This document discusses nuclear waste treatment through electromagnetic shielding and analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes. It explains how dose conversion factors and photon/neutron response functions can be used to model radioactive and electromagnetic shielding for nuclear waste. It also analyzes the quality factor and poisoning effects of xenon-135 and samarium-149, which are produced during nuclear fission and can decrease reactor efficiency over time due to their high neutron absorption cross sections.
Analysis of electromagnetic (em) radiation shielding and decay chain for nucl...Alexander Decker
Ā
1) The document discusses nuclear waste treatment through electromagnetic (EM) radiation shielding and analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes xenon-135 and samarium-149.
2) It explains dose conversion factors and how they are used to calculate the dose rate from photons and neutrons passing through shielding materials.
3) It also analyzes the "poisoning" effect of xenon-135 buildup which decreases reactor efficiency over time, and discusses the decay chains of xenon-135 and samarium-149 in nuclear waste.
This document describes a new tissue-equivalent plastic called A-181 that accurately simulates the photon and neutron absorption properties of brain tissue. A-181 was formulated to match the recommended hydrogen and nitrogen content of brain tissue for applications using low-energy neutrons like boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Measurements using A-181 and the standard muscle tissue equivalent plastic A-150 in a BNCT beam show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations and demonstrate A-181's suitability for neutron dosimetry in brain tissue.
- The document discusses transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its ability to analyze materials at the nanoscale through different modes such as brightfield, darkfield, electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
- It focuses on electron diffraction patterns and how they provide information about crystal structures through the concept of reciprocal space. The document also discusses electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and how it can be used to determine elemental composition and physical/chemical properties of materials.
- High resolution TEM imaging combined with EELS and EDS allows both structural and chemical analysis of samples at the nanoscale due to improvements in electron sources, optics, and detection capabilities.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL PARAMETER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROBES IN WATERDr. Ved Nath Jha
Ā
This document describes the development of optical parameter calculations for probes used in water sensing. Three probes (a, b, c) of varying nanoparticle size were developed and their plasma and collision wavelengths were calculated based on experimental measurements in water and air. The probes showed decreasing collision wavelength but nearly constant plasma wavelength with increasing nanoparticle size. Models were developed to calculate output intensity based on the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. Distinct dips in output intensity correlated with different dielectric components when mixtures were tested, showing ability to detect multiple impurities simultaneously. The probes function best for dielectric constants between 1.4-2.0 and silver nanoparticles provide sensitivity towards targeted impurities in water quality monitoring.
This document discusses the concept of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which compares the biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. It defines RBE as the ratio of doses of radiation (such as x-rays versus neutrons) required to produce the same biological effect. Higher RBE values indicate radiation that causes greater biological damage. The document explains that RBE depends on factors like radiation dose, number of fractions, and biological endpoint. It also discusses how RBE varies with linear energy transfer (LET), being highest around 100 keV/Ī¼m, and how RBE and oxygen enhancement ratio are inversely related and peak around the same LET value.
This document defines key terms in radiobiology such as radiation, ionizing radiation, absorbed dose, and radioactivity. It discusses the interactions of radiation with matter including the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. The effects of radiation like direct and indirect effects are covered as well as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. Finally, formulas to calculate x-ray exposure are presented.
Beam generation and planar imaging at energies below 2.40 MeV with carbon and...David Parsons
Ā
This study investigated generating low-energy x-ray beams below 2.40 MeV using carbon and aluminum linear accelerator targets for improved planar imaging quality. The authors were able to lower the incident electron energy to between 1.90 and 2.35 MeV by adjusting the bending magnet current on a Varian linac. They measured an increase in contrast-to-noise ratio of cortical bone of 3.7-7.4 times compared to a standard 6 MV therapy beam, with only a slight degradation of spatial resolution at lower energies. Monte Carlo simulations showed that 46-54% of the generated photons were in the diagnostic energy range.
These slides briefly introduce the concepts of Radio-chemistry including nuclear stability, half life, nuclear emissions and their detection, and then highlight 02 radio chemical methods namely isotopic dilution methods and radio-chemical titrations.
Analysis of electromagnetic (em) radiation shielding and decay chain for nucl...Alexander Decker
Ā
1) The document discusses nuclear waste treatment through electromagnetic (EM) radiation shielding and analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes xenon-135 and samarium-149.
2) It explains dose conversion factors and how they are used to calculate the dose rate from photons and neutrons passing through shielding materials.
3) It also analyzes the "poisoning" effect of xenon-135 buildup which decreases reactor efficiency over time, and discusses the decay chains of xenon-135 and samarium-149 in nuclear waste.
This document describes a new tissue-equivalent plastic called A-181 that accurately simulates the photon and neutron absorption properties of brain tissue. A-181 was formulated to match the recommended hydrogen and nitrogen content of brain tissue for applications using low-energy neutrons like boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Measurements using A-181 and the standard muscle tissue equivalent plastic A-150 in a BNCT beam show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations and demonstrate A-181's suitability for neutron dosimetry in brain tissue.
- The document discusses transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its ability to analyze materials at the nanoscale through different modes such as brightfield, darkfield, electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
- It focuses on electron diffraction patterns and how they provide information about crystal structures through the concept of reciprocal space. The document also discusses electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and how it can be used to determine elemental composition and physical/chemical properties of materials.
- High resolution TEM imaging combined with EELS and EDS allows both structural and chemical analysis of samples at the nanoscale due to improvements in electron sources, optics, and detection capabilities.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL PARAMETER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROBES IN WATERDr. Ved Nath Jha
Ā
This document describes the development of optical parameter calculations for probes used in water sensing. Three probes (a, b, c) of varying nanoparticle size were developed and their plasma and collision wavelengths were calculated based on experimental measurements in water and air. The probes showed decreasing collision wavelength but nearly constant plasma wavelength with increasing nanoparticle size. Models were developed to calculate output intensity based on the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. Distinct dips in output intensity correlated with different dielectric components when mixtures were tested, showing ability to detect multiple impurities simultaneously. The probes function best for dielectric constants between 1.4-2.0 and silver nanoparticles provide sensitivity towards targeted impurities in water quality monitoring.
This document discusses the concept of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which compares the biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. It defines RBE as the ratio of doses of radiation (such as x-rays versus neutrons) required to produce the same biological effect. Higher RBE values indicate radiation that causes greater biological damage. The document explains that RBE depends on factors like radiation dose, number of fractions, and biological endpoint. It also discusses how RBE varies with linear energy transfer (LET), being highest around 100 keV/Ī¼m, and how RBE and oxygen enhancement ratio are inversely related and peak around the same LET value.
This document defines key terms in radiobiology such as radiation, ionizing radiation, absorbed dose, and radioactivity. It discusses the interactions of radiation with matter including the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. The effects of radiation like direct and indirect effects are covered as well as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. Finally, formulas to calculate x-ray exposure are presented.
Beam generation and planar imaging at energies below 2.40 MeV with carbon and...David Parsons
Ā
This study investigated generating low-energy x-ray beams below 2.40 MeV using carbon and aluminum linear accelerator targets for improved planar imaging quality. The authors were able to lower the incident electron energy to between 1.90 and 2.35 MeV by adjusting the bending magnet current on a Varian linac. They measured an increase in contrast-to-noise ratio of cortical bone of 3.7-7.4 times compared to a standard 6 MV therapy beam, with only a slight degradation of spatial resolution at lower energies. Monte Carlo simulations showed that 46-54% of the generated photons were in the diagnostic energy range.
These slides briefly introduce the concepts of Radio-chemistry including nuclear stability, half life, nuclear emissions and their detection, and then highlight 02 radio chemical methods namely isotopic dilution methods and radio-chemical titrations.
The document discusses the concept of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which is defined as the ratio of absorbed doses of different types of radiation (such as x-rays vs neutrons) required to produce the same biological effect. Higher LET (linear energy transfer) radiation like neutrons and alpha particles have a higher RBE than lower LET radiation like x-rays. The RBE depends on factors like radiation quality, dose, dose rate, and biological system. Radiation with an LET around 100 keV/Ī¼m tends to have the highest RBE and lowest oxygen enhancement ratio due to depositing the optimal amount of energy to cause DNA damage. Radiation weighting factors are used to account for different radiation types when assessing health risks.
This document provides an overview of nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. It discusses radioactive decay, interactions of ionizing radiation with matter, and biological effects of ionizing radiation. Key methods covered include radioimmunoassay, imaging techniques like PET and SPECT, and external beam radiotherapy. The document also explains the laws of radioactive decay and concepts such as physical half-life and effective half-life.
X-rays and neutrons interact differently with biological material based on their ionizing ability. X-rays produce sparse ionization while neutrons produce more dense ionization. Linear energy transfer (LET) quantifies the energy deposited over track length and is used to compare radiation types. Higher LET radiation like alpha particles are more biologically effective due to producing denser ionization over shorter tracks. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of radiation depends on factors like dose, fractions, and biological system and is calculated as the ratio of doses needed for equal effect compared to a reference radiation like x-rays. RBE increases with increasing LET up to 100keV/Ī¼m then decreases with further increases in LET. Oxygen enhancement ratio (
This document discusses linear energy transfer (LET) and radiation fractionation. It begins by defining ionization and the different types of directly and indirectly ionizing radiation. It then describes particulate radiations like electrons, protons, alpha particles, and neutrons. It explains that LET refers to the amount of energy transferred per unit length by ionizing particles. High LET radiation like neutrons and alpha particles densely ionize tissue while low LET radiation like X-rays and gamma rays sparsely ionize tissue. Fractionation involves dividing the radiation dose into smaller daily fractions to maximize tumor cell killing while minimizing damage to normal tissues. Different fractionation schedules like conventional, hyperfractionation, and hypofractionation are described.
Radiochemical methods use the specific properties of radionuclides for analytical purposes. There are three main types of radiochemical analysis: radiometric analysis, isotope dilution, and activation analysis. Radiometric analysis uses a radioactive reagent to isolate the analyte. Isotope dilution introduces a known quantity of a radioactive isotope of the analyte. Activation analysis induces radioactivity in sample elements through neutron bombardment, then identifies elements by their characteristic gamma ray emissions. These methods provide sensitive, specific quantitative and qualitative analysis of elements in samples.
It contains some basic concept of radiobiology like linear energy transfer , relative biologic effectiveness and oxygen enhancement ratio and their interrelationship
Surface carrier recombination of a si tip under high electric fieldbmazumder
Ā
Using laser assisted atom probe tomography, the authors investigated surface recombination processes of a silicon tip under high electric field by changing the laser wavelength. They found that with infrared laser light, the evaporation rate showed a wide peak indicating a long electron-phonon relaxation time at the surface. However, with green laser light, the silicon peaks in the ion flight time spectrum were well resolved even at high laser intensity, demonstrating that this behavior is common to indirect bandgap semiconductors. The authors developed a simple model to explain the laser wavelength dependence and estimate the surface recombination time.
Study on momentum density in magnetic semiconductor MnTe by positron annihila...IJASCSE
Ā
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document presents a study on calculating momentum density in the magnetic semiconductor MnTe using positron annihilation. Pseudopotential band structure calculations were used to derive electron and positron wave functions in the independent particle model. Electron-positron momentum densities were then calculated for specific planes in MnTe and the results were used to analyze positron effects in the material.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with a brief introduction and history of mass spectrometry. It then discusses the basic principles, including how samples are ionized and the ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Equations related to ion acceleration and separation in magnetic and electric fields are also presented. Diagrams of mass spectrometry instrumentation are shown and various ionization techniques such as electron ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are described.
This document discusses radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. It defines isotopes, radioactive isotopes, and radioactivity. The major types of radioactive decay are described, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and electron capture. The properties and effects of each type of radiation are summarized. The kinetics of radioactive decay are explained using decay constant and half-life. Radiation dosimetry is introduced as the calculation of radiation dose exposed to and absorbed by objects.
Radioisotope techniques involve the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei through processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Radioactivity is measured in units like curie and becquerel. There are different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma, positron, electron capture, and isomeric transition. Radiopharmaceuticals are chemical substances containing radioactive atoms used as tracers in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical is technetium-99m, which is used in over 80% of nuclear medicine procedures. Other radiopharmaceuticals employ radioisotopes of iodine, indium, fluorine and other elements.
Electron Diffusion and Phonon Drag Thermopower in Silicon NanowiresAI Publications
Ā
The field of thermoelectric research has undergone a renaissance and boom in the fast two decades, largely fueled by the prospect of engineering electronic and phononic properties in nanostructures, among which semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have served both as an important platform to investigate fundamental thermoelectric transport phenomena and as a promising route for high thermoelectric performance for device applications. In this report we theoretical studied the carrier diffusion and phonon-drag contribution to thermoelectric performance of silicon nanowires and compared with the existing experimental data. We observed a good agreement between theoretical data and experimental observations in the overall temperature range from 50 ā 350 K. Electron diffusion thermopower is found to be dominant mechanism in the low temperature range and shows linear dependence with temperature.
Scott Shaw conducted research investigating strong coupling of Ī²-carotene in microcavities. He was successful in achieving the strong coupling regime, obtaining a Rabi splitting of ~2.1 eV, over twice as large as the next highest. Degradation experiments showed Ī²-carotene films deteriorated quickly when exposed to light and water, but less so under nitrogen. While a large splitting was achieved, the system was likely not emissive due to aggregation-induced quenching. The research demonstrated strong coupling of Ī²-carotene can be achieved under specified fabrication and storage conditions.
This document discusses key radiation biology concepts including oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), linear energy transfer (LET), and relative biological effectiveness (RBE). It provides the following key points:
- OER is the ratio of radiation doses needed to produce the same effect under hypoxic vs aerated conditions. OER is typically 2-3 for low-LET radiation like X-rays since oxygen "fixes" free radical damage.
- LET measures the average energy deposited by ionizing radiation per unit distance traveled. It increases from low-LET X-rays to high-LET alpha particles.
- RBE compares the biological effectiveness of different radiations, defined as the ratio of standard radiation doses (e.g
Production of radio nuclides + Production of Short-Lived RadionuclideAhmad Hassan
Ā
This document discusses the production of radio nuclides used in nuclear medicine. It describes three main methods: reactor produced, accelerator/cyclotron produced, and fission produced. Reactor produced nuclides are made by neutron capture in reactors. Cyclotron produced nuclides are made by bombarding stable nuclides with protons, deuterons, helium-3, or helium-4 particles. Fission produced nuclides come from fission of heavier elements like uranium. The document also discusses radio nuclide generators, which allow production of short-lived daughters from long-lived parents to overcome transportation issues for short-lived isotopes.
Gold nanorods have potential for photothermal cancer therapy. When exposed to laser light near their surface plasmon resonance wavelengths, gold nanorods efficiently absorb light and generate heat through electron oscillations. Smaller nanorods absorb shorter wavelengths. Nanorods have transverse and longitudinal surface plasmon resonances depending on their aspect ratio. Their strong light absorption and efficient conversion to heat makes them suitable for using mild hyperthermia to selectively destroy tumors through plasmonic photothermal therapy.
The document discusses the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. It explores the ethics of using the site for long-term storage of nuclear waste. Specifically, it examines concerns about the stability of the geologic environment, risks of transporting nuclear waste across 43 states, and strong local opposition that has halted the project for now. While the government saw Yucca Mountain as the solution to growing nuclear waste, scientists argued other sites should have been considered more ethically.
Geodisposal of radioactive wastes - VTT research acitivitiesMerja ItƤvaara
Ā
This document summarizes Merja ItƤvaara's research at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland on deep subsurface microbiology related to radioactive waste disposal. Finland has several nuclear power plants and is constructing an underground spent nuclear fuel repository. VTT studies the microbial communities and biogeochemical processes in deep boreholes to understand the potential impacts on a nuclear waste repository. Their research includes characterizing microbial diversity through DNA sequencing and identifying metabolic pathways through metagenomics. In deep boreholes in Finland, they have found diverse bacterial and archaeal communities, with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria more common at depth. Methanogens make up less than 1% of communities. Their research aims to better understand deep life and how micro
This document discusses proposals for disposing of nuclear waste in space. It outlines two types of nuclear waste disposal: terrestrial and space disposal. Space disposal would involve processing nuclear waste into a cermet form and launching it into space using various propulsion methods. The document discusses the technical requirements and processes for fabricating nuclear waste payloads, transporting them to launch sites, and carrying out launch operations. However, it also notes that space disposal faces political, social, and risk-related challenges.
The document discusses the concept of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which is defined as the ratio of absorbed doses of different types of radiation (such as x-rays vs neutrons) required to produce the same biological effect. Higher LET (linear energy transfer) radiation like neutrons and alpha particles have a higher RBE than lower LET radiation like x-rays. The RBE depends on factors like radiation quality, dose, dose rate, and biological system. Radiation with an LET around 100 keV/Ī¼m tends to have the highest RBE and lowest oxygen enhancement ratio due to depositing the optimal amount of energy to cause DNA damage. Radiation weighting factors are used to account for different radiation types when assessing health risks.
This document provides an overview of nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. It discusses radioactive decay, interactions of ionizing radiation with matter, and biological effects of ionizing radiation. Key methods covered include radioimmunoassay, imaging techniques like PET and SPECT, and external beam radiotherapy. The document also explains the laws of radioactive decay and concepts such as physical half-life and effective half-life.
X-rays and neutrons interact differently with biological material based on their ionizing ability. X-rays produce sparse ionization while neutrons produce more dense ionization. Linear energy transfer (LET) quantifies the energy deposited over track length and is used to compare radiation types. Higher LET radiation like alpha particles are more biologically effective due to producing denser ionization over shorter tracks. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of radiation depends on factors like dose, fractions, and biological system and is calculated as the ratio of doses needed for equal effect compared to a reference radiation like x-rays. RBE increases with increasing LET up to 100keV/Ī¼m then decreases with further increases in LET. Oxygen enhancement ratio (
This document discusses linear energy transfer (LET) and radiation fractionation. It begins by defining ionization and the different types of directly and indirectly ionizing radiation. It then describes particulate radiations like electrons, protons, alpha particles, and neutrons. It explains that LET refers to the amount of energy transferred per unit length by ionizing particles. High LET radiation like neutrons and alpha particles densely ionize tissue while low LET radiation like X-rays and gamma rays sparsely ionize tissue. Fractionation involves dividing the radiation dose into smaller daily fractions to maximize tumor cell killing while minimizing damage to normal tissues. Different fractionation schedules like conventional, hyperfractionation, and hypofractionation are described.
Radiochemical methods use the specific properties of radionuclides for analytical purposes. There are three main types of radiochemical analysis: radiometric analysis, isotope dilution, and activation analysis. Radiometric analysis uses a radioactive reagent to isolate the analyte. Isotope dilution introduces a known quantity of a radioactive isotope of the analyte. Activation analysis induces radioactivity in sample elements through neutron bombardment, then identifies elements by their characteristic gamma ray emissions. These methods provide sensitive, specific quantitative and qualitative analysis of elements in samples.
It contains some basic concept of radiobiology like linear energy transfer , relative biologic effectiveness and oxygen enhancement ratio and their interrelationship
Surface carrier recombination of a si tip under high electric fieldbmazumder
Ā
Using laser assisted atom probe tomography, the authors investigated surface recombination processes of a silicon tip under high electric field by changing the laser wavelength. They found that with infrared laser light, the evaporation rate showed a wide peak indicating a long electron-phonon relaxation time at the surface. However, with green laser light, the silicon peaks in the ion flight time spectrum were well resolved even at high laser intensity, demonstrating that this behavior is common to indirect bandgap semiconductors. The authors developed a simple model to explain the laser wavelength dependence and estimate the surface recombination time.
Study on momentum density in magnetic semiconductor MnTe by positron annihila...IJASCSE
Ā
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document presents a study on calculating momentum density in the magnetic semiconductor MnTe using positron annihilation. Pseudopotential band structure calculations were used to derive electron and positron wave functions in the independent particle model. Electron-positron momentum densities were then calculated for specific planes in MnTe and the results were used to analyze positron effects in the material.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It begins with a brief introduction and history of mass spectrometry. It then discusses the basic principles, including how samples are ionized and the ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Equations related to ion acceleration and separation in magnetic and electric fields are also presented. Diagrams of mass spectrometry instrumentation are shown and various ionization techniques such as electron ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are described.
This document discusses radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. It defines isotopes, radioactive isotopes, and radioactivity. The major types of radioactive decay are described, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and electron capture. The properties and effects of each type of radiation are summarized. The kinetics of radioactive decay are explained using decay constant and half-life. Radiation dosimetry is introduced as the calculation of radiation dose exposed to and absorbed by objects.
Radioisotope techniques involve the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei through processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Radioactivity is measured in units like curie and becquerel. There are different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma, positron, electron capture, and isomeric transition. Radiopharmaceuticals are chemical substances containing radioactive atoms used as tracers in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical is technetium-99m, which is used in over 80% of nuclear medicine procedures. Other radiopharmaceuticals employ radioisotopes of iodine, indium, fluorine and other elements.
Electron Diffusion and Phonon Drag Thermopower in Silicon NanowiresAI Publications
Ā
The field of thermoelectric research has undergone a renaissance and boom in the fast two decades, largely fueled by the prospect of engineering electronic and phononic properties in nanostructures, among which semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have served both as an important platform to investigate fundamental thermoelectric transport phenomena and as a promising route for high thermoelectric performance for device applications. In this report we theoretical studied the carrier diffusion and phonon-drag contribution to thermoelectric performance of silicon nanowires and compared with the existing experimental data. We observed a good agreement between theoretical data and experimental observations in the overall temperature range from 50 ā 350 K. Electron diffusion thermopower is found to be dominant mechanism in the low temperature range and shows linear dependence with temperature.
Scott Shaw conducted research investigating strong coupling of Ī²-carotene in microcavities. He was successful in achieving the strong coupling regime, obtaining a Rabi splitting of ~2.1 eV, over twice as large as the next highest. Degradation experiments showed Ī²-carotene films deteriorated quickly when exposed to light and water, but less so under nitrogen. While a large splitting was achieved, the system was likely not emissive due to aggregation-induced quenching. The research demonstrated strong coupling of Ī²-carotene can be achieved under specified fabrication and storage conditions.
This document discusses key radiation biology concepts including oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), linear energy transfer (LET), and relative biological effectiveness (RBE). It provides the following key points:
- OER is the ratio of radiation doses needed to produce the same effect under hypoxic vs aerated conditions. OER is typically 2-3 for low-LET radiation like X-rays since oxygen "fixes" free radical damage.
- LET measures the average energy deposited by ionizing radiation per unit distance traveled. It increases from low-LET X-rays to high-LET alpha particles.
- RBE compares the biological effectiveness of different radiations, defined as the ratio of standard radiation doses (e.g
Production of radio nuclides + Production of Short-Lived RadionuclideAhmad Hassan
Ā
This document discusses the production of radio nuclides used in nuclear medicine. It describes three main methods: reactor produced, accelerator/cyclotron produced, and fission produced. Reactor produced nuclides are made by neutron capture in reactors. Cyclotron produced nuclides are made by bombarding stable nuclides with protons, deuterons, helium-3, or helium-4 particles. Fission produced nuclides come from fission of heavier elements like uranium. The document also discusses radio nuclide generators, which allow production of short-lived daughters from long-lived parents to overcome transportation issues for short-lived isotopes.
Gold nanorods have potential for photothermal cancer therapy. When exposed to laser light near their surface plasmon resonance wavelengths, gold nanorods efficiently absorb light and generate heat through electron oscillations. Smaller nanorods absorb shorter wavelengths. Nanorods have transverse and longitudinal surface plasmon resonances depending on their aspect ratio. Their strong light absorption and efficient conversion to heat makes them suitable for using mild hyperthermia to selectively destroy tumors through plasmonic photothermal therapy.
The document discusses the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. It explores the ethics of using the site for long-term storage of nuclear waste. Specifically, it examines concerns about the stability of the geologic environment, risks of transporting nuclear waste across 43 states, and strong local opposition that has halted the project for now. While the government saw Yucca Mountain as the solution to growing nuclear waste, scientists argued other sites should have been considered more ethically.
Geodisposal of radioactive wastes - VTT research acitivitiesMerja ItƤvaara
Ā
This document summarizes Merja ItƤvaara's research at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland on deep subsurface microbiology related to radioactive waste disposal. Finland has several nuclear power plants and is constructing an underground spent nuclear fuel repository. VTT studies the microbial communities and biogeochemical processes in deep boreholes to understand the potential impacts on a nuclear waste repository. Their research includes characterizing microbial diversity through DNA sequencing and identifying metabolic pathways through metagenomics. In deep boreholes in Finland, they have found diverse bacterial and archaeal communities, with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria more common at depth. Methanogens make up less than 1% of communities. Their research aims to better understand deep life and how micro
This document discusses proposals for disposing of nuclear waste in space. It outlines two types of nuclear waste disposal: terrestrial and space disposal. Space disposal would involve processing nuclear waste into a cermet form and launching it into space using various propulsion methods. The document discusses the technical requirements and processes for fabricating nuclear waste payloads, transporting them to launch sites, and carrying out launch operations. However, it also notes that space disposal faces political, social, and risk-related challenges.
New microsoft office power point presentationRenjini2014
Ā
Nuclear waste is classified into three categories based on radioactivity levels: low-level, intermediate-level, and high-level radioactive waste. High-level radioactive waste is the most dangerous and accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity from nuclear power generation. Governments are considering long-term management and disposal options for nuclear waste, such as deep borehole disposal and vitrification, but many solutions have not been implemented due to technical and social challenges. Proper treatment and isolation of nuclear waste is crucial to prevent interaction with the biosphere.
This document discusses nuclear waste disposal and procedures for removing radioactive waste. It describes the three categories of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low-level waste - and explains that high-level waste produces 95% of radiation. Procedures for disposal include deep geological disposal of high-level waste and surface or near-surface disposal of intermediate and low-level waste. The document also discusses new methods for removing radioactivity, such as the Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 compound and sulfide sponges. Effectiveness of disposal procedures depends on continued development of faster and more effective radioactive waste removal techniques.
Lesson 7 Waste from Nuclear Power Plants | The Harnessed Atom (2016)ORAU
Ā
- Nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste from spent nuclear fuel and other materials that require special disposal methods.
- There are two main types of radioactive waste - low-level waste which is buried in disposal sites, and high-level waste like spent nuclear fuel which requires more long-term storage or isolation.
- Spent nuclear fuel is initially stored in cooling pools at the plant, then may be transferred to dry cask storage while a permanent disposal solution is sought. Underground geologic repositories have been proposed but none have been completed in the United States.
Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission, which is the process of splitting atomic nuclei to produce heat and release energy. This heat is used to convert water to steam to power turbines and generate electricity. While nuclear energy produces low carbon emissions, it also produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years and accidents or terrorism targeting plants could expose the environment and people to radiation. Both the advantages of low emissions and disadvantages of waste and safety risks must be considered in evaluating nuclear energy.
Mathematics of fusion reactors and energy gain factor modelAlexander Decker
Ā
This document discusses mathematics models related to fusion reactors and energy gain factor. It provides equations to calculate energy gain factor (Q), which is the ratio of fusion power density to externally supplied power. It also discusses characteristics of Gen-4 nuclear reactors including reactivity control mechanisms using heavy particle scattering and gadolinium oxide. Additionally, it covers reactor kinetics models, prompt neutron lifetime, confinement times, and industrial applications of accelerators in nuclear reactors.
The document discusses various characterization techniques used to analyze battery materials, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). XRD is used to verify crystal structure by analyzing diffraction patterns. TGA analyzes weight changes with temperature to measure thermal stability and composition. SEM provides high-resolution images of morphology and composition through backscattered electrons and EDX. These techniques are applied to characterize the synthesized sodium titanium phosphate (NaTi2(PO4)3) battery anode material.
11.mathematics of fusion reactors and energy gain factor modelAlexander Decker
Ā
This document discusses mathematical models related to fusion reactors and their energy gain. It begins by explaining how particles gain energy from background plasmas through MHD waves and are scattered, affecting the energy gain factor. It then discusses characteristics of Gen-4 nuclear reactors including different reactivity control mechanisms. Reactor kinetics models involving delayed and prompt neutrons are also covered. Finally, the document discusses industrial applications of Gen-4 reactors using accelerator models and transient analysis for security and operating conditions.
This document summarizes molecular dynamics simulations of radiation damage in zirconia (ZrO2) at energies ranging from 0.1-0.5 MeV. The simulations find that while zirconia is highly resistant to amorphization, there is still a large number of point defects and small defect clusters created by the radiation. However, these defects are isolated from each other, resulting in dilute damage that does not disrupt the long-range crystalline structure. The simulations quantify the number of displacements and defects over time and find that electronic energy losses play an important role in the damage evolution. The findings have implications for using zirconia in nuclear waste storage by suggesting radiation can create many point defects even while
Variation of dose distribution with depth and incident energy using EGSnrc Mo...iosrjce
Ā
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This chapter provides pearls, pitfalls, and frequently asked questions about radiopharmaceuticals, nuclear medicine physics, radiation detection and instrumentation. It contains brief explanations and definitions in response to multiple choice questions on these topics. The questions and answers reinforce key concepts and provide practical knowledge for day-to-day practice.
NMR Spectroscopy is abbreviated as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the study of molecules by recording the interaction of radiofrequency (Rf) electromagnetic radiations with the nuclei of molecules placed in a strong magnetic field.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) GULSHAN.pptxGULSHAN KUMAR
Ā
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that is used to probe the nature and characteristics of molecular structure.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how the photoluminescence quantum yield of lead selenide quantum dots is affected by increasing excitation energy. Three samples of PbSe quantum dots were synthesized with different diameters and characterized. It was found that the quantum yield decreased as the excitation energy increased, likely due to the formation of multi-exciton states within single quantum dots that lead to non-radiative Auger processes. The quantum yield was measured using an integrating sphere method and by analyzing absorption and emission spectra of the samples excited at different wavelengths. The results supported the expectation that higher excitation energies reduce quantum yield.
This document summarizes the use of positron annihilation techniques to study semiconductors and lattice defects. Positrons emitted from radioactive nuclei can be used to probe vacancy-type defects in materials. When a positron encounters an electron, they annihilate and emit gamma rays. By analyzing properties of the gamma rays like energy, momentum, and timing, information can be gained about the defect where annihilation occurred, allowing quantification of defect types, concentrations, and charge states in semiconductors. Common positron annihilation techniques described include positron lifetime spectroscopy and Doppler broadening spectroscopy.
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Dosimetry control and electromagnetic shielding analysis for nuclear waste treatment
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Dosimetry Control and Electromagnetic Shielding Analysis for
Nuclear Waste Treatment
Syed Bahauddin Alam
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka
University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka
Abstract
At present eons, equating cost factors, environmental issues, power generation with other substitute energy
informants, atomic or nuclear power is turning into a popular alternative as an energy option. Though it is
clean and safe alternative, nuclear waste is still a matter of great concern. In this paper, nuclear waste
treatment for nuclear plant by radioactive and electromagnetic shielding via dose conversion factors,
photons and neutrons response functions has been explained. Moreover, analyzing of Quality-Factor and
Poisoning decay of Xenon and Samarium has been discussed.
Keywords: EM (Electromagnetic) shielding, dose, kerma, Quality-Factor, poisoning, Samarium, Xenon,
digital watermarking.
1. Introduction
The promising conveyable of nuclear waste materials from nuclear reactors and defense amenities to a
repository is the essence concern in the present eon. The aspiration of waste treatment is of grave importance
now in order to handle nuclear waste transportation issues at the local, tribal, state, regional and national
levels . For fossil fuel burning power plants, solid waste is primarily a trouble for coal based power
generation. Approximately 10% of the substances of coal is ash which often includes metal oxides and alkali.
Such residues necessitate disposition, generally burial, though some reprocessing is possible, in a manner
that limits migration into the general environment. Volumes can be substantive. While burning in a power
plant, oil also yields residues that are not entirely burned and thus conglomerate. These residuals must also
be disposed as solid wastes. Once the fission operation in the reactor has decelerated, the fuel rods are
supplanted. The spent fuel rods hold extremely radioactive fission products and must be stored safely. These
used fuel rods are regarded as high level nuclear waste. Currently all high level nuclear waste is stored in
large pools of water at the power plants where it was generated. Seven to ten feet of water is enough to stop
all radioactivities. Since the late 1950ās, high level nuclear waste has been stored in this form, and there has
never been any release of radioactivity. There is actually a relatively small amount of high level nuclear
waste. For controlling and transmutation of radionuclides physical operation can be made at reactor for
mitigating waste virility. In this paper, nuclear waste treatment by radioactive and Electro-Magnetic (EM)
shielding via dose conversion factors, photons and neutrons response functions has been explained.
Moreover, Quality-Factor, dose rates and kerma is calculated, controlled and explained for that purpose.
Finally Poisoning of Xenon and Samarium and Decay Chain has discussed.
.
23
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
2. Electromagnetic (Em) Radiation Shielding Technology (ERST)
In analysis, the source and shielding are identified and the task is to in uence the resultant dose. The task is
to regulate the existence of the shielding required to accomplish the destination. At commencement it must
be said that screening contrives and shielding analysis are complementary activities. In convening, the
source is identified and a target dose goal is specified. Whether one is engaged in a hand computation or in
a most elaborate Monte Carlo model, one is confronted with the chores of (1) qualifying the source, (2)
characterizing the nature and rarefying dimensions of the shielding materials, (3) valuating at a target
location the radioactivity strength and possibly its angular and energy dispersions, and (4) commuting the
saturation to a dose or reaction substantive in terms of action therapy cores. Monte Carlo codes are amenable
to these more complex shielding problems and have become more and more popular as high-speed ciphering
has become uncommitted to so many people. Generally, nevertheless, they do require considerably more
expertise and aiming to use and are often much denser in accomplishing a root than are the deterministic
methods. Two more foundation stones need to be in place to support a mature radiation shielding technology.
Working with buildup factors computed using the P ALLAS code, Harima developed a data fit in the
following form, called the geometric progression formula. This appears to be a very exotic, even eccentric,
fitting formula. Both the results of P ALLAS calculations and the constants for the patterned advance
buildup factors are tabularized in pattern criteria. One is a comprehensive set of samples, or interaction
coefficients, explicating not only reactions but also dosimeters colligated coefficients such as those for
energy dethronement. Another is a set of ef uence-to-dose factors relevant to a comprehensive alignment of
dosimetry stipulates. By controlling these parameters, PALLAS code and hyperbolic functions, dose
conversion factors can be controlled. The phantom dose, in fact, is a point function and serves as a
standardized reference dose for instrument calibration and radiation protection purposes. A local irradiation
dose within a simple geometrical phantom or some sort of intermediate dose within an anthropomorphic
phantom by phantom-related dose is considered. Dose conversion factors are also usable for three
profundities of incursion into the geometric phantom: (1) a 10-mm depth, the dosage being called the
ambient dose, a foster to the earlier whole body dose and the dose suitable for instrument standardization; (2)
a 3-mm depth, suited for exemplifying the dose to the lens of the eye; and (3) a 0.07-mm depth, desirable for
constituting the dot to the skin. At energies over about 0.1 MeV, the assorted photon response mappings are
very closely equal. Personnel dosimeters are usually calibrated to contribute responses proportional to the
ambient dose. This is a fortunate position for radiation mensuration and surveillance determinations. Both
the ambient dose and the tissue Kerma closely estimate the efficacious dose equivalent. The unshielded dose
rate at the dose point is given by, For Shielded primary photon dose rate, primary photon dose rate is
attenuated exponentially, and the dose rate from primary photons, taking account of the shield. An
intimately concerned deterministic quantity, used only in association with circuitously ionizing (uncharged)
radioactivity, is the Kerma, an acronym for āKinetic Energy of Radiation Absorbed Per Unit Massā. The
absorbed dose is, in principle, a mensurable quantity; but in many contexts it is unmanageable to compute
the immersed dose from radiation ef uence and material properties. The calculation of the kerma (rate) is
closely related to the reaction (rate) density. In a neutron dissipate, the scattering nucleus recoils through
the medium producing ionization and innervations of the ambient atoms. The primary mechanism for
24
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
transferring the neutrons kinetic energy to the medium is from neutron scattering interactions, when fast
neutrons pass through a medium. The average neutron energy loss (and hence average energy of the recoil
nucleus) for isotropic elastic scattering in the center-of-mass system of a neutron with initial energy E. The
Quality-Factor and the Absorbed Dose are both point functions that is deterministic measures that may be
assessed at points in infinite. Their product is identified as the dose equivalent H and is distinguished as a
reserve assess of radiotherapy jeopardy when enforced in the context of establishing radiation protection
guideposts and dose determines for population radicals.
3. Nuclear Waste Treatment by Poisoning: Decay Chain (NWTPDC)
In a reactor core the fission products that accumulate are of concern for two explanations. First, they play
long-term ignite origins through their disintegrations. Second, they act as epenthetic neutron absorbent or
toxicants that, over time, decrease the thermal utilization factor and, thus, bring in electronegative reactivity
235
into a core. For fission products acquired from the fission of U, it is often presumed that each fission
produces 1 atom of static poisonous substance with an concentration cross section of 50 barns. While this
simplistic rule-of-thumb exploits for long-term reckonings of burn up effectuates, the two particular
135 149
poisons Xe and Sm have such prominent absorption cross sections that they must be tempered on an
individual basis. To determine the reactivity transient caused by a particular fission product poison,
N p t / ā f buildup equations for the poison decay chain and a quantity that is found from the decay. The
reactivity Ļp introduced by a fission product poison is directly proportional to its average concentration Np
in the core. where kāeff indicates the core with the poison included and keff refers to the same core without the
poison. Since the poison changes only the thermal utilization factor, the two multiplication factors are
related to each other by kāeff=k efffā=f. A very small nuclear denseness of Xenon nuclide can have a right
smart reactivity consequence. Of all isotopes it has the largest thermal neutron absorption cross section. For
Counterbalancing Xenon Poisoning, a reactor operating at a constant flux density Ļ0 , the equilibrium
135 135
concentrations of I and Xe are found from decay per buildup equations by setting the time derivative
to zero. The result is Equilibrium Xe(135)and I(135) concentrations as a function of the steady-state flux
density. From equations it is understood that, while the 135
Xe concentration is independent of Ļ0 at high
flux density levels, the 135
I concentration continues to increase linearly with Ļ0 . Xe(135) transients
shutdowns from equilibrium at constant flux densities. 135I would decay away, and the 135Xe concentration
135
would finally begin to decrease as it decays. Xetransient for the buildup to equilibrium is shown in Fig.
135
10 following the shutdown from various flux levels. If during the shutdown transient, reducing the Xe
reactivity temporarily to below its equilibrium values, the reactor were started up again, the large
absorption cross section for 135Xe would cause this nuclide to be burned up very rapidly. Examples of these
restart transients. In many power or propulsion reactors, the time to poison is usually only a few tens of
minutes, and the operator may go through substantial force to acquire the reactor resumed before it poisons
out so as to avoid a protracted period of lost production. Once the reactor has poisoned out, it is requisite to
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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
postponement until the negative 135Xe reactivity has peaked and descended back to a level that can be offset
by all controllable positive reactivities. The time from the closure until the reactor poisons out is the called
the time-to-poison. The interval throughout which the reactor cannot be resumed is called the poison
shutdown time and is typically of 15-25 hours continuance. It is unimaginable to restart the reactor, and the
135
reactor is stated to have poisoned out. Xe equilibrium flux density before shutdown. The second fission
149
product poison which must be accounted for explicitly in power reactors is Sm. This stable nuclide is a
135 135 149 149
daughter of the fission products Sm and Pm. The generation rate of Sm is the decay rate of Pm.
149 149
There is negligible production of Sm as a direct fission product. Since Sm is stable, the only way it can
vanish is for it to absorb a neutron which it does at a volumetric rate of Ļ asĻ (t ) S (t ) where S(t) is the
average 149Sm concentration. Thus at equilibrium, all reactors have the same amount of 149Sm poisoning.
5. Conclusion
Radioactive waste comes from many places in the nuclear fuel cycle, but fission products generated in
reactors dominate both the high-level and low-level problems. Nuclear waste management technologies via
PUREX process, ISR and Laser Isotope Separation(LIS)technology, RSICC software, DIMS system
development and modernized radioactive waste treatment processes are adopted at earlier and it is
apprehend that, nuclear waste treatment technology is more efficacious than the conventional one. In this
paper, nuclear waste treatment by radioactive and electromagnetic shielding via dose conversion factors,
photons and neutrons response functions has been explained. Moreover, analyzing of Quality-Factor and
Poisoning decay of Xenon and Samarium has discussed. Through proper management and treatment
technologies of nuclear wastes discussed in this paper, world can have nuclear energy as a safe and clean
future energy reservoir.
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Fig. 1. Buildup factors computed by geometric progression method the PALLAS code
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Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Fig. 4. Equilibrium Xe(135)and I(135) concentrations as a function of the steady-state flux density
Fig. 5. Xe(135) transients shutdowns from equilibrium at constant flux densities
Fig. 6. Xe(135) transient for the buildup to equilibrium
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Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Fig7. Xe(135)Equilibrium flux density before shutdown
Fig. 8. The buildup of Sm(149)to equilibrium
30