Gait abnormalities
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
19 likes•3,040 views
This document describes different types of gait abnormalities and their physiological bases. It outlines eight types of neurological gaits - hemiplegic, spastic, neuropathic, myopathic, ataxic, choreiform, parkinsonian, and sensory ataxic - and discusses their characteristic features and underlying neurological conditions. It also mentions two types of non-neurological gaits: antalgic gait associated with pain and psychogenic gait involving voluntary movements. The document provides details on clinical presentations and pathophysiology for each gait abnormality.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Gait disorders
Gait disorders can arise from diseases of the nervous system that disturb walking patterns. The maintenance of posture and walking involves brainstem centers that control muscle tone and spinal centers that coordinate limb and trunk movements in a repetitive stepping pattern. Higher brain regions like the motor cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum provide additional control. Gait is evaluated through history of symptoms like weakness, slowness, imbalance, falls, and sensory or cognitive changes, and physical exam of walking parameters. Characteristic gait patterns provide clues to localizing neurological lesions.
Gait and gait abnormalities
This document discusses different types of gait abnormalities and their causes. It defines gait as the pattern of limb movement during locomotion. Gait abnormalities deviate from normal walking and can indicate neurological or musculoskeletal issues. Several specific gait abnormalities are described, including scissor gait caused by spastic cerebral palsy, antalgic gait indicating pain with weight bearing, festinant gait seen in Parkinson's disease, and Trendelenburg gait caused by abductor muscle weakness. The document provides examples of medical conditions associated with each abnormal gait pattern.
Abnormal Gait
Neurological gait
Muscular weakness gait
Leg length discrepancy gait
Joint or muscular limitation gait
Painful gait
Gait abnormalities
Gait refers to the manner of walking or moving on foot. There are four essential criteria for normal gait: equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity, and neurological control. The gait cycle describes the sequence of foot movements from initial heel contact to the next contact of the same heel. Abnormal gaits can be caused by pain, weakness, tightness, loss of balance, or range of motion issues. Specific abnormal gaits include hemiplegic, diplegic, neuropathic, sensory, myopathic, choreiform, parkinsonian, and age-related gaits. Doctors evaluate gait through physical exam, performance tests, and imaging to diagnose underlying causes and prognosis depends on the medical condition.
Polyneuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to peripheral nerves. There are three main types: mononeuropathy affecting a single nerve, mononeuritis multiplex affecting multiple nerves asymmetrically, and polyneuropathy affecting multiple nerves concurrently and symmetrically. Polyneuropathy can be classified as axonopathy, myelinopathy, or neuronopathy depending on whether the axons, myelin sheaths, or neurons are affected. Symptoms and signs include both negative symptoms like numbness and weakness as well as positive symptoms like tingling and pain. Evaluation involves taking a history and examining for patterns of onset, progression, fluctuations, and other systemic diseases. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies and sometimes nerve biopsies. Treatment focuses
Gait, movements that produce locomotion
This document describes the biomechanics of human gait. It discusses the gait cycle, phases of gait including stance and swing phases. It describes the principal events and static positions that occur during each of the 8 phases of the gait cycle. Additional topics covered include distance and temporal variables, determinants of gait, and efficiency considerations. Gait involves transferring the body's center of gravity over each leg during locomotion in a pendulum-like motion to minimize energy expenditure.
Waddling gait- definition|role of muscle|gait analysis|kinematic and spatiote...
This document discusses waddling gait, which is an abnormal gait pattern seen when there is bilateral weakness of the gluteus medius muscles, the primary hip abductors. During walking, individuals with waddling gait are unable to stabilize the pelvis and it drops on both sides, causing the trunk to laterally bend and the person to walk with a wide base like a duck. Treatment focuses on strengthening exercises for the hip abductors and gluteal muscles, gait training, and balance exercises. Physiotherapy aims to improve muscle strength, correct posture, and retrain a normal walking pattern.
Foot Drop
This document discusses foot drop, which is the inability to lift the front part of the foot. It can be caused by nerve injuries, neurological conditions, muscle weakness, or injuries. Symptoms include difficulty lifting the foot and dragging it when walking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include bracing, physical therapy, nerve stimulation, or surgery to repair nerves or transfer tendons.
Recommended
Gait disorders
Gait disorders can arise from diseases of the nervous system that disturb walking patterns. The maintenance of posture and walking involves brainstem centers that control muscle tone and spinal centers that coordinate limb and trunk movements in a repetitive stepping pattern. Higher brain regions like the motor cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum provide additional control. Gait is evaluated through history of symptoms like weakness, slowness, imbalance, falls, and sensory or cognitive changes, and physical exam of walking parameters. Characteristic gait patterns provide clues to localizing neurological lesions.
Gait and gait abnormalities
This document discusses different types of gait abnormalities and their causes. It defines gait as the pattern of limb movement during locomotion. Gait abnormalities deviate from normal walking and can indicate neurological or musculoskeletal issues. Several specific gait abnormalities are described, including scissor gait caused by spastic cerebral palsy, antalgic gait indicating pain with weight bearing, festinant gait seen in Parkinson's disease, and Trendelenburg gait caused by abductor muscle weakness. The document provides examples of medical conditions associated with each abnormal gait pattern.
Abnormal Gait
Neurological gait
Muscular weakness gait
Leg length discrepancy gait
Joint or muscular limitation gait
Painful gait
Gait abnormalities
Gait refers to the manner of walking or moving on foot. There are four essential criteria for normal gait: equilibrium, locomotion, musculoskeletal integrity, and neurological control. The gait cycle describes the sequence of foot movements from initial heel contact to the next contact of the same heel. Abnormal gaits can be caused by pain, weakness, tightness, loss of balance, or range of motion issues. Specific abnormal gaits include hemiplegic, diplegic, neuropathic, sensory, myopathic, choreiform, parkinsonian, and age-related gaits. Doctors evaluate gait through physical exam, performance tests, and imaging to diagnose underlying causes and prognosis depends on the medical condition.
Polyneuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to peripheral nerves. There are three main types: mononeuropathy affecting a single nerve, mononeuritis multiplex affecting multiple nerves asymmetrically, and polyneuropathy affecting multiple nerves concurrently and symmetrically. Polyneuropathy can be classified as axonopathy, myelinopathy, or neuronopathy depending on whether the axons, myelin sheaths, or neurons are affected. Symptoms and signs include both negative symptoms like numbness and weakness as well as positive symptoms like tingling and pain. Evaluation involves taking a history and examining for patterns of onset, progression, fluctuations, and other systemic diseases. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies and sometimes nerve biopsies. Treatment focuses
Gait, movements that produce locomotion
This document describes the biomechanics of human gait. It discusses the gait cycle, phases of gait including stance and swing phases. It describes the principal events and static positions that occur during each of the 8 phases of the gait cycle. Additional topics covered include distance and temporal variables, determinants of gait, and efficiency considerations. Gait involves transferring the body's center of gravity over each leg during locomotion in a pendulum-like motion to minimize energy expenditure.
Waddling gait- definition|role of muscle|gait analysis|kinematic and spatiote...
This document discusses waddling gait, which is an abnormal gait pattern seen when there is bilateral weakness of the gluteus medius muscles, the primary hip abductors. During walking, individuals with waddling gait are unable to stabilize the pelvis and it drops on both sides, causing the trunk to laterally bend and the person to walk with a wide base like a duck. Treatment focuses on strengthening exercises for the hip abductors and gluteal muscles, gait training, and balance exercises. Physiotherapy aims to improve muscle strength, correct posture, and retrain a normal walking pattern.
Foot Drop
This document discusses foot drop, which is the inability to lift the front part of the foot. It can be caused by nerve injuries, neurological conditions, muscle weakness, or injuries. Symptoms include difficulty lifting the foot and dragging it when walking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include bracing, physical therapy, nerve stimulation, or surgery to repair nerves or transfer tendons.
Rotator cuff injuries
This document discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of rotator cuff tears. It begins by introducing the rotator cuff muscles and their function in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Common causes of tears include impingement, trauma, aging, and ischemia. Symptoms include shoulder pain that is worsened with overhead activities. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers like the Neer's and Hawkins tests as well as imaging like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment ranges from rest, physical therapy, and injections for mild cases to surgical repair for larger or chronic tears if conservative measures fail.
Brunnstrom approach
Hierachical theory- says that higher centers control on lower center; but when higher center damage then this inhibitory control from the higher center is loss which leads to exageration of the movt.
In normal individual, these occur a smooth, rhythmic movt. Because there is a presence of control from higher center on lower center.
Spine mobilization and manipulation 1
This document discusses spine mobilization and manipulation techniques. It defines mobilization and manipulation as skilled passive movements applied to joints and soft tissues. Manipulation involves high velocity, low amplitude movements while mobilization can involve oscillations of varying amplitudes. The effects of manipulation include mechanical, neurophysiological, and psychological impacts. Mechanical effects involve restoring tissue extensibility and range of motion. Neurophysiological effects occur through stimulation of mechanoreceptors and descending pain pathways in the central nervous system. Psychological effects involve reducing pain and anxiety through reassurance. Clinical decision making involves considering factors like joint mobility, pain response, and targeted treatment effects when selecting techniques.
Ataxia
This document provides information on ataxia, including its definition as a neurological disorder involving lack of voluntary muscle coordination. It describes the main types of ataxia and several specific hereditary forms. Key points include Friedreich's ataxia being the most common hereditary form, typically beginning in childhood. Imaging tests and lab work can help evaluate for various causes, while genetic testing can confirm hereditary types. Overall the document outlines the classification, causes, clinical features and investigative approach for ataxia.
Gait normal & abnormal
The document discusses normal and abnormal human gait. It defines gait as locomotion produced by coordinated movements of the body segments. The phases and components of the gait cycle are described in detail, including stance, swing, initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing and terminal swing. Temporal and distance variables that characterize gait are also outlined, such as stance time, single limb support time, double support time, stride length and step length. Factors that can influence gait variables are age, gender, height, joint mobility and muscle strength.
Gait
1. The document defines normal human gait and its components, including gait terminology, the gait cycle, and muscle actions during stance and swing phases.
2. Six key determinants that minimize the displacement of the center of gravity during gait are described: pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, step width, and arm swinging.
3. Methods for analyzing gait such as observational, photographic, force plate, electromyography, and energetics studies are outlined. Common pathological gaits and their causes are also listed.
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and Management
Dr.Md.Monsur Rahman, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), Master of Physiotherapy (MPT) in Musculoskeletal Disorders, ABC-Spine in Osteopathic Approach,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala -Haryana.
Examination of spine
This document provides instructions for examining the spine. It describes examining a patient's gait, standing posture, and range of motion of the cervical and thoracic spine through flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Neurological examination of the upper and lower limbs assesses tone, power, reflexes, and sensation. Special tests like the straight leg raise test and sciatic stretch test evaluate for nerve root irritation.
Motor relearning programme
Motor relearning programmeDr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Physiotherapy, Ahmednagar
Retraining of motor control basing on understanding of normal movement & analysis of motor dysfunction.
Emphasis of MRP is on practice of specific activities, the training of cognitive control over muscles & movt. Components of activities & conscious elimination of unnecessary muscle activity.
In rehabilitation programme involve – real life activities included.
Torticollis and its P.T. Management
As part of a class presentation, we attempted to make this to briefly explain what Torticollis meas, the Types of presentation of Torticollis, and Management strategies for a Physiotherapist for Congenital Torticollis especially.
I hope this helps. :)
The pictures and information had been taken from internet, complied to make a brief presentation for the purpose of class presentation.
I do not own any content.
Gait abnormalities presentation
The document discusses various types of abnormal gaits seen in different medical conditions. It begins by defining the normal gait cycle and its phases. It then describes common causes of abnormal gaits including pain, joint/muscle limitations, weakness, and neurological involvement. Specific gaits are then outlined, including hemiplegic gait seen in stroke, scissor gait in cerebral palsy, myopathic gait in muscular diseases, steppage gait in foot drop conditions, Parkinsonian gait, and sensory gait related to proprioceptive loss.
Transverse myelitis
Transverse myelitis is a rare neurological condition where the spinal cord becomes inflamed across its width. It is often caused by an autoimmune response following a viral infection. Symptoms depend on the level of spinal cord involvement and may include sensory changes, motor weakness, and sphincter disturbances. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and showing signs of spinal cord inflammation. The goals of physiotherapy are to improve strength, mobility, and independence through exercises and management of issues like spasticity and skin care.
Gait
The document discusses gait analysis and the phases of normal and abnormal human walking. It begins by defining gait and describing the basic cycle and phases of normal walking. It then compares traditional and Rancho Los Angeles terminology for gait phases. Details are provided on the stance, swing, and double support phases. The rest of the document outlines various causes and types of abnormal gaits including those due to pain, neurological issues, deformities, and leg length discrepancies. Specific abnormal gaits like antalgic, scissoring, foot drop and festinating are described.
Cerebral Palsy: PT assessment and Management
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain before, during or after birth. It affects movement and posture, and can cause physical disability. The main types are spastic, athetoid, ataxic and hypotonic CP. Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity. CP is diagnosed based on signs of impaired motor development and abnormal muscle tone or movement. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve ability and quality of life through therapies and medications.
Spondylolisthesis
Dr. Mahak Jain presented on spondylolisthesis. Key points include:
1) Spondylolisthesis is the forward translation of one vertebra on another, commonly caused by defects in the pars interarticularis known as spondylolysis.
2) It is classified based on etiology, with dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathological types.
3) Treatment depends on factors like grade, symptoms, and etiology, ranging from conservative care to surgical options like decompression, fusion, and instrumentation.
4) Studies show surgery with fusion has better outcomes for pain and function than nonsurgical treatment or decompression alone for degenerative
Examination of Orthopedic patients
This document provides an overview of the examination process for orthopedic patients, including:
1) The typical components of an orthopedic examination include questioning the patient, inspecting the body, palpating joints and tissues, assessing range of motion, and performing special tests.
2) Common orthopedic complaints involve pain, stiffness, swelling, deformity, and loss of function. Examinations evaluate these symptoms and look for their causes.
3) Additional examination tools include basic measurement devices, imaging technologies like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, MRI and others to further evaluate orthopedic issues.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis ppt (4)
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a condition where one vertebra slips over the one below due to degenerative changes in the spine. It commonly occurs at the L4-L5 level and is associated with low back and leg pain. Non-surgical treatment options include bracing, flexion exercises to strengthen the spine, stabilization exercises, and epidural steroid injections, with the goal of reducing pain and improving function. Surgical intervention is considered if non-surgical options fail to provide relief from persistent or progressive pain and neurological symptoms.
Genu valgus
This document discusses genu valgum, or knock knees. It defines the deformity as an outward deviation of the longitudinal axis of the tibia. Genu valgum results in the medial angulation of the knee and external rotation of the femur and tibia. It can be caused by physiological, pathological, traumatic or metabolic factors that create asymmetric growth of the epiphyseal plate. Treatment involves conservative measures like bracing or surgical options like osteotomies if the deformity is severe.
Scoliosis
This document provides an overview of scoliosis, including:
- Definitions and classifications of scoliosis types like idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, etc.
- Descriptions of curve patterns, measurements, and radiographic assessments.
- Clinical features and evaluations like trunk examination, scoliometer use, and Adams forward bend test.
- Etiology, progression risks, and long-term effects of different scoliosis types.
- Common curve classifications including King's type and Cobb angle measurement method.
It serves as a reference for the clinical presentation, evaluation, and management considerations for different scoliosis conditions.
Primitive reflexes
infant reflexes, delayed milestones ,brainstem and spinal cord level reflex,asymmetric tonic neck reflex,walking, stepping reflex,babinski reflx,stepping,f,stsrtle reflesx,how to cjheck milestones,moro reflex,primitive reflexex,symmetric tonic reflex, labyrinthine reflex, spinal cord reflex, midbrain reflex, automatic reflex, braintem reflex
Pathological gaits.pptx
The document summarizes several pathological gaits including hemiplegic gait, antalgic gait, parkinsonian gait, spastic or cerebral palsy gait, genu recurvatum gait, and calcaneal gait. It describes the key characteristics of each gait pattern including abnormalities in phases of gait, temporal and spatial variables, range of motion in the hip, knee and ankle, and muscles involved. Groups of students are assigned to research and present on each specific pathological gait condition.
the gait.pptx
This document discusses various types of gait abnormalities and their causes. It begins by covering normal gait and the gait cycle. It then describes different types of abnormal gaits such as antalgic, propulsive, hemiplegic, myopathic, steppage, sensory ataxia, festinating, scissor, frontal lobe, ataxic, choreic, dystonic, and cautious gaits. It discusses anatomical structures involved in gait and balance as well as disorders that can cause gait abnormalities. The document provides details on evaluating patients with gait disorders.
More Related Content
What's hot
Rotator cuff injuries
This document discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of rotator cuff tears. It begins by introducing the rotator cuff muscles and their function in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Common causes of tears include impingement, trauma, aging, and ischemia. Symptoms include shoulder pain that is worsened with overhead activities. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers like the Neer's and Hawkins tests as well as imaging like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment ranges from rest, physical therapy, and injections for mild cases to surgical repair for larger or chronic tears if conservative measures fail.
Brunnstrom approach
Hierachical theory- says that higher centers control on lower center; but when higher center damage then this inhibitory control from the higher center is loss which leads to exageration of the movt.
In normal individual, these occur a smooth, rhythmic movt. Because there is a presence of control from higher center on lower center.
Spine mobilization and manipulation 1
This document discusses spine mobilization and manipulation techniques. It defines mobilization and manipulation as skilled passive movements applied to joints and soft tissues. Manipulation involves high velocity, low amplitude movements while mobilization can involve oscillations of varying amplitudes. The effects of manipulation include mechanical, neurophysiological, and psychological impacts. Mechanical effects involve restoring tissue extensibility and range of motion. Neurophysiological effects occur through stimulation of mechanoreceptors and descending pain pathways in the central nervous system. Psychological effects involve reducing pain and anxiety through reassurance. Clinical decision making involves considering factors like joint mobility, pain response, and targeted treatment effects when selecting techniques.
Ataxia
This document provides information on ataxia, including its definition as a neurological disorder involving lack of voluntary muscle coordination. It describes the main types of ataxia and several specific hereditary forms. Key points include Friedreich's ataxia being the most common hereditary form, typically beginning in childhood. Imaging tests and lab work can help evaluate for various causes, while genetic testing can confirm hereditary types. Overall the document outlines the classification, causes, clinical features and investigative approach for ataxia.
Gait normal & abnormal
The document discusses normal and abnormal human gait. It defines gait as locomotion produced by coordinated movements of the body segments. The phases and components of the gait cycle are described in detail, including stance, swing, initial contact, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid-swing and terminal swing. Temporal and distance variables that characterize gait are also outlined, such as stance time, single limb support time, double support time, stride length and step length. Factors that can influence gait variables are age, gender, height, joint mobility and muscle strength.
Gait
1. The document defines normal human gait and its components, including gait terminology, the gait cycle, and muscle actions during stance and swing phases.
2. Six key determinants that minimize the displacement of the center of gravity during gait are described: pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, step width, and arm swinging.
3. Methods for analyzing gait such as observational, photographic, force plate, electromyography, and energetics studies are outlined. Common pathological gaits and their causes are also listed.
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and Management
Dr.Md.Monsur Rahman, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), Master of Physiotherapy (MPT) in Musculoskeletal Disorders, ABC-Spine in Osteopathic Approach,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala -Haryana.
Examination of spine
This document provides instructions for examining the spine. It describes examining a patient's gait, standing posture, and range of motion of the cervical and thoracic spine through flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Neurological examination of the upper and lower limbs assesses tone, power, reflexes, and sensation. Special tests like the straight leg raise test and sciatic stretch test evaluate for nerve root irritation.
Motor relearning programme
Motor relearning programmeDr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Physiotherapy, Ahmednagar
Retraining of motor control basing on understanding of normal movement & analysis of motor dysfunction.
Emphasis of MRP is on practice of specific activities, the training of cognitive control over muscles & movt. Components of activities & conscious elimination of unnecessary muscle activity.
In rehabilitation programme involve – real life activities included.
Torticollis and its P.T. Management
As part of a class presentation, we attempted to make this to briefly explain what Torticollis meas, the Types of presentation of Torticollis, and Management strategies for a Physiotherapist for Congenital Torticollis especially.
I hope this helps. :)
The pictures and information had been taken from internet, complied to make a brief presentation for the purpose of class presentation.
I do not own any content.
Gait abnormalities presentation
The document discusses various types of abnormal gaits seen in different medical conditions. It begins by defining the normal gait cycle and its phases. It then describes common causes of abnormal gaits including pain, joint/muscle limitations, weakness, and neurological involvement. Specific gaits are then outlined, including hemiplegic gait seen in stroke, scissor gait in cerebral palsy, myopathic gait in muscular diseases, steppage gait in foot drop conditions, Parkinsonian gait, and sensory gait related to proprioceptive loss.
Transverse myelitis
Transverse myelitis is a rare neurological condition where the spinal cord becomes inflamed across its width. It is often caused by an autoimmune response following a viral infection. Symptoms depend on the level of spinal cord involvement and may include sensory changes, motor weakness, and sphincter disturbances. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and showing signs of spinal cord inflammation. The goals of physiotherapy are to improve strength, mobility, and independence through exercises and management of issues like spasticity and skin care.
Gait
The document discusses gait analysis and the phases of normal and abnormal human walking. It begins by defining gait and describing the basic cycle and phases of normal walking. It then compares traditional and Rancho Los Angeles terminology for gait phases. Details are provided on the stance, swing, and double support phases. The rest of the document outlines various causes and types of abnormal gaits including those due to pain, neurological issues, deformities, and leg length discrepancies. Specific abnormal gaits like antalgic, scissoring, foot drop and festinating are described.
Cerebral Palsy: PT assessment and Management
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain before, during or after birth. It affects movement and posture, and can cause physical disability. The main types are spastic, athetoid, ataxic and hypotonic CP. Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity. CP is diagnosed based on signs of impaired motor development and abnormal muscle tone or movement. There is no cure for CP, but treatment aims to improve ability and quality of life through therapies and medications.
Spondylolisthesis
Dr. Mahak Jain presented on spondylolisthesis. Key points include:
1) Spondylolisthesis is the forward translation of one vertebra on another, commonly caused by defects in the pars interarticularis known as spondylolysis.
2) It is classified based on etiology, with dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathological types.
3) Treatment depends on factors like grade, symptoms, and etiology, ranging from conservative care to surgical options like decompression, fusion, and instrumentation.
4) Studies show surgery with fusion has better outcomes for pain and function than nonsurgical treatment or decompression alone for degenerative
Examination of Orthopedic patients
This document provides an overview of the examination process for orthopedic patients, including:
1) The typical components of an orthopedic examination include questioning the patient, inspecting the body, palpating joints and tissues, assessing range of motion, and performing special tests.
2) Common orthopedic complaints involve pain, stiffness, swelling, deformity, and loss of function. Examinations evaluate these symptoms and look for their causes.
3) Additional examination tools include basic measurement devices, imaging technologies like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, MRI and others to further evaluate orthopedic issues.
Lumbar spondylolisthesis ppt (4)
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a condition where one vertebra slips over the one below due to degenerative changes in the spine. It commonly occurs at the L4-L5 level and is associated with low back and leg pain. Non-surgical treatment options include bracing, flexion exercises to strengthen the spine, stabilization exercises, and epidural steroid injections, with the goal of reducing pain and improving function. Surgical intervention is considered if non-surgical options fail to provide relief from persistent or progressive pain and neurological symptoms.
Genu valgus
This document discusses genu valgum, or knock knees. It defines the deformity as an outward deviation of the longitudinal axis of the tibia. Genu valgum results in the medial angulation of the knee and external rotation of the femur and tibia. It can be caused by physiological, pathological, traumatic or metabolic factors that create asymmetric growth of the epiphyseal plate. Treatment involves conservative measures like bracing or surgical options like osteotomies if the deformity is severe.
Scoliosis
This document provides an overview of scoliosis, including:
- Definitions and classifications of scoliosis types like idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, etc.
- Descriptions of curve patterns, measurements, and radiographic assessments.
- Clinical features and evaluations like trunk examination, scoliometer use, and Adams forward bend test.
- Etiology, progression risks, and long-term effects of different scoliosis types.
- Common curve classifications including King's type and Cobb angle measurement method.
It serves as a reference for the clinical presentation, evaluation, and management considerations for different scoliosis conditions.
Primitive reflexes
infant reflexes, delayed milestones ,brainstem and spinal cord level reflex,asymmetric tonic neck reflex,walking, stepping reflex,babinski reflx,stepping,f,stsrtle reflesx,how to cjheck milestones,moro reflex,primitive reflexex,symmetric tonic reflex, labyrinthine reflex, spinal cord reflex, midbrain reflex, automatic reflex, braintem reflex
What's hot (20)
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and Management
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and Management
Similar to Gait abnormalities
Pathological gaits.pptx
The document summarizes several pathological gaits including hemiplegic gait, antalgic gait, parkinsonian gait, spastic or cerebral palsy gait, genu recurvatum gait, and calcaneal gait. It describes the key characteristics of each gait pattern including abnormalities in phases of gait, temporal and spatial variables, range of motion in the hip, knee and ankle, and muscles involved. Groups of students are assigned to research and present on each specific pathological gait condition.
the gait.pptx
This document discusses various types of gait abnormalities and their causes. It begins by covering normal gait and the gait cycle. It then describes different types of abnormal gaits such as antalgic, propulsive, hemiplegic, myopathic, steppage, sensory ataxia, festinating, scissor, frontal lobe, ataxic, choreic, dystonic, and cautious gaits. It discusses anatomical structures involved in gait and balance as well as disorders that can cause gait abnormalities. The document provides details on evaluating patients with gait disorders.
the gait.pptx
This document discusses various types of gait abnormalities and their causes. It begins by covering normal gait and the gait cycle. It then describes different types of abnormal gaits such as antalgic, propulsive, hemiplegic, myopathic, steppage, sensory ataxia, festinating, scissor, frontal lobe, ataxic, choreic, dystonic, and cautious gaits. It discusses anatomical structures involved in gait and balance as well as disorders that can cause gait abnormalities like pain, joint issues, weakness, and neurological impairments. The document provides details on evaluating patients with gait disorders.
CEREBELLUM & GAIT by Dr ROTO ROBO
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa beneath the tentorium cerebelli. It is part of a distributed sensorimotor network involved in coordinating muscular contractions and maintaining balance. The cerebellum has three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular - which are connected to different parts of the brainstem and are involved in muscle tone/posture, appendicular coordination, and eye movement control respectively. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and integrates this information to correct motor irregularities. Dysfunction of the cerebellum can cause dysarthria, nystagmus, ataxia of gait and limb movements, and hypotonia.
Abnormal gait patterns.pptx
The document describes different types of abnormal gaits seen in various medical conditions. It discusses hemiplegic, diplegic, myopathic, choreic, ataxic, antalgic and Trendelenburg gaits. It explains the pathomechanisms, causes and treatments for each gait type. Important muscles for normal gait include hip extensors, knee extensors, plantar flexors and dorsiflexors. Abnormalities in these muscle groups can significantly affect one's walking pattern.
IFT under therapeutic equipment unit 2.pptx
The document discusses different types of gaits seen in patients and gait therapy. It describes hemiplegic, diplegic, neuropathic, myopathic, choreiform, ataxic, parkinsonian, and sensory gaits. Gait training is a type of physical therapy that uses exercises to improve lower extremity motion, strength, balance, and mimic walking motions to help patients stand and walk better after illness or injury.
Clinical Examination of Hip
The document provides information on clinical examination of the hip joint. It begins with anatomy of the hip joint and associated muscles and ligaments. It then discusses elements of history taking including pain characteristics. The physical examination section covers inspection of gait, limb posture and length, palpation of bony landmarks and muscles, range of motion testing, and special tests like Trendelenburg test. Measurements of limb length discrepancies both apparent and true are also described.
Flat foot
This document discusses flat feet (pes planus), including its anatomy, causes, types, symptoms, physical exam findings, and treatment options. Key points include:
- Pes planus is characterized by a low or absent medial longitudinal arch. It can be flexible or rigid.
- Causes include ligament laxity, obesity, muscle weakness, bony abnormalities, and tarsal coalitions.
- Treatment focuses on orthotics, stretches, braces, and surgery if conservative options fail. Surgical procedures include tendon lengthening, osteotomies, and fusions.
Limbs applied anatomy 2015
a mixed slide of limbs applied anatomy.Thanks to some slideshare gurus like Dr. Salman Khan and Muahammad Ramzan Ul Rehman .this is just a collection of information which I have made for the medical community.
Approach to limping child 2
This document discusses the approach to evaluating a limping child. It begins by outlining the main causes of a limp as being pain, weakness, or structural abnormalities. Different abnormal gaits are then described that may provide clues to the underlying etiology, such as an antalgic gait indicating pain in one limb. A differential diagnosis is presented divided by painless versus painful limps and by age. The approach is then outlined as obtaining a thorough history, performing a full examination, ordering appropriate investigations, and determining the proper management.
Arches of the foot
The document summarizes the anatomy and function of the arches of the human foot. It describes the three main arches - longitudinal medial and lateral arches, and the transverse arch. It discusses how the shapes of bones in the foot and ligaments help form and maintain the arches. The arches allow the foot to adapt to uneven surfaces and act as shock absorbers. Muscles like the tibialis posterior and plantar aponeurosis also help support the arches. Gait and various foot deformities are briefly covered.
Gait -Normal and Abnormal gait :Physiology and Management
This document discusses normal and abnormal human gait. It begins with definitions of gait, stance, and balance. It then covers the three components and three systems required for normal gait. The document discusses the physiology and neural control of gait, including central pattern generators and higher brain centers. It provides a classification system for gait disorders and describes approaches to clinical assessment. Specific gait abnormalities are defined, including those related to upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction. Treatment approaches for gait disorders are also mentioned.
Disorders of gait and station
This document summarizes gait disorders and their causes. It discusses that 15% of those over 65 have gait disorders, and risk of falls increases with age. The physiology of gait and various brain centers involved in locomotion are described. Examination of gait and station involves assessing base of support, arm swing, stride length, and ability to walk tandem or on toes/heels. Common gait disorders include spastic, parkinsonian, frontal, cerebellar, and sensory ataxias. Causes can be neurological, non-neurological, or non-organic. Specific gait patterns like steppage, waddling, and psychogenic gaits are also outlined.
Lowback injuries
This document discusses low back injuries, including definitions of common terms like acute mechanical low back pain and sciatica. It describes the incidence of low back pain and risk factors. Low back pain causes are classified into mechanical, systemic, neurologic, referred pain, and psychogenic categories. The evaluation of patients with low back pain through history, physical exam, and tests is outlined. Signs of herniated discs are explained. Conservative management includes physiotherapy, medications, bracing, and lifestyle changes. Surgical management may be considered if conservative options fail.
gaitabnormalitiespresentation-191231093641.pdf
The document discusses various types of abnormal gaits including hemiplegic, scissors, myopathic, steppage, Parkinsonian, propulsive, and sensory gaits. Key points are:
1) Hemiplegic gait is seen in stroke and is characterized by unilateral weakness, hip extension/adduction/rotation, knee extension, ankle drop foot, and circumduction to clear the foot.
2) Scissors gait in cerebral palsy involves legs crossing midline due to adductor spasticity, toe walking, and planterflexor spasticity.
3) Myopathic gait shows pelvis dropping on opposite side (Trendelenburg sign) or
Biomechanics Gait Gait cycle types .pptx
Gait involves the rhythmic movement of limbs and trunk during walking. It has distinct stance and swing phases on each side. Many conditions can cause abnormal gaits including weakness, injury, neurological disorders and more. Common abnormal gaits include antalgic (painful), Trendelenburg (gluteal weakness), scissors (hip adduction spasticity), foot drop and Parkinsonian gaits. Precise evaluation of gait deviations provides clinical insights into musculoskeletal and neurological health.
Lower extremity.pdf
The document provides an overview of the surface anatomy, skeletal composition, joints, muscles, innervation, and vasculature of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. Key details include the bones of the femur, tibia, fibula, and foot; muscles like the gluteals, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius; major nerves from the lumbar and sacral plexuses including the femoral, obturator, sciatic, and tibial nerves; and arterial blood supply from the femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial arteries.
Gait Analysis.pptx
This document provides an overview of gait analysis. It discusses the phases of gait, temporal parameters, neurological control, kinematics, kinetics, and how to assess gait. Abnormal gaits such as hemiplegic, diplegic, neuropathic, myopathic, Parkinsonian, ataxic, sensory ataxic, choreiform, and antalgic gaits are described. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthopedic residents on evaluating a patient's gait.
Presentation (2)-1.pdf
This document discusses different types of abnormal gaits caused by pain, including antalgic, gonalgic, and podalgic gaits. It focuses on antalgic gait, describing it as a compensatory walking pattern adopted to reduce pain in the lower limb or pelvis by avoiding bearing weight on the affected side. Key features of antalgic gait include shortened stance phase and enhanced swing phase on the painful side. Causes can be traumatic injuries or non-traumatic processes, and treatment involves using a cane on the opposite side. Psoatic and diplegic gaits caused by specific muscle weaknesses or injuries are also summarized.
DDH
This document discusses congenital hip dislocation, which is the spontaneous dislocation of the hip joint before, during, or shortly after birth. It is one of the most common birth disorders in Western countries but is less common in India due to cultural carrying practices. The document outlines the causes, signs, symptoms, and tests used to diagnose congenital hip dislocation, including Barlow's test, Ortolani's test, and X-ray imaging. Treatment involves early detection and manipulation or splinting to guide the femoral head into the acetabulum.
Similar to Gait abnormalities (20)
Gait -Normal and Abnormal gait :Physiology and Management
Gait -Normal and Abnormal gait :Physiology and Management
Recently uploaded
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdfChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Pollen and Fungal allergy
Presented by Chaloemchai Chumsaengchotsakul, MD.
June 14, 2024 Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Recently uploaded (20)
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
Gait abnormalities
- 1. Gait Abnormalities And Physiological Basis Dr. G.T. Wijesinghe Dip. in med. Physiology
- 2. Different types A. Hemiplegic gait B. Spastic gait C. Neuropathic gait D. Myopathic gait E. Ataxic gait (cerebellar) F. Choreiform gait G. Parkinsonian gait H. Non neurological gaits
- 3. Hemiplegic gait Arm flexed, adducted and internally rotated - Flexion hypertonia Leg extended, plantar flexed Pelvis lifted - extensor hypertonia in lower limb - weakness in distal muscles – (foot drop) - Circumduction – semi circle walking Unilateral upper motor neuron lesion stroke
- 4. Spastic gait/ Diplegic gait Bilateral involvement Stiff legs (spasticity more in lower extremities) Narrow base – adducted limbs Drag both legs features: Scissoring Toe walking Bilateral periventricular lesions involving UMN Eg: Cerebral palsy
- 5. Neuropathic gait Steppage gait, Equine gait Foot drop (weakness of foot dorsiflexion) Lift the knee high enough, not to drag the foot on the floor Unilateral or bilateral LMN palsies Unilateral : Peroneal nerve palsy L5 radiculopathy Bilateral : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Diabetic neuropathy
- 6. Myopathic gait Hip girdle muscle weakness Gluteus Medius Drop in the pelvis on contralateral side Unilateral : Trendelenburg sign Bilateral lesions : dropping of pelvis both sides (Waddling gait) Myoplathies Muscular dystrophy
- 7. Ataxic/Cerebellar gait Wide based gait Clumsy, staggering movements Can not walk in a straight line Resemble gait of acute alcohol intoxication Titubation Cerebellar lesion
- 8. Sensory Ataxic gait Stomping/stamping gait Loss of proprioceptive inputs Lift knees higher to slam the foot hard on the floor to get sensory inputs Exacerbate in dark Resemble cerebellar ataxia in severe forms Romberg test - positive Sensory neuron lesions Dorsal column lesions Vit B12 deficiency Diabetic neuropathy
- 9. Choreiform gait Hyperkinetic Irregular jerky, involuntary movements in all extremities Walking may accentuate the baseline movement disorder Basal ganglia disorder Indirect pathway lesion
- 10. Parkinsonian gait Rigidity, bradykinesia Stooped with head and neck forward Knee flexion Upper extremity flexed with fingers extended Short steps Slow, difficult initiation Shuffling gait Basal ganglia disorder (direct pathway) Substantia nigra lesion Parkinson’s disease
- 11. Non neurologic gaits Antalgic gait Associated with pain in lower limbs, back etc Psycogenic gait Voluntary
- 12. Thank you