Gastrointestinal Tract Essay

Gastrointestinal Tract Essay
The gastrointestinal tract is a muscular tube lined by a unique layer of cells, called epithelium. This
empty muscular tube begins from the oral cavity, proceeds through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach
and intestines to the rectum and anus. There are different appendage organs that help the tract by
emitting compounds to separate nourishment into its segment supplements. Subsequently the
salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gall bladder have critical tasks in the digestive framework.
Sustenance is pushed along the length of the gastrointestinal tract by peristaltic motions of the
muscular walls. ("Gastrointestinal System," 2016)
The key role of the gastrointestinal tract is to separate sustenance into supplements, which can be
ingested into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals who have diverticulosis without indications or difficulties shouldn't bother with
particular treatment, yet it is imperative to receive a high–fiber eating routine to keep the further
development of diverticula. In the event that your manifestations are mellow, you might be treated
with anti–infection agents, acetaminophens for pain, and a fluid eating routine. In the event that you
have a serious attack or have other wellbeing issues, you'll likely to be hospitalized. Treatment for
the most part includes: Intravenous anti–infection agents and insertion of a tube to deplete an
abscess, if one has shaped. On the off chance that you have a complication, for example, puncturing,
abscess, fistula or bowl obstruction; various episodes of uncomplicated diverticulitis; or are immune
compromised you may require
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Diverticulitis Essay
Presentation
A 46 year old grossly obese man was seen in the Emergency Room on 9/16/08.
His chief complaint was lower left quadrant pain, vomiting, and frequent urination.The patient also
admits to constipation, nausea, and a fever of 102.2.
He admits to a 25 pound weight gain over the last few months. The patient was evaluated and
diagnosed with diverticulitis. During his 3–day hospital stay, he has recieved IVfluids, IV
antibiotics, and morphine for pain.
History
Past Medical History: The patient has a remarkable medical history, a healthy individual, up untill
7/15/06 when he under went a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and was admitted.
Diet History/Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: The patient had no specific ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Tests:
Digital Rectal Exam
Abdominal CT Scan
Blood Cultures
Hemacult
Urinalysis
Medications
Current medications include a daily multivitamen, IV ciproflaxin, prevacid a.m., morphine for pain,
and IV fluids.
Diagnosis/Discussion
The patient had a sudden onset of lower left quadrant pain and was diagnosed with diverticulitis.
The patient has no diet regimen, which may be the likely cause of his onset with this disease. His
primary complaint of lower left quadrant pain, is being felt by the inflamation and infection that is
occuring in his sigmoid colon, located in the lower left quadrant in the hypogastric region.
Diverticulitis is an inflamation and infection in the diverticuli, which are holes, or weak spots found
in the colon.

This inflamation and infection can effect many tissues if preforations allow the leakage of infection
into the abdominal cavity, such as the bladder, skin, and small intestines. In this case, fortunately the
patient was spared with a mild case and only resulted in a 3–day hosp. stay. The lining of the
sigmoid colon is made up of simple columnar epithelium cells. Their main function is for secretions
and absorbtion.
When there is a problem in the colon, and these cells are inflamed and infected, they do not work
like they were intended and the homeostasis in the body is effected, resulting in

Concept Map Nursing
Concept Map
West Coast University
B.S. is an 81 year old Caucasian female presenting with abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and
vomiting in the emergency room on February 3, 2013. B.S. has a history of glaucoma,
hypothyroidism, degenerative arthritis and diverticulosis. She has allergies to iodine and vicodin.
B.S. is admitted for diverticulitis with possible partial bowel obstruction and hydronephrosis. B.S.
was admitted on February 3, 2013 here at Verdugo Hills Hospital.
Pathophysiology: Diverticulitis, is characterized by inflamed diverticuli and increased luminal
pressures that cause erosion of the bowel wall and thus microscopic or macroscopic perforation into
the peritoneum. A localized abscess develops when the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important that they get enough calories, protein, and essential nutrients from a variety of food
groups. The patient needs to eat smaller meals, and eat more often and need to drink plenty of
liquids. The doctor may prescribe drugs that will help relieve the patient's symptoms such as anti–
diarrhea drugs, fiber supplements, and pain medications. To help manage the patient's Crohn's
disease is to join a support group and exercise. Also trying biofeedback to reduce muscle tension,
deep breathing exercises, listening to music, and other ways to relax.
Neurological Assessment: patient is awake and alert times 4. Denies head injury, seizures or seizure
disorder, paralysis, or abnormalities of sensation and gait coordination. Denies syncope dizziness,
vertigo, memory loss, speech coordination, frequent headaches, or tremors. Denies problems with
speaking.
Cardiovascular Assessment: No visible pulsations, no heaves or lifts. Apical pulse present in the
fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. Auscultation of apical rate 62 beats per minute,
normal rhythm regular S1 – S2 heart sounds present. Pulsations present when supine and disappear
at a 45 degree angle position. Extremities are brown color without redness, cyanosis, lesions or
varicosities bilaterally. Temperature warm bilaterally, Allen test was negative. Homan's sign
negative. Carotids: +2 and present bilaterally. Right Radial +2, left radial +1 , Right Brachial: +2

Diverticulitis Research Paper
While coming up with an effective diet plan is difficult enough for the everyday civilian, balancing
work, exercise, and a social life, this struggle is greatly exacerbated if the individual is suffering
from a digestive disorder. Existing in many forms, disorders of this category can force people to
disregard various types of food the average person greatly enjoys, because if the afflicted bunch did
have them their lives would be at risk, or at least be made more miserable. In an average diet plan, it
is important to balance the protein, carbs, sugars, and fats, with alterations required for various
external factors; i.e. if the person in question is an athlete who needs thousands of calories per day,
or if they are office workers with little time for physical activity. One particular extraneous factor
would be the presence of Diverticulitis, a digestive disorder. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, these pouches fill with an assorted grouping of bacteria and become very infected and
irritated, leading to intense pain and suffering. The colon is not meant to have to work that hard to
push through weak stool. In the medical world, scientists and doctors have yet to find a definitive
cause or source of the malady, and can only posit basic theories, one of which suggesting a lack of
fiber is the root. These negative effects can be made worse by certain foods of course, so a particular
diet plan is important in order to stave off the agony. The symptoms of Diverticulitis begin with the
pain, yet they extend farther then that, with individuals reporting lack of appetite, diarrhea, bloating,
fevers, and vomiting. It is truly a consortium of unpleasant

Appendectomy Essay
similar for obese patients with perforated appendix, with the laparoscopic approach demonstrating a
superior outcome. Mason et al. [31] corroborated these findings using data from the American
College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement (NSQIP) Program database. In a
sample of 13, 330 obese patients with a body mass index >=30 kg/m2 who underwent
appendectomy between 2005 and 2009, they showed that laparoscopic appendectomy was
associated with a 57% reduction in overall morbidity in all obese patients, and a 53% morbidity
reduction after a 1:1 matching to reduce bias. After matching, laparoscopic appendectomy showed a
reduction in length of stay by 1.2 days compared to open. A review of the NSQIP database by
Tuggle et al. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kiviluoto et al. [34] randomized 63 patients with acute cholecystitis and similar demographic,
physical and clinical characteristic to receive either LC or OC. They found a significantly lower
postoperative complication rate, shorter postoperative hospital stay and lower mean length of stay in
the LC group. El–Awadi et al. [35], in a randomized controlled study, evaluated 110 cirrhotic
patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. They demonstrated a longer operative time (96.13 vs.
76.13 minutes, p<0.01) and higher postoperative morbidity in the OC group compared to LC. Ji et
al.[36] performed an RCT in 80 patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease and portal
hypertension from cirrhosis in a bid to compare LC vs. OC. LC demonstrated superior outcomes
over OC with lower intra–operative blood loss, shorter time to resume diet, fewer post–operative
complications and shorter length of hospital stay. In terms of costs, multiple studies have
demonstrated a net cost–effectiveness profile that favors laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with some
others showing equivalent costs. While initial studies demonstrated a higher operating room costs
for LC, these were offset by lower overall hospital costs due to shorter hospital length of stay.
McIntyre et al. [37] reported a mean hospital charge of $6471 for LC vs. $8896 for OC. As with
laparoscopic appendectomy, there are still clear

Inflammation and Infection Caused by Diverticulitis Essay
Diverticulitis is an aliment of the colon that affects the inner lining. Approximately 50% of all
Americans will experience diverticulitis by the time they reach age 60. Pouches or bulging sacs in
the lining become inflamed or infected. The most common site of diverticulitis is the large intestine.
A low fiber diet is believed to be responsible for most cases of diverticulitis. Small pieces of feces
can become trapped in the pouches and bulging sacs, which then cause the inflammation and/or
infection.
Diverticulitis normally responds well to treatment, some patients will have repeated bouts of
diverticulitis, very few patients will require surgery to remove the effective section of bowel. (Fox &
Stollman, 2010)
Patients with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
The inflammation in diverticulitis is believed to be the result of fecal material that gets trapped in a
diverticulum. The resulting fecal stone, or fecalith, causes pressure and necrosis of the diverticulum.
The inflammation progresses and perforates into the mucosa of the colon. A small perforation is
easily treated with antibiotics. A large perforation may wall off and create an abscess which can
erode into nearby structures such as the small bowel or bladder, anterior abdominal wall, and fecal
peritonitis can occur. (textbook)
Patients present with left lower quadrant pain, reiterating the tendency for diverticulitis to affect the
sigmoid colon in western countries. The pain can be constant or intermittent, and lack of appetite, or
nausea and vomiting can be present. Physical examination of the abdomen reveals localized
tenderness but frank rebound or guarding should be negative. Bowel sounds are frequently distant or
depressed, if bowel sounds are very active an obstruction may be present, in mild cases the bowel
sounds may be normal. The WBC may be elevated and the patient may present with a fever.
Occasionally a palpable mass may be felt and may be very painful. Eating exacerbated the pain of
left–sided diverticulitis and pain can be lessened with the passage of feces or flatus. Patients may
complain of a feeling of being bloated.
Differential diagnoses for diverticulitis include colon cancer, colitis, crohn's

Source And Reliability : Patient Alert And Oriented At...
II. SOURCE AND RELIABILITY: Patient alert and oriented to time, place and person, reliable
historian.
III. REASON FOR SEEKING CARE (CC): 38 y/o female c/o abdominal pain throughout the entire
abdominal cavity, states that she has always had abdominal discomfort, but the past 3 days' pain has
become unbearable. She describes the pain as a burning, churning throughout 8/10. Pain is
intermittent c/o of sour stomach after meals accompanied by nausea, denies vomiting, diarrhea or
anorexia, last bowel movement 4 days ago. States she moved bowels 2–3 times a week. She states
this happened about 2 years she went to the emergency room, CT was done, no blockage, she was
sent home without medications, CT contrast helped her move bowels at the time, symptoms
eventually resolved on their own. Patient c/o of waking up feeling unrested, had trouble falling
asleep ever since she could remember, wakes up frequently with difficulty getting back to sleep. She
reports sleep disorder sometimes coincide with inability to get comfortable due to shoulder and neck
pain especially in the winter months. Patient states the head and shoulder pain are the result of an
MVI in 1995 where she had spinal nerve damage and bulging disc.
IV. PRESENT HEALTH OF HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
Abdominal pain 8/10
O. Started 3 days ago after eating large meal.
P. Pain is intermittent and worst when lying down on the back or sitting down, relief felt when lying
on stomach.
Q. Pain is severe, churning and feeling of sour

Essay On Diverticulitis
Discussion
Diverticulitis is a common clinical problem and the complications represent one of the commonest
surgical emergencies with a high and increasing prevalence in Western Societies.[ , ] An estimated
10–25% of the population younger than 60 years of age show evidence of colonic diverticula on
colonoscopy, rising to 60% of those over 60 years.[ , , ] Although only 5% of patients with
diverticulosis will develop acute diverticulitis, around 25% of patients will experience symptoms.[ ]
Younger males are known to suffer more severe complications from diverticular disease as the case
we presented.[ ] The majority of episodes are treated as outpatients with antibiotics; however it is
reported that acute diverticulitis and its complications are responsible for 50,000 emergency hospital
admissions per year in the UK with mortality of around 5%.[ ] ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Laparoscopic approach results in a shorter length of stay, fewer complications, and lower in–
hospital mortality compared to open colectomy.( ) Emergency colectomy is associated with
significant morbidity, such as pneumonia (25%), respiratory failure (15%), myocardial infarction
(12%) and increased mortality in older persons.[ ] Furthermore a systematic review concluded that
resection with primary anastomosis in selected patients is equally safe procedure to Hartmann's
approach.[

Ortho Reflective Journal
I interned for 17 hours and 30 minutes this week. On Monday, I was in Ortho and helped with
patient charting. On Tuesday, I gave patients the paperwork they had to fill out and got them ready
for their mammograms. On Wednesday and Saturday, I stocked bays in the PACU and helped the
nurses with anything they needed. On Saturday I also got to see an Ex Lap procedure and on
Wednesday, I got to see an anesthesiologist put a block into a patient. I learned a lot this week. A
block is used for pain control in patients. The anesthesiologist goes in with ultrasound and navigates
a needle to the nerve that is causing the patient pain. An Ex Lap procedure was for a patient who had
a block in their colon and the doctor had to go in and resect

Diverticular Disease Essay
Diverticular disease is small pouches of the colon that protrude outwards from the rest of the colon.
Food particles can become trapped in these pouches causing inflammation and pain. Diverticular
disease has been recognized since the 19th century. Adipose tissue is being recognized as a source of
adipokines, which affect skeletal muscle, liver, the vascular tree, and inflammation. Diverticula can
occur in young people due to other health related diseases such as Marfan or Ehlers–Danlos
syndrome. Some studies have shown the disease to be more severe in younger patients with obesity
related issues. One study showed that out of 104 patients, 22 were under 40 years of age. In younger
patients surgery is usually performed because appendicitis is common. In the older patients
radiology is usually requested ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this, operative rates for the younger patients were significantly higher than the older
patients. Several studies show that the disease is more virulent in obese patients, but diverticula can
also occur in those that are cachectic. Obesity rates increases with the rates of diver– ticula in the
older patient. Several studies investigated the relationship of obesity and diverticular disease. In one
study of 61 patients of all ages, those with complications were obese. A further study of patients
under 40 years of age with diverticulitis showed higher than average amounts of sub– cutaneous and
intraabdominal fat. More than half of the young patients with diverticulitis were obese. There has
been no study as of yet on how the young obese patient with diverticula compares to a young
diverticula patient that is not obese. Early CT scans of young obese patients could clarify the
diagnosis and prevent unnecessary

Acute Diverticulitis Essay
On my third day of clinical course I had an African America patient age 72, female, a retired high
school teacher who was admitted for an Acute Diverticulitis with Perforation. She is diabetic and
had a medical and surgical history of diverticulitis, High Cholesterol, Non–Insulin–Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), Hysterectomy, and Scoliosis. She has been on clear liquid diet since
she was admitted then she was Nothing by Mouth NPO for the CT scan for that day. When I got the
assignment that I was going to be taking care of a patient with an acute diverticulitis, the first thing
on my mind was that she will be in a severe abdominal pain, high fever due to infection because my
aunty had same disease. To my surprise, she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patient might experience mild or sever pain, crampy, and aching that is similar to appendicitis.
Passing of gas or stool elimination may reduce the adverse effect of pain. According to spivak &
deSouza (2008), patient that are of high risk are those with the history of low–fiber diet,
constipation, high intake of red meat, severe dehydration, and aging. The diagnostic tests are barium
enema which determines number of diverticula, CBC indicates present of anemia, colonoscopy
exposes present of diverticula, CT scan reveals changes in the colon wall, GI bleeding scan that
identifies active bleeding, and CBC with differential reveals leukocytosis.
Wilcox (2009) compared various types of diverticular syndromes and their treatments. He found out
that the treatment for the asymptomatic that is characterized by no clinical symptoms and
symptomatic which has no inflammation but abdominal pain with change in bowel habits are high–
fiber diet. Marinella (2010) found that for uncomplicated diverticulitis, with fever and abdominal
pain can be treated with oral antibiotics, bowel rest, clear liquid diet and total abstinence from
morphine because morphine has the risk of intracolonic pressure increased. This type of
uncomplicated diverticulitis is for a young stable patient. For an older patient with uncomplicated
diverticularitis, IV antibiotics should be administered but nothing by mouth. But how is it that age
determines the diagnosis and treatment of an acute

Fidel Castro Death
Fidel Castro Deaths This is a current event about Fidel Castro a powerful former leader in Cuba. On
Friday November 25th, 2016 Castro died of what seems to be old age, later said to be caused by his
fall in Santa Clara and diverticulitis. The mourning of Fidel Castro started on Saturday. The Cuban
people are very sad and will miss him. This current event will be in history for ever because the
people of Cuba and America will always talk about Fidel Castro, he was an idol for those people in
Cuba and will be missed dearly. They will wonder what will happen to their country and how will
things change or stay the same after Fidel deaths and when Raul Castro resigns in 2018. Who will
take over? On October 21, 2004 Castro tripped and fell off ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He was in control of Cuba for a long time, until 2006–2008 when he gave presidential control and
duties to his brother Raul Castro, who was vice president due to health reasons. Even though Raul
was conducting presidential duties, Fidel still had possession of the title of president. Repression and
fear has kept his dictatorial government in control for so long. He had fans and critics in the world.
Some people seen him as a cruel person who walked over the rights of freedom. Some people of all
ages hailed him like they did as a revolutionary hero. Even when he became sick in 2006, giving up
his control Fidel still was dictating details of his medical care and arranged the continuation of the
communist revolution. Mr. Castro was an important leader to appear from the Latin America since
wars of independence in the 19 centuries. He was influential to Cuban history. The Cuba society was
transformed and had an impact in the region with exception of the Mexican revolution in 1910. The
legacy of Fidel Castro was 57 years old "revolution" that once weight in world events in Latin
America. It became a museum piece of Soviet style of authoritarian political

Ulcerative Colitis Case Study
Signs & Symptoms–Ulcerative Colitis
Depending on the stage of disease, four and more bowel movements per day in stage one is
frequently reported. Diarrhoea accompanied with rectal bleeding it may present during the moderate
stage of the disease, with urgency to defecate, malnutrition, increased temperature, plus decreased
haemoglobin and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, as per the Montreal classification.
(Digestive Health Foundation, 2013).
Signs & Symptoms–Crohn's Disease
The clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease are: diarrhoea, colic pain and weight loss, among the
well–known, but depending on severity of the disease, infrequently reported, but can present with
bloody or pussy stools as result of ruptured abscesses or perforation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gastroenterological Society of Australia works cohesively with variety of committees and sub–
groups as their own branch or standalone organisations. One of GESA's branches is Digestive
Health Foundation with location in Mulgrave, Victoria. They perform a fantastic job in providing
informative knowledge to the community. Furthermore, some research–pharmaceutical companies
like Janssen–Cilag Pty Ltd created internet site www.gastrocentral.com.au providing links to a range
of support services such as national public toilet map, gut people, the travel clinic, helpful tips and
organisations for people suffering from gastrointestinal conditions. Better health Channel created by
the Victorian government provides useful information related to any health

The intestines consist of a long, flexible tube that is coiled around, so it appears to be smaller than it
actually is. In a healthy person, it is smooth inside and out, so waste can move through it easily since
the large intestines are the last stop before waste passes on its way out of the body. But as a person
ages, there are pouches that begin to form in the large intestines. This condition is called
diverticulosis. The bulges make passing waste more difficult, so sometimes, it gets caught in them
or irritates them. When the pouches become inflamed and infected, it is referred to as diverticulitis.
This condition can be very painful. It causes constipation, abdominal pain, a low grade fever, and
nausea. The symptoms can last for just a few days or for several weeks. And once someone gets the
condition, it is often something that they struggle with on and off for years if they don't treat it
properly. Diverticulitis Diet Though someone's age plays a big part in determining whether or not
they will get this condition, their diet is also an important factor in it. Usually, the reason that a
person begins having so many symptoms of this illness is because they are not eating properly. The
body needs an adequate amount of roughage, or fiber, to be able to carry the waste out of the body.
So if a person is eating mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So during this time, a doctor will often advise a person to go on a liquid diet that is less stressful for
the large intestines. This gives them a chance to heal and become less inflamed. Once they start
eating solid foods again, they should be of the soft variety. Then, other regular meals can be
introduced again. This process can't be rushed because the inflammation will return rapidly if
someone tries to change their diet too fast. If an infection has occurred from any tearing of the
bulges, then antibiotics are also

Understanding Diverticulitis
Concept overview as it pertains to the acute and/or chronic stable patient Diverticulitis is one part of
the Diverticular Disease, the other being diverticulosis. In order to understand what diverticulitis is,
we need to first define diverticulosis. Diverticulosis is when diverticula, which are pouches that
form in the intestines, most commonly found in the sigmond colon (Winkelman, Ignatavicius, &
Workman, 2015). Diverticula are usually formed due to an increase in pressure on the lining of the
intestines, usually in a weakened part of the lining (Winkelman, Ignatavicius, & Workman, 2015).
These pockets can be caused from constipation due to straining themselves. When these pockets
become inflamed or infected this disease is considered diverticulitis. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Opening up the stomach is called laparotomy. This test can also be done laproscopically where they
use cameras to look at the organs. This is less invasive than the laparotomy. (Ignatavicius &
Workman, (2016) pg. 1171). A CT of the abdomen and pelvis may also be done. This is much like
an x–ray but the CT will show more detail. Cross sectional images are taken of the abdomen and
pelvis, which gives a better view because these images can see through the organs. These images are
very accurate, can produce 3D images, and can be looked at in multiple planes. (Pagana, T. (2014)
pg. 1021) There are a few different methods for testing Fecal Occult Blood Test and Fecal
Immunochemimcal Test. One test is the guaiac chemical assay which tests for blood. These tests are
usually used to detect colon cancer. DNA stool sample tests can be run as well with this type of test,
and it is more sensitive than the guaiac chemical test, but it is more useful in diagnosing cancer
cells. An immunochemical can be used as well to look for occult blood. This chemical looks for the
globin in the hemoglobin of human blood. (Pagana, T. (2014) pg.

Colovesical Fistula Case Study
Primary diagnosis or procedure:
Colovesical Fistula
Risks Factors: 2pts
–Diverticulitis
–Cancer (specifically colorectal or cancer of the surrounding organs)
–Inflammatory Bowel Disease (specifically Crohn's Disease and Colitis)
–Surgery or Trauma that invovles the colon or bladder
–Radiotheray Treament (in response to cancer)
Pathophysiology: 2pts
A colovesical fistula (CVF) is a connection from the colon to the urinary bladder. It can occur due to
surgery or trauma around this area of the body that caused the opening. This allows fecal matter to
move from the colon to the bladder, which can lead to possibly painful infection. It can also cause
morbidity and death, and is usually secondary to urosepsis, which is a UTI complication. It is more
common in men, as female patients have a uterus, which blocks passage between the colon and
bladder. It is also more common in patients from 55 years to 75. It can be diagnosed clinically, but
some form of imagining or scanning is usually reqired to determine the severity and origin of the
fistula. Patients may exhibit: pneumaturia, fecaluria, suprapubic pain, dysuria, hematuria, urgency,
and gross hematuria (many of these symptoms can cause infection). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
–Assess and discuss priority learning needs with patient and caregiver.
–Explain and provide written information about colovesical fistual and any medications/treatments
that they need to be aware

20-Year-Old Males: A Case Study
Discuss and differentiate between the causes of acute and chronic abdominal pain in a 20–year–old
versus a 50–year–old male. Provide a rationale for including the appropriate differential diagnoses
in each age group, appendicitis, cholecystitis, gallstones and bile duct stones, gastric or duodenal
ulcer.
Difference acute and chronic:
Although many adults may present with any of these abdominal symptoms, acute (sudden severe
inflammation of the gallbladder), lactose intolerance, and hepatitis there are differences in
presentation and predominance of disease process between 20 year old and fifty year old middle age
adult (Lange, 2012). Symptoms are difficult to indicate for many young adults they present with
vague symptoms. Often it may be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The incidence is approximately 50% among individuals older than age 70 years and 80% after age
85 years. Diverticular disease typically manifests as lower gastrointestinal bleeding or diverticulitis.
The classic findings of nausea, dis–tension, fever, palpable left lower quadrant mass, and
leukocytosis are frequently absent. (Tazkarji, 2008)
The provider can order certain laboratory tests to also direct their diagnosis and treatment. One
example is urinary tests that determines whether the patient may have diabetes, kidney stones,
urinary tract infections, and other related conditions. Furthermore, radiological exams such as x–
rays for identification of a blockage, endoscopy to indicate upper abdominal pain causes, ultrasound
to detect kidney stones or gallstones and CT scans to identify blockages, masses and the more
serious AAA (Coakley& Ebrary, 2010).
Differential

Diverticular Disease: What is the difference between...
When pockets develop in the wall of the colon, this is called diverticulosis. The pockets that form
are called diverticula; the pockets pick up fecal matter as the body's waste is propelled through the
colon.
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are classified as diverticular disease. The main difference between
diverticulosis and diverticulitis is that there is no inflammation, and with the second there is.
Approximately 80 percent of the individuals who have been diagnosed with diverticulosis never
advance to the more serious condition, diverticulitis. Most people who have diverticulosis have no
symptoms at all.
Symptoms of diverticulosis
Abdominal bloating
Constipation
Diarrhea
Left lower abdominal pain (relieved after passing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weak spots in the colon pooch outward and fill up with fecal matter.
It is believed that a diet which lacks enough fiber is a primary cause of the high pressure created in
the colon. The increased pressure causes tissue breakdown of the colonic wall. If you don't eat
enough fiber, the stool gets hard. When stool gets hard, it tends to stay in one spot and more fecal
matter packs up behind it, which causes more pressure to be exerted on the wall of the colon.
Causes of diverticulitis
The causes of diverticulitis are also thought to be due to internal pressure in the colon. It's not
completely understood what causes the diverticula to become inflamed and infected. The internal
pressure of fecal matter in the diverticula can impair circulation; when circulation is reduced in the
diverticula, the tissue can break down and sometimes the pouches can burst.
It is believed that aging has something to do with compromising the muscle tone of the colonic wall;
people aged 50 and over are most at risk for diverticulosis and diverticulitis. It is believed that high
fat diets and obesity also play a role in developing diverticular disease.
How is diverticular disease diagnosed?
Diverticulosis – Since diverticulosis usually has no significant symptoms, it is often found during
routine screening exams. Diverticulosis may also be found when you are having scans t rule out
some other

Symptoms and Causes of Diverticulitis Disease
Diverticulis Disease Overview Diverticular disease affects the large intestine and typically occurs
when pouches called diverticula form in the sigmoid colon, the curved part of the intestine closest to
the rectum (UMMC 2011). The disease typically falls into two categories–– diverticulosis and
diverticulitis. Diverticulosis is the presence of many diverticula along the intestinal wall.
Diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed (NDDIC 2007). Causes and Risk Factors
Diverticulitis can most typically be attributed to low–fiber diets and chronic constipation. Factors
such as aging, lack of regular exercise, high–fat intake, and physical abnormalities may contribute to
the disease (NDDIC 2007). Epidemiological and anatomical evidence indicates that more than 60%
of Westernized societies will develop diverticulosis at some point (Escott–Stump 2007). This is stark
contrast to Asian societies follow more high–fiber, low–total fat and low–red meat dietary patterns
(Nguyen et al. 2011). It is believed that high body mass index and obesity are predisposing factors.
Evidence also suggests that adults over the age of 70 are more prone to developing diverticula, and
80% will exhibit no symptoms (UMMC 2011). Complications are also more prevalent among men,
and in African–Americans and Hispanics. CDC research suggests that the Midwestern and Southern
regions of the US typically have higher obesity rates compared with states in the West and
Northwest. Regional

Web Validity Assignment
"Diverticulitis is a condition in which diverticuli in the colon rupture. The rupture results in
infection in the tissues that surround the colon" (MedicineNet, 2010, para.1). Or at least that's what
MedicineNet.com states that it is. Sometimes what we find on the Internet isn't as reliable as what
we may think. Doing research and finding correct and reliable information is very important in the
nursing practice. There is so much information available at our fingertips, but finding accurate
information is sometimes a challenge and can be detrimental to patient care if the information found
is inaccurate. The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate the validity of three health websites.
The first website that I will evaluate is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe this site to be a valid one because there is an ample amount of credibility with the
standards that they follow and the information is provided by the expertise of many different types
of physicians. I really can't say enough about this site.
The third site that I will evaluate is MedlinePlus. This site is the "National Institute of Health's Web
site for patients and their families and friends" (MedlinePlus, 2010, para.1) and it is produced by the
National Library of Medicine (NLM). The website provides information on the latest treatments,
information on drugs and supplements, definitions of words and you can also review certain medical
videos. Dr. Donald A.B. Lindberg is the Director of the site and of the National Library of Medicine.
He calls this site "a goldmine of good health information from the world's largest medical library"
(MedlinePlus, 2010, para. 3). It has extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and
various trusted sources on over 800 diseases and conditions (MedlinePlus, 2010). Just like the other
two websites that I have chosen, the site is not meant to provide medical advice. Instead it provides
consumers with information to better understand their health and any illness they may have.
The site does not provide an address for MedlinePlus. However, the location for the NLM is
Bethesda, MD. The URL address for MedlinePlus is http://medlineplus.gov and their email address
for comments or questions is

Peristalsis Research Paper
Merriam–Webster defines ileus as, "functional obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract and especially
the small intestine that is marked by the absence of peristalsis" (.....).Peristalsis is the wavelike
contractions that propel intestinal contents through the small and large intestines. When peristalsis is
impaired and the intestinal contents are not moving, it is known as a nonmechanical obstruction
(book...761). Nonmechanical obstructions most frequently occur because of surgery, trauma,
infection or mesenteric ischemia (book...761). There are certain medicines that are commonly
prescribed after surgery that can decrease peristalsis in the intestines. Hydromorphone, morphine,
oxycodone, and tricyclic antidepressants can contribute to paralytic ileus (healthline). Some
gastrointestinal disorders are also known to contribute to ileus, such as; intestinal cancer, Crohn's
disease, diverticulitis, Parkinson's disease and in children, the most common cause is
intussusception. (healthline). Due to the absence of peristalsis, digested food begins to build up in
the intestines creating an occlusion. If the occlusion is in the small intestine, it will prevent liquid
from reaching the large intestine where water reabsorption occurs in the body (book..) A buildup of
gas commonly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient may complain of nausea and as the occlusion worsens, the peristaltic waves may reverse
and propel towards the mouth causing the patient to vomit fecal matter (book 762). When listening
to the patient's abdomen with a stethoscope, bowel sounds will be absent distal to the occlusion
(book 762). The patient may also experience a loss of appetite with a feeling of fullness (healthline).
Due to liquid being unable to reach the large intestine when the occlusion occurs in the small
intestine, the patient will experience dehydration and display the symptoms of extreme thirst,
drowsiness, aching, and general malaise

Patient Observation
During my ICE rotation at Clements University Hospital, I saw a variety of patients. The first
patient I worked with was a 68–year–old male diagnosed with diverticulitis. The patient had surgery
to reduce the inflammation and pouches formed, but the problem persisted. The patient received two
more abdominal surgeries following the first one, which helped significantly. Although the physical
therapist did not mention any precautions, the patient was very slow to sit up and move. The patient
had a hard time speaking, but understood the physical therapist when he spoke to him. The patient
was very slow with his movements and required maximum assistance. The patient was in the
intensive care unit. The patient was attached to an EKG monitor, required

Diverticular Disease Research Paper
Diverticular disease is a common problem in our society as it affects 50% of the general population
by age 60 (1). It accounts for 2.2 million physician office visits per year and it is estimated that total
(direct and indirect) costs of diverticular disease now exceeds 2.5 billion dollars. (2) Males and
females are at equal risks for developing diverticulitis however, obesity and sedentary lifestyles
have proven to increase incidence of diverticulitis and subsequent complications. (3), (4), (5)
Diverticular disease is described as the condition of having diverticulosis, the protrusion of
diverticula through the colonic wall and diverticulitis, which is the inflammation of diverticula. It is
estimated that someone with diverticulosis has a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(7), (8) There are two broad types of fiber, soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water. It
changes as it goes through the digestive tract, where it is fermented by bacteria. As it absorbs water
it becomes gelatinous. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water. As it goes through the digestive
tract it does not change its form. Both types of fiber are present in all plant foods, but rarely in equal
proportions. (11 favorites pub med "composition") The 2008 study specifically looked at insoluble
fiber types whereas, the 2014 study evaluated all dietary fiber types with potatoes being its own
distinctive

Anoscope Case Studies
Patient was brought to the operating room and placed on the table in a supine position. After
induction of adequate general anesthesia, patient was then placed in a prone position and prepped
and draped in a sterile fashion. Digital rectal exam revealed patient to have internal external
hemorrhoids as well as what appears to be some distal rectal polyps as well as a posterior anal
fissure. Anoscope was introduced into the rectum and advanced to the cecum with minimal
difficulty. The ileocecal valve and appendiceal orifices were both identified and grossly
unremarkable. The Ileocecal valve was intubated for a short distance some mild irritation was
identified in the terminal ileum and multiple biopsies of this area were taken. The scope was then
slowly turned, and copious surfaces were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pattern was unremarkable without any ulcerations, edema, or colitis. ______ polyps were
identified. Left–sided diverticula identified but no evidence of any active diverticulitis. Scope was
then retroflexed into the rectum internal hemorrhoids were identified as well as what appeared to be
two distal rectal polyps and then the scope was then withdrawn. Once this is done a bivalve
anoscope was introduced and all anal crypts were inspected no evidence of any fissures were noted;
however, in the posterior midline patient was noted to have an anal fistula. A probe was introduced
into this and then the fistula itself was then opened. The base of it was then cauterized and once this
was done, the defect was then closed primarily using a running interlocking suture of 2–0 Vicryl.
Internal hemorrhoids were identified in the right and left anterior positions and these were ligated
using a rubber band ligator. The patient was also noted to have two distal rectal polyps, one noted in
the anterior position as well as one noted in the

Diverticular Disease Essay
The human body is a complex system that often malfunctions. Many people believe that numerous
diseases are a natural reflection of the body aging and cannot be avoided. The goal of my paper is to
change this perception and demonstrate that healthy eating and active lifestyle can result in a healthy
body at any age. Many diseases that occur in the digestive system or as a cause of complications in
the digestive system are not preventable. There are a small amount of diseases that can be not only
prevented, but also corrected by eating the proper nutrition or maintaining a healthy lifestyle such as
Diverticular Disease and Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease. Diverticular disease consists of the
involvement of two conditions that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms include tenderness, cramps and pain in the lower abdomen, fever that are
accompanied with chills, gas, a bloated feeling or stomach swelling, diarrhea or constipation,
nausea, loss of appetite and rectum bleeding which is usually painless. It is evident that many people
who are diagnosed with diverticular disease have little or no symptoms at all but those who do are
recommended high–fiber diet plans or fiber supplements as treatment. Most individuals get well by
arranging a better diet and the results of this treatment also prevent constipation and the formation of
more diverticula. The components of the healthy diet includes fruit, vegetables and grains such as
raw apples, peaches, pears, and tangerines, broccoli squash carrots and brussels sprouts, potatoes,
baked beans, kidney beans, and lima beans, whole–wheat bread, brown rice, bran flake cereal, and
oatmeal (Longstreth). Doctors often advise individuals with diverticulitis to bypass any food that is
hard to digest such as: popcorn, corn and seeds, however there is no evidence to coincide with this
statement (WebMD). In some cases, surgery is needed in order to correct or treat diverticulitis
because the diet does not have the capability of curing it. Subsequently, surgery is the last option and
the process involves cleaning the abdomen of bleeding hernias and the removal of infection. If the
disease reoccurs a

Diverticulitis
Diverticular disease has two separate manifestations. The subtle signs and symptoms of
diverticulosis are important to understand because many people who have this problem are
asymptomatic, but often this diverticular disease can lead to a more serious condition known as
diverticulitis. In diverticulosis, there are diverticula present, but they do not cause any symptoms. In
diverticulitis, which will be discussed in detail, the diverticula are inflamed which can lead to other
serious consequences for the patient (Gramse, 1983). Diverticulitis is a bugling protrusion of a
mucous membrane through the wall of the colon (Marrs, 2006). These saclike or pouch protrusions
have the potential to cause inflammation, obstruction, infection, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fifteen percent of the remaining patients develop symptoms of their diverticulosis, while the
remaining five percent develop diverticulitis. The symptoms of diverticulosis are often hard to
differentiate and determine because they are often nonspecific symptoms, such as simple abdominal
pain that is relieved by moving their bowels (Marrs, 2006). Once inflammation occurs, the
diverticulosis is progressed to diverticulitis. This inflammation occurs from the large number of
bacteria that target the areas of weakened gastrointestinal wall and combine with undigested foods.
It is still unknown today why some diverticula became inflamed while others do not. There are some
theories surrounding this issue that states the inflammation occurs only when the erosion of the
colon wall is so bad that the body's immune system is unable to protect such a large, disrupted area.
In some cases, the inflammation gets so bad and infection co–exists. This combination can result in
the enlargement of the infection, allowing it to extend into the abdomen and become peritonitis
when it infects the lining of the abdomen (Unknown, 2010). Diverticulitis is often classified as
either uncomplicated and mild or complicated and chronic. Regardless of the classification of the
disease, pain is the main symptom. Since diverticulitis occurs most often in the Sigmoid colon, the
pain associated with diverticulitis occurs most often in the lower, left quadrant of

Epiploic Appendagitis Case Studies
Introduction
Epiploic appendagitis (EA) is swelling and irritation of pouches (epiploic appendages) attached to
the last part of the digestive tract (colon). These pouches contain fat and are attached to the outside
of the colon by thin strands of tissue (stalks). This condition causes sudden lower abdominal pain.
EA is rare, and usually goes away on its own. It can resemble other abdominal conditions, such as
appendicitis, a gallbladder attack (cholecystitis), or diverticulitis.
What are the causes?
This condition may be caused by:
Blocked blood flow to the epipoloic appendages. Sometimes this happens when the appendages
twist on their stalks (torsion).
A condition that causes swelling and inflammation of nearby tissue.
What increases the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You are male.
You are overweight.
What are the signs or symptoms?
The most common symptom of this condition is lower abdominal pain that starts suddenly and can
be severe. Pain can be anywhere in the lower abdomen, but it is more common on the left side. The
pain may get worse with movement or when pressing on your abdomen.
Symptoms like fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation are possible, but not common.
How is this diagnosed?
Your health care provider may suspect EA if you have sudden lower abdominal pain without other
symptoms. Your health care provider will also do a physical exam. This may include diagnostic tests
such as:
This condition may be diagnosed based on:
Your symptoms and a physical exam.
CT scan. This iis the best way to diagnose EA.
Ultrasound.
A blood test (complete blood count, CBC).
A procedure to look inside your abdomen using a special lighted scope with a camera on the end
(laparoscopy). This may be done to confirm the diagnosis.
How is this treated?
EA usually goes away without treatment. Your health care provider may recommend NSAIDs to
reduce pain and inflammation. In rare cases, if the condition does not improve or keeps coming
back, you may need surgery to remove the

Eagles Health Clinic: Assignment Analysis
I can only apologize for the lack of not getting my homework assignments completed. Please know
that I started in on C2 – DQ and even helping out a classmate Ms. Carol at the lab center to get
started. The reason for this email is to ask you it there was any way possible that I could finish this
assignment, honestly I have been so sick and so exalted from this flu, are that's what I was told at
the Eagles Health Clinic that Wednesday I missed yours and another class that day. Now that it's
gone into another week and continuing with the high fever and cold and hot sweats and the only way
that I been able to control the pain is by taking pain reliever, yuk! Being that it's been over 3 weeks
now, knowing the flu doesn't go that long, you

Diverticulosis Research Paper
Diverticular disease causes outpouchings of the colon wall layers and includes both the
asymptomatic condition called diverticulosis, and the inflammatory development called
diverticulitis. Historically, it has been established that genetic susceptibility and environmental
factors like obesity, smoking, and poor diet choices are the greatest risk factors for development of
diverticulitis. This disease often results in more healthcare visits than inflammatory bowel disease
and can require surgical treatment in some cases. The development of diverticulitis places a
significant healthcare burden on the United States; therefore, a deeper understanding of this
condition and the factors associated with its development will allow physicians to better ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tissue would not have been in a state of disease progression, so it was unexpected when
researchers found that tissues adjacent to the diseased tissue had an enrichment of pathways
involved in the immune system. They conducted RNA sequencing analysis on RNA transcripts from
the sigmoid colon tissue in individuals with chronic diverticulitis and compared the expression of
genes to the control group of nondiverticulosis individuals, and identified specific genes that
contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Over 1,000 genes were differentially expressed in the
disease group compared to the control group, so scientists focused in on specific upregulated
pathways involving host immune responses. Interestingly, a majority of the genes identified were
immune regulators, such as the genes RASAL3, SASH3, PTPRC, and INPP5D. These genes are
termed "hub genes" due to the high connectivity between biological pathways regulating immune
responses, such as pathways controlling the release of inflammatory cytokines and targeted cell
death. One of the major findings of this study suggests that pathways of both the innate and adaptive
immune

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Research Paper
The Signs and Symptoms of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Do you love food but find yourself getting bloated after you eat? After you finish eating do you
often experience such extreme stomach bloat that you cannot zip up your pants? If you answered yes
and find yourself having bloating and/or gas regularly and have noticed a change in your bowel
movements, there's a good chance you could be suffering from SIBO.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), also known as small bowel bacterial overgrowth
syndrome (SBBOS), is when there are an abnormally large number of bacteria present in the small
intestine. Bacterial overgrowth can happen when the normal function of the intestine is
compromised, and this can happen from a multitude

Meckel's Diverticulitis Research Paper
In February, I was hospitalized for 4 days due to Meckel's Diverticulitis. For several months prior to
this, I had trouble eating certain foods and experienced excruciating stomach pain. My doctors were
stumped trying to figure out what was wrong with me. We tried diet changes and a variety of
medicine, but nothing worked. After many consultations, my doctor decided to schedule an
exploratory surgical procedure. Unfortunately, the date for my scheduled procedure did not come
soon enough. On February 12, 2017, I became very sick and had to go to Brenner's Children's
Hospital. When I arrived, I was so dehydrated that the nurses struggled to get an IV started in my
arm. It took three nurses blowing out 5 of my veins before they were finally successful. I had
numerous doctors running tests before I was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and warned it was
about to burst. The doctors immediately sent me into surgery. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the surgeon came out to update my parents he said, "Well, in the doctor's world, we say, We
hit the Jackpot with your daughter." He went on to explain my appendix was healthy, but I had
Meckel's Diverticulitis. My surgeon was thrilled with the diagnosis because according to him this is
a condition he has always studied in a book, but never had the opportunity to treat a case for
himself. Meckel's Diverticulitis is an extra piece of tissue attached to the small intestine that once it
becomes inflamed must be removed. Unfortunately for me, I was the guinea pig the surgeon's had
the opportunity to study a condition only 2 to 3% of people are born

Diverticulitis Did you know that according to Harvard Health publications, one in every ten
Americans over the age of forty has Diverticulosis? Statistics have also shown that after forty, the
chances of developing diverticulosis can keep increasing every ten years. Once a person develops
diverticulosis, it is estimated that one out of seven will also develop a secondary condition called
diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is a commonly seen in the elderly, with less than twenty percent of cases
occurring in people under the age of fifty. Diverticulitis affects both women and men equally and is
mainly seen in people who have a diet that is low in fiber. Obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and a
diet high in animal fats can also be contributing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, according the AHRA, (Agency for Health Care Research Quality) the treatment mainly
focuses on clearing up any inflammation, clearing infection, and allowing the colon to rest. The
preferable way of treating diverticulitis is having the patient eat a diet high in fiber, which helps
soften stool. If the diverticulitis symptoms are mild, they will often be treated at home. This is done
by having the patient use antibiotic therapy to treat the infection, usually from seven to ten days.
Metronidazole and ciprofloxacin are among the most common antibiotics used in combination for
infection, both at home and in hospitals. Alternative antibiotics may be prescribed singularly for
uncomplicated diverticulitis. These include ampicillin, piperacillin, meropenem, clavulanic acid, or
imipenem. Patients with an allergy to penicillin may substitute tigecycline in place of the antibiotics
that contain penicillin. Antispasmodics may also be prescribed along with pain medication and
antibiotics. A liquid diet may also be required in order for the colon to relax. Solid food is often
slowly added back to the patient's diet after the symptoms begin to improve. If the MD does not
prescribe any other pain killers, over the counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen may be used
for

The Digestive System ( Https )
Maureen Reid – Student I.D. REIM0115; Task M; Confirm Physical Health Status.
The Digestive System
Parts of the Digestive System (https://www.thinglink.com/scene/496007041890910209)
The digestive system comprises of multiple organs like the mouth, which consists of the salivary
glands, saliva, tongue and epiglottis; the Pharynx, Oesophagus, Diaphragm, Stomach, Spleen, Liver,
Pancreas and the Lower gastrointestinal tract which includes the small and large intestine and the
caecum. The major role of this system like it suggests is to digest food. It digests and provides
nutrients to the body and passes on the waste to the excretory system to safely pass it out of the
body. The Mouth breaks down the food into small components which are then accordingly absorbed
and assimilated into the body. The salivary glands secrete saliva which also helps in the production
of bolus which makes the task easier and it is then swallowed by the oesophagus and passed right
down into the stomach. The saliva contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts working
on the food in the mouth itself and digestion is also helped due to the mastication of the food by the
teeth and muscular contractions of the peristalsis.
The term peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins right up in the
oesophagus and up till the walls of the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric juices and
mucus in the stomach aid peristalsis and a smooth passage is provided to the food

Diverticulitis Essay
DIVERTICULITIS Essay
HISTORY– EPIDEMIOLOGY: Diverticulitis is an intestinal inflammation occurring as a
complication to the disorder of diverticulosis. The global epidemiology is associated with the
western culture diet, being far more common in industrialized countries like the United States,
Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and much less prevalent in Asia and Africa. These two
conditions were rare in the 18th century and appear to be linked to the reduction of fiber in flour due
to the development of roller mills that replaced grist mills in the late 1800's. Roller mills were a
more efficient method of refining wheat into flour; however this resulted in the destroying or
removal of most of the fiber from the grain. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately 15% of those with diverticular disease are symptomatic, and of that group 15% will
develop significant complications such as perforation as stated in a paper titled Treatment of
Perforated Diverticulitis with Generalized Peritonitis: Past, Present, and Future (Vermeulen, Lange
2010).
BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM: The condition of diverticulosis occurs when small areas of tissue
form pouches in the large intestine or colon called diverticulum, or diverticula (plural). Diverticula
may occur due to the lack of bulk forming and bacteria producing fiber, resulting in an imbalance of
certain intestinal bacteria, increasing internal pressure on the intestinal tissue due to poor stool
formation, constipation, or straining to pass stools. In the paper Low–Residue Diet in Diverticular
Disease: Putting an End to a Myth it was stated that "fiber is an important energy substrate for the
colonic epithelium because of its fermentation by colonic microbes to short–chain fatty acids, which
in turn play a role in mucosal growth and colonic blood flow" (Tarleton, DiBaise 2011). Poor tissue
health and increased internal pressure may cause the intestinal tissue to herniate causing
diverticulum to form. Diverticulitis can occur when material or bacteria becoming trapped inside the
diverticulum, and inflammation

Diverticulitis Research Papers
Diverticulitis
The Disease have always been cured through the hospital system, medication, however, recently it
has begun a movement stated we should depend less on our medication. Base on statics publish for
the center for disease as of 2012, about half of all adults–117 million people–had one or more
chronic health conditions. One of four adults had two or more chronic health conditions. Among
those disease diversities is one the disease. Diverticulitis is a disease when pouches form in the wall
of the colon. If these pouches get inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Therefore,
diverticula have always been a serious disease in the United States; thus there has been several of a
reason for causing the disease. Research has dictated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
L., Millan, M., Kreisler, E., & Jaurrieta, E. (2011). Currentstatus of the treatment of acute
colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review.Colorectal Disease, 14(1). doi:10.1111/j.1463–
1318.2011.02766.x
Diverticular Disease | NIDDK. (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2017, from
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health–information/digestive– diseases/diverticulosis– diverticulitis
Edna, T., Talabani, A. J., Lydersen, S., & Endreseth, B. H. (2014). Survival after acute colon
diverticulitis treated in hospital. International Journal of Colorectal Disease,29(11), 1361–1367.
doi:10.1007/s00384–014–1946–3
Haegeli, Laurent M., Ercüment Ercin, Jan Steffel, Thomas Wolber, Felix C. Tanner, Rolf Jenni,
Oliver Gämperli, Ardan M. Saguner, Thomas F. Lüscher, Corinn Brunckhorst, and Firat Duru.
" Incidence and Prognosis of Ventricular Arrhythmiasin Patients with Congenital Left
Ventricular Aneurysms or Diverticula." The American Journal of Medicine 128.6 (2015): n.
pag. Web.
How Much Do Americans Really Spend on Drugs Each Year? (n.d.). Retrieved May 02, 2017, from

Acute Diverticulitis: A Case Study
Acute Diverticulitis
Introduction
Acute diverticulitis is the third most common cause of gastrointestinal–related hospitalizations in the
United States with an estimated annual healthcare cost that exceeds two billion dollar (Stollman et
al., 2015). Acute diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of diverticulosis, which is a condition
wherein a sac–like pocket develops in the colonic wall. The probability of developing acute
diverticulitis from diverticulosis is four percent and 15% to 30% of patients will experience
recurrence (Strate, Peery, & Neurmann, 2015).
The primary risk factors for acute diverticulitis are advanced age, smoking, lack of physical activity,
and obesity. (Van Buren & Fisher, 2017, p. 194). More than 60% of cases ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A variety of diseases could be considered in patients who present with LLQ pain. These include
colorectal cancer, urinary tract infection, urinary calculus, bowel obstruction, irritable bowel
syndrome, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic bowel, gastroenteritis, and
gynecologic disorders (Feingold et al., 2014, p. 285).
The main focus here is acute diverticulitis. Its clinical presentation depends on the severity of the
inflammation or the presence of infection. The most common signs and symptoms are pain in the
LLQ of the abdomen, fever, and leukocytosis (Strate et al., 2015). Other signs and symptoms
include nausea, vomiting, constipation or loose stool, palpable mass, and stool occult blood
(McQuaid, 2017).
Mr. B is most likely suffering from acute diverticulitis based on his clinical presentation and workup
findings. The laboratory results showed leukocytosis, hypokalemia, kidney injury, anemia, and
borderline low platelet count. He also has fever and loose stool. These tests are a good start, since
the patient's past medical history is not particularly suggestive of any gastrointestinal disease, but for
a definite diagnosis and to rule out complicated diverticulosis, additional tests are

Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis Depending on the location and duration of the abdominal pain one can decide
differential diagnosis. Right upper quadrant pain (RUQ) could be from: acute cholecystitis and
biliary colic, acute hepatitis, hepatic abscess, hepatomegaly due to congestive heart failure,
perforated duodenal ulcer, and bilateral pain: acute pancreatitis, herpes zoster, and myocardial
ischemia, pleural or pulmonary problems (pneumonia). While right lower quadrant pain (RLQ)
could be from: appendicitis, regional enteritis, leaking aneurysm, ruptured ectopic pregnancy,
twisted ovarian cyst, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ureteral calculi, incarcerated strangulated
inguinal hernia, endometriosis, Meckel's diverticulitis, abdominal wall hematoma. On the other hand
if the pain is in left upper quadrant (LUQ) area it could be from: gastritis, acute ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In young women with lower abdominal pain the differential diagnosis includes appendicitis,
hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, nephrolithiasis, pregnancy, threatened abortion and tubo–ovarian abscess
(Sachs & Kaku, 2012). These differential diagnosis were selected because they all have one thing in
common which is abdominal

Quadrant Pain Essay
Generally presents with left lower quadrant pain. Asian patients have predominantly right–sided
diverticula and will usually present with right lower quadrant pain.[1]
Pain may be intermittent or constant and may be associated with a change in bowel habits.
Fever and tachycardia are present in most patients; hypotension and shock are unusual.
Anorexia, nausea and vomiting may occur.
Examination usually reveals localised tenderness and, occasionally, a palpable mass. Bowel sounds
are often reduced but may be normal in mild cases or increased with obstruction.
Rectal examination may reveal tenderness or a mass, especially with a low–lying pelvic abscess.
One third of patients who develop diverticulitis will develop further complications (perforation,
abscess, fistula, stricture/obstruction):[2] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Colovesicular fistulas often present with pneumaturia and faecaluria. The passage of stool or flatus
via the vagina is pathognomonic of a colovaginal fistula, which may also present with frequent
vaginal infections or copious vaginal discharge.
Haemorrhage
Diverticular bleeding is a common cause of lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage.[6] Severe
haemorrhage can arise in 3–5% of patients with diverticulosis. The site of bleeding may more often
be located in the proximal colon.[1]
Presentation is usually abrupt painless bleeding. The patient may have mild lower abdominal cramps
or the urge to defecate, followed by passage of a large amount of red or maroon blood or clots.
Melaena may occur but is uncommon.
Haemorrhage ceases spontaneously in 70–80% of patients. Re–bleeding rates range from 22–38%.
[1]
Differential diagnosis
Other causes of acute abdominal pain (including other abdominal, urological, and gynaecological
causes) must be considered and excluded.
Symptomatic diverticular disease may closely resemble irritable bowel

Diverticulitis Colostomy
Diverticulitis is inflammation of one or more diverticula located within the intestine. This condition
results when the diverticula (small out pouches in the colon) become swollen and perforate through
the mucosal and serosal layers of the intestine (Nettina, 2014). This inflammation leads to bacterial
overgrowth and ischemia which further complicates the condition Signs and symptoms for
diverticulitis include: left lower quadrant pain, low–grade fever, urinary frequency, dysuria,
peritonitis with abdominal rigidity, and abdominal distention (Ignatavicius, 2013). Management for
the condition depends on the severity. If the symptoms are mild to moderate, treatment can be done
in an outpatient setting with use of broad–spectrum antibiotics. When deep perforation has occurred,
as with this patient, surgical management is required to resection the diseased area of the colon
(Nettina, 2014). Depending upon the type of colon resection, a colostomy is also considered.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) a respiratory illness that includes chronic
bronchitis and emphysema. In COPD, a series of complex pathologic events cause airway ... Show
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This causes further damage to the lung. This hyperinflation of the lung is known as emphysema. In
emphysema, the alveoli are permanently enlarged leading to a dramatic decline in the alveolar
surface area available for gas exchange (Workman, 2013). The permanent enlargement of the alveoli
is caused by the overabundance of proteases. When proteases are present in higher–than–normal
levels, alveoli is damaged as the proteases break down the elastin located within the lung. When
elastin is broken down, lung elasticity is decreased and air is permanently trapped within the air
spaces (Workman, 2013). These overall changes from both bronchitis and emphysema lead to
hypoxemia, decreased oxygenation, and respiratory

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