CT urography provides a comprehensive non-invasive evaluation of the urinary tract. It is performed as a multiphase exam, including an unenhanced phase followed by corticomedullary, nephrographic and excretory phases after intravenous contrast administration. The nephrographic phase provides the highest sensitivity for detecting renal masses and abnormalities. Various dose reduction techniques can be used, including lower dose protocols, split-bolus contrast injection, dual-energy CT, and iterative reconstruction. These allow radiation doses to be reduced by up to 80% compared to traditional triple-phase CT urography exams.
This document discusses various urological investigations including radiological investigations like renal ultrasound, transrectal ultrasound, scrotal ultrasound, intravenous urogram, retrograde ureteropyelography, and non-radiological investigations like urine analysis, urine cytology, and urodynamic studies. Flexible ureterorenoscopy allows visualization of the ureters and renal pelvis while rigid cystoscopy is better for detecting lesions that may require resection. Together these investigations help evaluate issues like hematuria, urinary tract infections, and voiding symptoms.
Section 1 CT Abdomen and Pelvis by doctor Aya Ali TahaDr Aya Ali
1. The document discusses general considerations for abdominal and pelvic CT imaging procedures, including patient preparation, oral and intravenous contrast administration, and imaging techniques.
2. Organ-specific protocols are described for the liver, pancreas, kidneys, and ureters. For the liver, a triphasic CT protocol is commonly used to assess lesions. For the pancreas, multiphasic imaging is preferred. Kidney protocols may include pre-contrast and multiple post-contrast phases. CT urography provides comprehensive urinary tract evaluation.
3. Attention to patient preparation, contrast administration, timing of scans, and use of appropriate windows are essential for high quality abdominal CT exams.
Radiological methods such as intravenous urograms (IVUs), ultrasound, CT, MRI, and retrograde/antegrade urography are used to study the urinary system and diagnose diseases. IVUs provide anatomical images of the kidneys and pelvicalyceal systems while ultrasound is useful for differentiating renal cysts from tumors. CT and MRI are valuable for detecting small renal cell carcinomas, urinary tract stones, and other conditions. Emergent conditions like testicular torsion, bladder rupture, renal trauma, and ureteral obstruction can be diagnosed using these radiological techniques.
Obstructive uropathy can affect people of all ages and has varied presentations depending on the site and degree of obstruction. It can be caused by mechanical factors like congenital anomalies, inflammation, tumors, or stones, as well as functional issues related to neurological or muscular disorders. Common symptoms include pain, hematuria, and hydronephrosis. Diagnostic workup involves lab tests, imaging like ultrasound, CT, IVP, and procedures like cystoscopy. Treatment aims to relieve the obstruction through catheters, stents, or other surgeries, while also treating infections or other complications. Complete or solitary kidney obstructions require urgent intervention to prevent serious issues like renal failure.
This document provides details on the technique of CT enterography for evaluating diseases of the small bowel. It discusses the history and advantages of CT enterography over other imaging methods. It describes the optimal protocol for CT enterography, including the use of oral contrast agents to distend the bowel as well as intravenous contrast. It also discusses variations such as multiphase scanning and methods for reducing radiation dose. Additional imaging techniques for evaluating the small bowel like MRI enterography are also summarized.
The document discusses renal trauma, providing details on:
1) The anatomy, embryology, and blood supply of the kidneys.
2) Classification of renal injuries from Grade I to V based on severity.
3) Evaluation of renal trauma patients including history, exam, laboratory tests, ultrasound, IVU, CT, and angiography.
4) Management approaches including non-operative for lower grades and exploration for higher grades or hemodynamic instability.
CT urography provides a comprehensive non-invasive evaluation of the urinary tract. It is performed as a multiphase exam, including an unenhanced phase followed by corticomedullary, nephrographic and excretory phases after intravenous contrast administration. The nephrographic phase provides the highest sensitivity for detecting renal masses and abnormalities. Various dose reduction techniques can be used, including lower dose protocols, split-bolus contrast injection, dual-energy CT, and iterative reconstruction. These allow radiation doses to be reduced by up to 80% compared to traditional triple-phase CT urography exams.
This document discusses various urological investigations including radiological investigations like renal ultrasound, transrectal ultrasound, scrotal ultrasound, intravenous urogram, retrograde ureteropyelography, and non-radiological investigations like urine analysis, urine cytology, and urodynamic studies. Flexible ureterorenoscopy allows visualization of the ureters and renal pelvis while rigid cystoscopy is better for detecting lesions that may require resection. Together these investigations help evaluate issues like hematuria, urinary tract infections, and voiding symptoms.
Section 1 CT Abdomen and Pelvis by doctor Aya Ali TahaDr Aya Ali
1. The document discusses general considerations for abdominal and pelvic CT imaging procedures, including patient preparation, oral and intravenous contrast administration, and imaging techniques.
2. Organ-specific protocols are described for the liver, pancreas, kidneys, and ureters. For the liver, a triphasic CT protocol is commonly used to assess lesions. For the pancreas, multiphasic imaging is preferred. Kidney protocols may include pre-contrast and multiple post-contrast phases. CT urography provides comprehensive urinary tract evaluation.
3. Attention to patient preparation, contrast administration, timing of scans, and use of appropriate windows are essential for high quality abdominal CT exams.
Radiological methods such as intravenous urograms (IVUs), ultrasound, CT, MRI, and retrograde/antegrade urography are used to study the urinary system and diagnose diseases. IVUs provide anatomical images of the kidneys and pelvicalyceal systems while ultrasound is useful for differentiating renal cysts from tumors. CT and MRI are valuable for detecting small renal cell carcinomas, urinary tract stones, and other conditions. Emergent conditions like testicular torsion, bladder rupture, renal trauma, and ureteral obstruction can be diagnosed using these radiological techniques.
Obstructive uropathy can affect people of all ages and has varied presentations depending on the site and degree of obstruction. It can be caused by mechanical factors like congenital anomalies, inflammation, tumors, or stones, as well as functional issues related to neurological or muscular disorders. Common symptoms include pain, hematuria, and hydronephrosis. Diagnostic workup involves lab tests, imaging like ultrasound, CT, IVP, and procedures like cystoscopy. Treatment aims to relieve the obstruction through catheters, stents, or other surgeries, while also treating infections or other complications. Complete or solitary kidney obstructions require urgent intervention to prevent serious issues like renal failure.
This document provides details on the technique of CT enterography for evaluating diseases of the small bowel. It discusses the history and advantages of CT enterography over other imaging methods. It describes the optimal protocol for CT enterography, including the use of oral contrast agents to distend the bowel as well as intravenous contrast. It also discusses variations such as multiphase scanning and methods for reducing radiation dose. Additional imaging techniques for evaluating the small bowel like MRI enterography are also summarized.
The document discusses renal trauma, providing details on:
1) The anatomy, embryology, and blood supply of the kidneys.
2) Classification of renal injuries from Grade I to V based on severity.
3) Evaluation of renal trauma patients including history, exam, laboratory tests, ultrasound, IVU, CT, and angiography.
4) Management approaches including non-operative for lower grades and exploration for higher grades or hemodynamic instability.
This document describes various imaging techniques used to evaluate the kidneys, including plain X-rays, ultrasound, intravenous urography, pyelography, arteriography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide studies. It also discusses renal biopsy indications, contraindications, complications, and how to prepare for the procedure. The imaging techniques can identify renal and urinary tract abnormalities while renal biopsy provides kidney tissue for analysis.
This document describes retrograde pyelography, a medical imaging procedure used to visualize the kidneys and ureters. It begins by introducing retrograde pyelography and its indications. These include evaluating the kidneys when normal visualization is not possible on other exams or when investigating hematuria, filling defects, or ureteral fistulas. The document then discusses patient preparation, anesthesia used, technique, required films, complications, and compares retrograde pyelography to other imaging modalities like MRI uretherography and CT urethrography. In summary, retrograde pyelography involves injecting contrast through ureters under fluoroscopy to visualize the pelvicalyceal system and evaluate various conditions of
This document discusses different imaging modalities used to evaluate the genitourinary system, including excretory urography, computed tomographic urography, and magnetic resonance urography. It provides details on the indications, contraindications, preparation, technique, and imaging sequences for each modality. Excretory urography involves obtaining plain radiographs after intravenous iodinated contrast, while CT urography and MR urography provide improved visualization using advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques. Each modality has advantages and limitations for evaluating conditions like urinary obstruction, trauma, infection, and cancer.
computed tomography intravenous urography protocol and advancements ,,, slides coves urinary system anatomy glance ,, contrast media used in procedure , radiation doses and some pathological findings
10 Common Diagnostic Tests In Urology.pdfDr Ravi Gupta
Diagnostic checks are crucial in the subject of urology, imparting critical insights into patients' ailments and directing remedy plans. Urologists use lots of diagnostic methods to address an extensive variety of urinary and reproductive health troubles. These encompass both routine screenings and entire tests, which allow for the detection of a whole lot of situations including urinary tract infections, prostate cancer, kidney stones, and bladder anomalies. Familiarizing oneself with numerous diagnostic techniques and knowing their cost best empowers patients.
This document discusses different grading systems used to evaluate congenital hydronephrosis seen on ultrasound imaging. It outlines systems like the Society of Fetal Urology grading and the European Society of Pediatric Radiology system. However, these are noted to be subjective and inconsistent. The Onen grading system is presented as a clearer system that considers both dilation of the pelvicalyceal system and changes to the renal parenchyma. The document concludes by proposing a risk stratification system for congenital hydronephrosis based on the Onen grading that could help determine the need for early surgical intervention or the possibility of resolution.
This document discusses different grading systems used to evaluate congenital hydronephrosis seen on ultrasound imaging. It outlines systems like the SFU grading scale and radiology grading scale but notes limitations in reliability between observers. The Onen grading system is presented as having clear terminology to classify dilation of the pelvicalyceal system and quality of renal parenchyma. The document concludes by proposing a risk stratification system for congenital hydronephrosis based on the Onen grading scale to determine need for early surgical intervention or likelihood of resolution.
Imaging plays an indispensable role in diagnosing and managing urologic conditions. Conventional radiography such as intravenous urography has been critical for assessing conditions of the adrenals, kidneys, ureters, and bladder that cannot be examined physically. Developments in computed tomography and intravenous contrast agents provide detailed anatomic and functional information. Magnetic resonance imaging is also useful due to its excellent soft tissue resolution without needing contrast in many cases.
ERCP is an endoscopic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat issues in the duodenum, bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder. During ERCP, an endoscope is inserted and a catheter is used to inject radiocontrast dye to identify any blockages. If needed, a wire can enlarge the opening to the bile duct to remove gallstones or perform other procedures like stent placement. Potential but rare complications include infection, pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation of the GI tract. ERCP requires an experienced physician due to its risks.
Conventional radiology remains useful in urology for preoperative diagnosis and postoperative evaluation. It includes techniques like intravenous urography to visualize the kidneys and ureters, retrograde pyelography to evaluate the ureters and collecting systems, and retrograde urethrography to assess the urethra. These techniques use iodine-based contrast agents, though complications can occur in 1-5% of cases. The physics of x-rays and factors like radiation dose are also discussed.
Upper tract urothelial cancer (sometimes called transitional cell carcinoma) is a cancer that occurs in either the inner lining of the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder (the ureter) or within the inner lining of the kidney.
Ivu is a radiological investigation for visualization and assessment of the urinary tract.This presentation covers brief anatomy of urinary tract, indication and contraindication,contrast media dose and administration, routine and modified ivu procedure,its complication,ctivu and some abnormalities in the urinary tract.
Special contract X-ray methods of examinationEneutron
The document discusses various contrast x-ray examination methods and their clinical importance. It describes different types of contrast agents and their classification. It also covers potential side effects. Various contrast radiography techniques are outlined for examining organs like the brain, lungs, abdomen, urinary system and vascular structures. These include angiography, urography, cholangiography, pneumography and arthrography. Complications are minimized by pre-testing for contrast agent sensitivity. The methods allow visualization of internal structures and any abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of intravenous urography (IVU), including indications, contraindications, risks, procedure details, and imaging techniques. Some key points:
- IVU involves injecting contrast media intravenously to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It is used to evaluate the entire urinary tract for various conditions like infections, abnormalities, and potential donors.
- Common indications include screening for hematuria, evaluating obstructive uropathy, and assessing renal anatomy in children with congenital anomalies.
- Risks include allergic reactions. Preparation involves bowel cleansing and fasting prior. The procedure involves serial x-rays over 30-35 minutes to visualize contrast
A presentation about Intravenous Urography (Also known as Intravenous Pyeography).
The presentation contains 41 slides, and is divided into 4 parts :
1 - Introduction.
2 - The procedure.
3 - Examples for abnormal findings.
4 - Studies comparing IVU accuracy with KUB & USG with CT Scan.
This presentation was prepared and presented by me in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
محاضرة باللغة العربية انتانات الجهاز البولي.pptAbdurrahmanEisa
Urinary tract infections in children can be diagnosed through a medical history, clinical signs and symptoms, physical examination, and urine sampling and analysis. There are four main methods to obtain a urine sample with varying contamination rates - plastic bag attached to genitalia, clean-catch urine, transurethral catheterization, and suprapubic aspiration. Urinalysis can be done via dipsticks, microscopy, or flow imaging analysis and urine culture is recommended if the dipstick is positive to confirm infection. Imaging like ultrasound within 24 hours is advised for infants to check for obstruction, while DMSA scans can detect pyelonephritis and renal scarring over time. Voiding cystourethrography is the
The document discusses an intravenous urogram (IVU), also known as an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). An IVU uses intravenous contrast dye and x-ray imaging to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It provides an anatomical roadmap and can detect abnormalities like obstructions. Patient preparation includes fasting, laxatives, and a scout film is done prior to injecting contrast dye intravenously and obtaining serial x-ray images as the dye moves through the urinary system. Potential risks are minimal but include reactions to the contrast dye and exposure to radiation.
The presence of haematuria may be the sole symptom of an underlying disease, either benign or malignant. It is one of the most common presentations of patients with urinary tract diseases and of patients referred for urinary imaging. Painless visible haematuria (VH) is the commonest presentation of bladder cancer.
Micturating Cystourethrography (MCU) and Retrograde Urethrography (RGU) are imaging techniques used to evaluate the lower urinary tract. MCU involves filling the bladder with contrast and imaging the bladder and urethra during voiding. RGU involves retrograde injection of contrast through the urethra. Both techniques can detect abnormalities of the bladder, urethra, and identify vesicoureteral reflux. Precise technique and imaging in multiple planes are required to fully evaluate the lower urinary tract. Potential complications include infection, contrast reaction, and trauma.
This document describes various imaging techniques used to evaluate the kidneys, including plain X-rays, ultrasound, intravenous urography, pyelography, arteriography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide studies. It also discusses renal biopsy indications, contraindications, complications, and how to prepare for the procedure. The imaging techniques can identify renal and urinary tract abnormalities while renal biopsy provides kidney tissue for analysis.
This document describes retrograde pyelography, a medical imaging procedure used to visualize the kidneys and ureters. It begins by introducing retrograde pyelography and its indications. These include evaluating the kidneys when normal visualization is not possible on other exams or when investigating hematuria, filling defects, or ureteral fistulas. The document then discusses patient preparation, anesthesia used, technique, required films, complications, and compares retrograde pyelography to other imaging modalities like MRI uretherography and CT urethrography. In summary, retrograde pyelography involves injecting contrast through ureters under fluoroscopy to visualize the pelvicalyceal system and evaluate various conditions of
This document discusses different imaging modalities used to evaluate the genitourinary system, including excretory urography, computed tomographic urography, and magnetic resonance urography. It provides details on the indications, contraindications, preparation, technique, and imaging sequences for each modality. Excretory urography involves obtaining plain radiographs after intravenous iodinated contrast, while CT urography and MR urography provide improved visualization using advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques. Each modality has advantages and limitations for evaluating conditions like urinary obstruction, trauma, infection, and cancer.
computed tomography intravenous urography protocol and advancements ,,, slides coves urinary system anatomy glance ,, contrast media used in procedure , radiation doses and some pathological findings
10 Common Diagnostic Tests In Urology.pdfDr Ravi Gupta
Diagnostic checks are crucial in the subject of urology, imparting critical insights into patients' ailments and directing remedy plans. Urologists use lots of diagnostic methods to address an extensive variety of urinary and reproductive health troubles. These encompass both routine screenings and entire tests, which allow for the detection of a whole lot of situations including urinary tract infections, prostate cancer, kidney stones, and bladder anomalies. Familiarizing oneself with numerous diagnostic techniques and knowing their cost best empowers patients.
This document discusses different grading systems used to evaluate congenital hydronephrosis seen on ultrasound imaging. It outlines systems like the Society of Fetal Urology grading and the European Society of Pediatric Radiology system. However, these are noted to be subjective and inconsistent. The Onen grading system is presented as a clearer system that considers both dilation of the pelvicalyceal system and changes to the renal parenchyma. The document concludes by proposing a risk stratification system for congenital hydronephrosis based on the Onen grading that could help determine the need for early surgical intervention or the possibility of resolution.
This document discusses different grading systems used to evaluate congenital hydronephrosis seen on ultrasound imaging. It outlines systems like the SFU grading scale and radiology grading scale but notes limitations in reliability between observers. The Onen grading system is presented as having clear terminology to classify dilation of the pelvicalyceal system and quality of renal parenchyma. The document concludes by proposing a risk stratification system for congenital hydronephrosis based on the Onen grading scale to determine need for early surgical intervention or likelihood of resolution.
Imaging plays an indispensable role in diagnosing and managing urologic conditions. Conventional radiography such as intravenous urography has been critical for assessing conditions of the adrenals, kidneys, ureters, and bladder that cannot be examined physically. Developments in computed tomography and intravenous contrast agents provide detailed anatomic and functional information. Magnetic resonance imaging is also useful due to its excellent soft tissue resolution without needing contrast in many cases.
ERCP is an endoscopic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat issues in the duodenum, bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder. During ERCP, an endoscope is inserted and a catheter is used to inject radiocontrast dye to identify any blockages. If needed, a wire can enlarge the opening to the bile duct to remove gallstones or perform other procedures like stent placement. Potential but rare complications include infection, pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation of the GI tract. ERCP requires an experienced physician due to its risks.
Conventional radiology remains useful in urology for preoperative diagnosis and postoperative evaluation. It includes techniques like intravenous urography to visualize the kidneys and ureters, retrograde pyelography to evaluate the ureters and collecting systems, and retrograde urethrography to assess the urethra. These techniques use iodine-based contrast agents, though complications can occur in 1-5% of cases. The physics of x-rays and factors like radiation dose are also discussed.
Upper tract urothelial cancer (sometimes called transitional cell carcinoma) is a cancer that occurs in either the inner lining of the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder (the ureter) or within the inner lining of the kidney.
Ivu is a radiological investigation for visualization and assessment of the urinary tract.This presentation covers brief anatomy of urinary tract, indication and contraindication,contrast media dose and administration, routine and modified ivu procedure,its complication,ctivu and some abnormalities in the urinary tract.
Special contract X-ray methods of examinationEneutron
The document discusses various contrast x-ray examination methods and their clinical importance. It describes different types of contrast agents and their classification. It also covers potential side effects. Various contrast radiography techniques are outlined for examining organs like the brain, lungs, abdomen, urinary system and vascular structures. These include angiography, urography, cholangiography, pneumography and arthrography. Complications are minimized by pre-testing for contrast agent sensitivity. The methods allow visualization of internal structures and any abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of intravenous urography (IVU), including indications, contraindications, risks, procedure details, and imaging techniques. Some key points:
- IVU involves injecting contrast media intravenously to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It is used to evaluate the entire urinary tract for various conditions like infections, abnormalities, and potential donors.
- Common indications include screening for hematuria, evaluating obstructive uropathy, and assessing renal anatomy in children with congenital anomalies.
- Risks include allergic reactions. Preparation involves bowel cleansing and fasting prior. The procedure involves serial x-rays over 30-35 minutes to visualize contrast
A presentation about Intravenous Urography (Also known as Intravenous Pyeography).
The presentation contains 41 slides, and is divided into 4 parts :
1 - Introduction.
2 - The procedure.
3 - Examples for abnormal findings.
4 - Studies comparing IVU accuracy with KUB & USG with CT Scan.
This presentation was prepared and presented by me in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
محاضرة باللغة العربية انتانات الجهاز البولي.pptAbdurrahmanEisa
Urinary tract infections in children can be diagnosed through a medical history, clinical signs and symptoms, physical examination, and urine sampling and analysis. There are four main methods to obtain a urine sample with varying contamination rates - plastic bag attached to genitalia, clean-catch urine, transurethral catheterization, and suprapubic aspiration. Urinalysis can be done via dipsticks, microscopy, or flow imaging analysis and urine culture is recommended if the dipstick is positive to confirm infection. Imaging like ultrasound within 24 hours is advised for infants to check for obstruction, while DMSA scans can detect pyelonephritis and renal scarring over time. Voiding cystourethrography is the
The document discusses an intravenous urogram (IVU), also known as an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). An IVU uses intravenous contrast dye and x-ray imaging to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It provides an anatomical roadmap and can detect abnormalities like obstructions. Patient preparation includes fasting, laxatives, and a scout film is done prior to injecting contrast dye intravenously and obtaining serial x-ray images as the dye moves through the urinary system. Potential risks are minimal but include reactions to the contrast dye and exposure to radiation.
The presence of haematuria may be the sole symptom of an underlying disease, either benign or malignant. It is one of the most common presentations of patients with urinary tract diseases and of patients referred for urinary imaging. Painless visible haematuria (VH) is the commonest presentation of bladder cancer.
Micturating Cystourethrography (MCU) and Retrograde Urethrography (RGU) are imaging techniques used to evaluate the lower urinary tract. MCU involves filling the bladder with contrast and imaging the bladder and urethra during voiding. RGU involves retrograde injection of contrast through the urethra. Both techniques can detect abnormalities of the bladder, urethra, and identify vesicoureteral reflux. Precise technique and imaging in multiple planes are required to fully evaluate the lower urinary tract. Potential complications include infection, contrast reaction, and trauma.
Similar to ganesh babu ct uro presentation.pptx (20)
The document discusses diseases of the pericardium, including acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. It describes the anatomy and functions of the pericardium, symptoms and signs of different pericardial diseases, diagnostic tests including ECG, echo, CT and treatment approaches.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Computed Tomography Urography (CTU) is defined as an abdominal multiphase
CT examination optimized for imaging kidneys, ureter, and bladder, including
post-contrast excretory phase imaging.
• CT urography has emerged as the primary imaging modality for evaluating the
urinary tract in various clinical settings.
• CT urography not only allows detailed assessment of the urinary tract but also
enables direct visualization of adjacent structures and comprehensive evaluation of
the abdomen and pelvis.
3. INDICATIONS
1. Evaluation of Hematuria.
2. Staging and follow-up for urothelial malignancy.
3. Urinary calculus disease.
4. Suspected pelvis or ureteral obstruction.
5. Congenital anomalies of kidney and ureter.
6. Urinary tract trauma.
7. Pre operative assessment in kidney donors.
8. Post operative urinary tract anatomy.
4. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The patients in whom this procedure is contraindicated are as follows:
1. Allergy to contrast agents.
2. Renal insufficiency.
3. Pregnant patients.
5. IMAGING PROTOCOL
• There are different acquisition and contrast administration protocols for CT
urography. These include –
1. Triple phase single bolus technique.
2. Dual-phase split bolus technique.
3. Single-phase triple bolus technique.
4. Single-phase Dual-Energy CT
6. Triple phase single bolus technique
• This is the most widely used scanning protocol for CT urography.
• This study technique includes following steps –
1. Acquisition of a non-contrast phase.
2. Intravenous contrast injection as a single bolus.
3. Acquisition of the cortico-medullary phase 30 to 40 s after bolus (optional).
4. Acquisition of the nephrographic phase 80 to 120 s after bolus.
5. Acquisition of delayed excretory phase 5 to 15 min after bolus.
8. Corticomedullary phase
• The advantages of the acquiring corticomedullary phase are –
1. Precise vascular and perfusion information.
2. Better characterization of renal cortical masses.
3. Detection of hyper vascular metastases.
• Corticomedullary phase is also characterized by a higher sensitivity for the
detection of bladder tumors than either the nephrographic or excretory phases
alone.
• However this phase is usually omitted because the small added benefit does not
justify the increased dose.
9. Nephrographic phase
• The nephrographic phase, also known as the nephrogenic phase or the renal
parenchymal phase, is a post contrast injection time range in which there is an
optimal enhancement of the renal parenchyma including the medulla.
• Nephrogenic enhanced images are useful for the evaluation of renal parenchyma
especially in detection and evaluation of renal neoplasm, parenchymal scarring
and renal inflammatory disease.
10. Excretory phase
• The excretory phase also known as the urographic phase is a post contrast
injection time range in which there is an optimal enhancement of the renal
collecting systems.
• Excretory phase imaging allows the detection of urothelial cancer , Para pelvic
cysts, calyceal diverticula and urinary extravasation after renal trauma.
11. Limitations of single bolus technique
• Since three or four distinct image acquisitions are performed, this technique results in the
highest ionizing dose to the patient.
• The acquisition timing can vary for each phase, particularly for the nephrographic and
delayed excretory phases. Images acquired too early, before the cortex and medulla are
uniformly opacified can limit image interpretation, whereas images acquired too late will
detect the early excretion of contrast into the collecting system, hiding mucosal
enhancement within the renal pelvis.
• A timing delay should be considered in patients with impaired renal function and known
dilatation of the excretory system. In these cases, an excretory phase performed in a
prone position can help the distension and opacification of the urinary tract.
12. Dual-phase split bolus technique
• This study technique includes following steps –
1. Acquisition of a non-contrast phase.
2. First intravenous contrast agent injection (first bolus)
3. Second intravenous contrast agent injection after 5–15 min (second bolus)
4. Acquisition of a combined nephrogenic and excretory phase (2–5 min after the
second bolus)
14. Limitations of split bolus technique
• The main disadvantage of split bolus technique is a lower contribution of contrast
medium to kidney enhancement and to distension and opacification of the urinary
collecting system, which may reduce image quality and sensitivity for the
detection of small renal cell carcinomas and subtle transitional cell carcinomas.
15. Single phase triple bolus technique
• This study technique includes following steps -
1. First intravenous contrast agent injection (first bolus).
2. Second intravenous contrast agent injection after 5–15 min (second bolus).
3. Third intravenous contrast agent injection after 100 s (third bolus).
4. Combined cortico-medullary, nephrogenic, and excretory phase acquired 25 s
after the third bolus
17. Single-phase Dual-Energy CT
• This study technique includes following steps –
1. Single bolus (or split bolus) contrast agent injection
2. Single excretory phase (often 80 and 140 kVp)
3. Post processing to generate virtual non contrast enhanced image
• DECT reduces the radiation exposure due to decomposition analysis which generates
virtual non-contrast CT images by separating iodine from soft tissue and water.
• DECT also allows the reduction of the contrast medium dose by using low-energy mono
energetic beams. This is especially useful in patients with a pre-existing renal impairment
and a higher risk of contrast-induced nephropathy.
18. Optimization of excretory phase
• To achieve adequate distension and whole opacification of the urinary tract in a
single excretory phase, ancillary techniques have been proposed. These techniques
include –
1. oral or intravenous hydration before the acquisition.
2. intravenous furosemide administered before the intravenous contrast material.
3. use of abdominal compression devices (belts).
4. prone patient positioning.
19. INTRODUCTION
• MR Urography (MRU) is a specialized MRI study used to evaluate the renal parenchyma,
pelvi-calyceal system, and the entire urinary tract in a single imaging session. It is a non-
invasive imaging technique that provides detailed anatomical and functional information
about the kidneys and urinary system.
• MR Urography has evolved into a comprehensive evaluation tool that combines
anatomical imaging with quantitative functional parameters to assess renal function and
detect abnormalities such as congenital anomalies, urinary tract obstructions, and renal
malformations.
20. This imaging modality utilizes dynamic contrast-enhanced MR acquisitions to visualize the
perfusion, concentration, and excretion of contrast agents, allowing for both qualitative and
quantitative assessment of renal function.
MR Urography plays a crucial role in diagnosing renal diseases, monitoring disease
progression, guiding treatment decisions, and evaluating the response to interventions in both
adults and children.
21. There are two types of MR urography:
1. Static fluid urography:- In the dilated or obstructed urinary tract there is presence
of hydronephrosis and hydro-ureter. As there is presence of fluid, heavily T2 weighted
sequences will b helpful in visualizing the fluid containing parts, viz., kidney, ureter and
bladder.
2. Excretory MR Urography: In this procedure an intravenous injection of MR contrast
media is given. The kidney then starts excreting the contrast. MR imaging of kidney,
ureter and bladder is obtained as per the excretion period. This technique requires
normally functioning kidney, hence if renal functions are deteriorated this technique can
not be used.
Diuretic administration is an important factor for MR urography to get better visualization
22. PRINCIPLE
• Urinary tract can be evaluated in two ways: by T2-w images with high TE and by T1-
w images with excreted contrast in the collecting system.
• T2-w imaging is useful in visualisation of a dilated system though visualisation of a
normal collecting system can be improved by intravenous hydration and diuretic
injection.
• For non-dilated collecting, excreted IV contrast is useful but requires functioning
renal system.
• A complete MRU is usually combination if both T1 and T2-w imaging and functional
evaluation on dynamic post-contrast images.
23. INDICATIONS
1. Demonstrating the Urinary System: MR Urography is utilized to visualize and assess
the urinary system comprehensively, providing detailed anatomical information.
2. Urolithiasis and Urinary Tract Obstruction Unrelated to Urolithiasis [Benign
strictures of the ureter may complicate abdominal and pelvic inflammatory processes
(eg, appendicitis, Crohn disease, endometriosis), infection (eg, tuberculosis), radiation
therapy, surgical or interventional procedures, or stone disease).
3. Detecting Congenital Abnormalities: MR urography can be used to evaluate patients
with absent kidney, abnormally positioned or rotated kidney, renal duplication, renal
dysplasia, ectopic ureter, retrocaval ureter, primary megaureter, or UPJ obstruction.
24. 4. Evaluation of Renal Transplant Donors: This imaging modality can be used to assess
potential renal transplant donors, providing crucial information about the renal anatomy and
function.
5. Paediatric Applications: In paediatric patients, MR Urography is valuable for evaluating
urinary tract issues, congenital anomalies, and monitoring disease progression.
6. Haematuria.
7. Renal insufficiency.
8.Pre and Post operative assessment.
25. PATIENT PREPARATION
• Having patients void prior to entering the imager improves their
comfort and prevents interruption of the study at an inopportune time.
If no contraindications (eg, fluid restriction, congestive heart failure)
exist, our patients are given 250 mL of normal saline solution
intravenously at the start of imaging. Bowel contents are often bright
with the T1- and T2-weighted sequences used for MR urography. Use
of oral negative contrast agents are helpful in reducing the signal
intensity of bowel contents, although the use of such agents is not
required for MR urography. In most cases, imaging can be performed
successfully with the patient supine.
26. TECHNIQUE
• Patient is started on intravenous ringer lactate (10 ml/ kg) 30 minutes before the scan.
Intravenous furosemide (1 mg/Kg) is injected approximately 15 minutes before the
gadolinium injection.
• During these 15 minutes routine anatomical T1- and T2-w images of the kidneys and bladder
are acquired followed by 3D MRU (a heavily T2-w 3D FSE same as 3D MRCP) covering
kidneys, ureters and the bladder.
• Next, multiple runs of coronal oblique (along long axis of kidneys and ureters) T1-w 3D GRE
(VIBE/THRIVE/LAVA) are acquired during dynamic intravenous injection of routine dose of
gadolinium-based contrast media. The dynamic runs are continued till complete opacification
of distal ureters and the bladder.
27. POST-PROCESSING
• The 3D MRU and post-contrast T1-w images can be reformatted in
various planes using methods like MIP, MPR and VRT. The post-
contrast images can be processed using various functional assessment
software that are available free of cost on the internet.
• The functional information obtained includes differential renal
function, renal transit time, time to excrete and symmetry between two
kidneys.
28. ADVANTAGE OVER CT-UROGRAM
• Non-Invasive Nature: MRU is a non-invasive technique that does not
involve exposure to ionizing radiation, making it safer for patients,
especially those at risk for kidney damage.
• Contrast Administration: MRU can be performed without contrast
administration using static-fluid T2-weighted sequences or with
contrast for excretory imaging, providing flexibility in imaging
options.
29. • Detection Accuracy: MRU has shown higher accuracy in detecting
obstruction and hydroureteronephrosis compared to CTU, making it a
preferred choice for evaluating these conditions.
• Visualization of Pathology: MRU is better at visualizing the excretory
tract in obstructed and impaired kidneys, offering detailed images of
both non-dilated and obstructed collecting systems.
30. CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Allergy to Contrast Media: A history of allergic-like reactions to
contrast media can significantly increase the risk of adverse reactions
during MR Urography.
• Asthma: Patients with a history of asthma may have a higher
likelihood of developing a contrast reaction during the procedure.
• Cardiac Status: Patients with specific cardiac conditions may have
contraindications to the use of contrast material during MR Urography.
31. Pregnancy: A positive pregnancy test is an absolute contraindication to MR Urography due to
potential risks associated with contrast agents and imaging procedures.
Risk vs Benefit Assessment: Patients with a predisposition to allergic reactions or those at
higher risk of severe anaphylaxis related to contrast media should carefully consider the risks
versus benefits before undergoing MR Urography.
Pre-existing Conditions: Individuals with certain medical conditions or risk factors that may
be exacerbated by contrast agents or specific imaging techniques should be evaluated for
suitability before proceeding with MR Urography.
32. INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST MATERIAL:
• In MR Urography (MRU), intravenous contrast material is used to enhance
imaging of the upper urinary tract, providing detailed images of the kidneys,
ureters, and bladder.
• Gadolinium-based contrast material is commonly used in MR exams, altering
the magnetic properties of nearby water molecules to enhance organ
visualization.
• The procedure involves inserting an intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your
hand or arm to administer the contrast material.
33. The contrast material helps in obtaining superior anatomic detail of the urinary tract and
surrounding structures compared to other imaging tests.
MRU and CT Urography (CTU) are effective in detecting urinary tract issues and
abnormalities, providing valuable information about abdominal and pelvic structures.
Editor's Notes
The first acquired phase is the CMP, usually acquired with a bolus tracking technique, placing a region of interest in the abdominal aorta with an estimated acquisition delay set at 25 s.
The nephrographic phase is then acquired at a delay of about 40 s when the renal parenchyma is almost homogeneous in density.
In the excretory phase, the renal parenchyma is homogeneous but characterized by a markedly reduced density in comparison with the previous phases, with the calyces and pelvis filled with iodinated urine.
After the unenhanced phase, the first part of the contrast(usually one-third or half) is injected and the optional CMP is obtained, then the second part of the contrast (usually a dose larger than or equal to the first one), is injected about 5–15 min later, and combined nephrographic–excretory phase images are acquired at 2–5 min when the kidneys show enhancement of the renal parenchyma and also opacification of the collecting systems occurs
The advantage of this technique is the combination of nephrographic and excretory phases into a single acquisition, thereby reducing the total number of images acquired and, accordingly, the total radiation exposure
This protocol significantly decreases the total radiation dose because of the reduction in the total number of acquired contrast phases; however, due to the bolus splitting, only a portion of the total contrast medium volume contributes to excretory imaging, thus resulting in potential limited distension and opacification of the ureters.
Hydration increases excretory system distension and contrast dilution and is usually performed with the administration of 100–250 mL of saline solution intravenously before the study, or with oral administration of 400 mL of water before the study
The administration of a diuretic, usually intravenous furosemide, has also been reported to increase the urine flow rate and enhance urinary tract opacification and distension