintenance, and even organ transplants are very
similar and guided under a large umbrella of shared guidelines. True, there are medical
specialists in treating men and women, but again the similarities outweigh the differences.
Today you probably ate breakfast, took a shower (hopefully), walked in the sunlight,
sweated, slept, used the bathroom, was exposed to germs and pathogens, grew more hair
and finger nails, exerted your muscles to the point that they became stronger, and felt and
managed stress. So did every man and woman you know and in very similar ways.
So, why the big debate of the battle of the sexes? Perhaps it’s because of the impact of
gender, the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words,
gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex.
Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based
and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
Gender has been shaped by political, religious, philosophical, linguistic, traditional, and
other cultural forces for many years. To this day, in most countries of the world women
and girls are still oppressed and denied access to opportunities more often than men and
boys. This can be seen through many diverse historical documents. When reading these
documents, the most common theme of how women were historically oppressed in the
world’s societies is the omission of women as being legally, biologically, economically, and
2 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
even spiritually on par with men. The second most common theme is the assumption that
women were somehow broken versions of men or lesser beings than men.1
Biology has disproven the belief that women are broken versions of men. In fact, the 23rd
chromosome looks like XX in females and XY in.
How Culture Constructs Gender DifferenceBiological models PazSilviapm
How Culture Constructs Gender Difference
Biological models assume that biological sex determines gender,
That biological differences lead to behavior differences, which lead to social arrangements.
By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition.
That biological anomalies alone account for variation.
Biological researchers always assumed that gender difference implied gender inequality because western notions of difference do usually lead to and justify inequality.
However, some anthropologists argue that biological models projected their western values onto other cultures.
That these models ignore the role of colonialism and the roles of women in establishing gender differences in traditional cultures.
Anthropological evidence offers a world of amazing diversity of the cultural constructions of gender.
Yet some themes remain constant:
Virtually all societies manifest some amount of difference between men and women.
Virtually all cultures exhibit some form of male domination, despite variations in gender definitions.
Variations in Gender Definitions
Anthropologists have found far more variability in the definitions of masculinity and femininity than any biologist would have predicted.
Men possessed of similar levels of testosterone, with similar brain structure and lateralization, seem to exhibit dramatically different levels of aggression, violence, and, especially, violence toward women.
Women with similar brains, hormones, and evolutionary imperatives have widely different experiences of passivity, PMS, and spatial coordination.
Margaret Meade’s Work
Meade examined three very different cultures in New Guinea.
In the Arapesh culture, all members were passive, gentle, and emotionally warm.
Males and females were equally happy, trustful, and confident.
Men and women shared child rearing, both were “maternal” and both discouraged aggression in boys and girls.
Both men and women were thought to be relatively equally sexual.
In the Mundugamor culture (a tribe of head hunters and cannibals), citizens viewed men and women as similar but expected persons of both sexes to be violent and aggressive.
Women showed little “maternal instinct,” detested pregnancy and nursing and could hardly wait to return to the serious business of work.
There was violent rivalry between fathers and sons.
All people feared that they were being wronged by others.
In the Tchambuli culture (as in the US) men and women were seen as very different.
It was a patrilineal culture and polygyny was accepted.
One sex was comprised primarily of nurturing and gossipy consumers who spent their days dressing up and going shopping.
These were the men
The women were dominant, energetic, economic providers.
They fished (activity on which the entire culture depended).
They had real positions of power in the society.
Completely unadorned, they were business- like, controlled all commerce and diplomacy of the culture, and were the initiators of ...
A first blush, it probably seems easy to define what we're talking about when we talk about gender. It's just men and women, and the differences between them, right? But things are not so simple, and explaining what actually constitutes gender is surprisingly difficult.
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In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Speakers:
Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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2. Learning Objectives: To be able to differentiate sex from gender To be able to define and discuss different aspects of gender To be able to give examples of the social construction of gender To be able to identify public health aspects of gender, particularly around family planning
3. Sex From Latin secare, to divide. Used to refer to: Sexual intercourse Male/female
4. What is a biological male? What is a biological female?
7. Variations in sex chromosome combinations XX XY XO - Turners syndrome XXY - Klinefelters syndrome Society labels many of these other chromosomal combinations as intersex categories.
8. Case 1: David Reimer Sources: John Colapinto. 2000. As Nature Made Him. New York: HarperCollins. Jesse Walker. The death of David Reimer: A tale of sex, science and abuse. Reason. (www.reason.com/news/show/33586.html) Intersex Society of North America (www.isna.org)
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17. Case 2: Loren Cameron Source: Loren Cameron. 1996. Body Alchemy. San Francisco: Cleis Books.
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23. Gender: origins of the word Gender originally used to refer to linguistic rules (eg “el” and “la” in Spanish). Redefined in the 1970s to refer to socially-constructed and socially-defined categories, roles, statuses.
24. Gender Socially defined categories, roles and statuses for, as well as relations between and among people.
25. Tagalog gender categories Lalake (male) Babae (female) Bakla, syoki (an effeminate male) Gay (homosexual) Tibo (a masculine female) Silahis (a bisexual) Bisexual, macho gay (a gay man who is not effeminate)
27. Transgenders Many societies have transgender categories, e.g., kathoey (Thai, Lao), waria (Indonesia), bakla (Philippines). These categories are often erroneously translated as “gay” or “homosexual”.
28. Gender is NOT sexual orientation alone. Anatomy (both biological and social) Body movements Clothing Personality Occupations Lifestyle (eg metrosexual) “Sexual attraction”
29. Gender and society We learn about gender categories, roles, statuses through social institutions: family, community, religion, etc. These are powerful in shaping our mind-sets and how we feel about our bodies.
30. Gender & socialization We teach gender roles through many ways, such as admonitions to children: Act like a man. Speak softly. Be more lady-like. Why are you crying? Are you a bakla?
31. Gender and the State Laws, policies, all reinforce existing gender norms, e.g.: Anti-abortion provision mainly penalizes “concealing of her dishonor” A man can kill his daughter’s (“seducer”) and merely be punished with destierro A rapist can be absolved if he agrees to marry the woman he raped
32. Gender relations & society Gender relations interact with other social divisions, e.g., divisions by class, caste, religion, ethnicity, age. Thus, an upper-class Filipina urban woman would be more powerful than the male mayor of a small Filipino town. She would also become more powerful with age.
33. Gender ideology Society tells us what each gender SHOULD be and SHOULD NOT be. Gender ideology is reinforced by society and culture, eg through religion (who can become priests or monks, who cannot), and politics (Ah, enough of women presidents!), etc.
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35. Importance of language Words are important, including medical terms: how do we call STIs in the Philippines? What are the implications of terms like “real women” (vs “false women”?). What advice is given to patients, eg “You should never say no to your husband or he might look for another woman.”
36. “Naturalization”, “essentialism”, “sexism” Gender ideologies often end up “naturalizing” gender (Oh, all men are unfaithful) or “essentializing” gender (Oh, that’s because she’s a woman.) Sexism presumes that one sex is, by nature, superior to the other.
37. Gender, society & history Gender norms change. In agricultural societies, women are mainly seen as “baby-makers”, producing sons to work in the field. In industrial societies, women are allowed to become more independent and assertive. Men begin to become “househusbands” as well.
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40. Gender is embodied We “carry” gender in our bodies through a variety of learned behaviors, from the colors of clothes we choose, to the way we move, to the positions we take in sex (to penetrate or be penetrated).
41. Catholicism and the body In recent years some Catholics have focused on gender roles and the body, emphasizing women’s role in procreation.
42. Theologyofthebody.net There is no shame in being a woman. Only women can receive new life into the empty space within. Only women can make a gift of self so that others can receive the gift of their very lives. A woman's body "speaks" the language of receptivity and relationship.
43. Differentiating sex and gender allows us to reflect on: Nature (biology) and nurture (society) Are there attributes that are essentially male/female? Or are these socially constructed?
44. Gender trouble (Judith Butler) Gender “floats” – we are constantly redefining gender, in ourselves and in others. We “perform” gender, constantly changing it depending on the setting and who we are with.
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46. Gender and public health How does all this translate into vulnerabilities, morbidities, mortalities. . .and empowerment?
47. Some public health problems affected by gender roles & statuses Maternal morbidity & mortality Gender-based violence, including intimate partner violence (incl. same-sex relationships) Child abuse (combination of age & gender)
48. Public policy & gender In Brazil, a 9-year old girl raped by her stepfather, who is also suspected of raping the girl’s 14-year old disabled sister. The mother of the raped girl authorized an abortion for her daughter.
49. Archbishop Jose Cardoso excommunicated the mother and the doctors. He did not excommunicate the stepfather because abortion was “more heinous” than the stepfather’s raping. Reflect on the priorities here: gendered “duty” of the young girl to bear the child.
50. Some gender differences in mortality rates Accidents, violence, suicides occur more frequently among males Some cancers are sex-specific (eg cervical, endometrial, prostate cancer) but others may also have a gender component (eg lung cancer increasing in women as more women take up smoking)
51. Sexually transmitted infections as a case in gender relations Women more vulnerable because of anatomy (receiving end, higher possibility of undetected “silent” infections), as well as gender relations (forced sex, difficulties getting information, treatment), yet these infections are called “sakit ng babae” and blamed on women.
52. Gender and HIV/AIDS prevalence in Philippines HIV/AIDS in the Philippines: highest incidence among females is in the younger age groups, 15-24. Among males, it is highest among those in their 30s, suggesting an interaction between gender and economic status (women sex workers and male clients).
53. Family planning and gender Differences in desired family size: husband and wife Decision-making