International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document presents a seminar on using compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It discusses the availability of natural gas, the properties of CNG, modifications required to engines to use CNG, the performance and emission characteristics of CNG as a fuel, and concludes that CNG represents a good alternative fuel that can help reduce emissions and extend petroleum supplies. The presentation includes discussions of natural gas fields, the composition of CNG, comparisons to gasoline, CNG engine development options, and advantages and disadvantages of using CNG as a vehicle fuel.
CNG offers numerous advantages over gasoline and diesel, making it a more viable fuel for vehicles. It is cheaper to operate, cleaner burning, and reduces pollution. CNG vehicles have lower maintenance costs and longer engine life. CNG is also safer than other fuels due to its high ignition temperature and narrow flammability range. It can reduce fuel costs by up to 70% compared to gasoline and diesel.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is presented as an alternative fuel to gasoline and diesel. CNG is made by compressing natural gas, which is mostly methane, to less than 1% of its volume. It has a higher octane rating than gasoline and burns cleaner with reduced emissions. Worldwide, countries like Pakistan, Iran, Argentina, and India have the most vehicles running on CNG, with over 17 million natural gas vehicles total. Converting vehicles to CNG provides benefits like lower fuel costs, reduced pollution, and increased fuel efficiency compared to gasoline or diesel. However, CNG also has some disadvantages like needing more space for fuel storage and potential issues in cold weather.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (which is primarily methane) to less than 1% of its volume at atmospheric pressure. CNG has several advantages over gasoline and diesel - it is cheaper, produces less carbon emissions, and is safer since it disperses quickly when released. However, CNG also has some disadvantages, such as requiring a large storage tank and limited refueling station availability compared to gasoline. Overall, CNG is considered an environmentally friendly alternative motor fuel that can help reduce vehicle emissions.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gaseous hydrocarbon composed primarily of methane. It is odorless, colorless, and lighter than air. Natural gas is considered one of the cleanest burning fossil fuels and produces fewer emissions than other fuels like coal, oil, and wood. It is used for power generation, industrial processes like fertilizer production, and heating homes and buildings. When natural gas replaces dirtier fuels, greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for ease of storage or transport and takes up less space than gaseous natural gas. LNG is transported globally via specially designed carriers and stored in insulated tanks.
An Overview of CNG and PNG
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): is natural gas compressed to a pressure of 200-250 Kg/cm² (g) (due to its low density) to enhance the vehicle onboard storage capacity. Thus, the compressed form of natural gas is used as a fuel for transportation purposes.
At present CNG Retail Outlets of GAIL and Its JVCs are available in Delhi, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, and Madhya Pradesh States with more than 400 CNG Retail outlets catering to approximately 6,80,000 vehicles.
Indraprastha Gas Ltd, a JV of GAIL (India) Ltd, has 209 CNG Retail outlets and Mahanagar Gas Ltd another JV of GAIL (India) Ltd has set up 148 CNG stations
Similarly, other JVCs like MNGL has 13 Outlets, BGL has 14 outlets , GGL with 10 outlets each, and AGL & CGUL with 9 retail outlets each and TNGCL with one outlet.
GAIL Gas Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL (India) Limited has currently 17 CNG outlets at Dewas, Sonepat, Kota, Meerut, Vijaipur, Dibiyapur, Firozabad, Vadodara and Panvel. It will be commissioning its other outlets very soon.
Piped Natural Gas (PNG) is natural gas used as a fuel for households, Industries (with a demand of less than 50000 scmd) and commercial units
CNG versus LPG as a Fuel
The document compares and contrasts compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as vehicle fuels. CNG produces fewer emissions than gasoline or LPG. It is safer than other fuels in the event of a spill, but causes more engine wear due to lack of lubrication. LPG produces more energy than CNG but requires specialized fuel systems. While LPG availability is greater, CNG has a more extensive pipeline distribution network. Both gases are used widely for transportation and cooking applications. The conclusion is that CNG represents a good alternative to gasoline and its use as a transportation fuel is expected to increase in the next 5-10 years.
Cng an alternative transport for natural gas instead of lngsimachem
This document discusses compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for transporting natural gas over shorter distances. CNG uses less infrastructure than LNG and can transport gas economically over distances up to 2500 miles. The document analyzes the technical aspects of compressing and refrigerating natural gas for transport via CNG carriers. It estimates costs for compression, refrigeration and transportation equipment and compares the cost of delivering gas via CNG versus LNG over different distances. CNG has the potential to access smaller gas reserves that are not economically viable for LNG projects.
This document presents a seminar on using compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It discusses the availability of natural gas, the properties of CNG, modifications required to engines to use CNG, the performance and emission characteristics of CNG as a fuel, and concludes that CNG represents a good alternative fuel that can help reduce emissions and extend petroleum supplies. The presentation includes discussions of natural gas fields, the composition of CNG, comparisons to gasoline, CNG engine development options, and advantages and disadvantages of using CNG as a vehicle fuel.
CNG offers numerous advantages over gasoline and diesel, making it a more viable fuel for vehicles. It is cheaper to operate, cleaner burning, and reduces pollution. CNG vehicles have lower maintenance costs and longer engine life. CNG is also safer than other fuels due to its high ignition temperature and narrow flammability range. It can reduce fuel costs by up to 70% compared to gasoline and diesel.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is presented as an alternative fuel to gasoline and diesel. CNG is made by compressing natural gas, which is mostly methane, to less than 1% of its volume. It has a higher octane rating than gasoline and burns cleaner with reduced emissions. Worldwide, countries like Pakistan, Iran, Argentina, and India have the most vehicles running on CNG, with over 17 million natural gas vehicles total. Converting vehicles to CNG provides benefits like lower fuel costs, reduced pollution, and increased fuel efficiency compared to gasoline or diesel. However, CNG also has some disadvantages like needing more space for fuel storage and potential issues in cold weather.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (which is primarily methane) to less than 1% of its volume at atmospheric pressure. CNG has several advantages over gasoline and diesel - it is cheaper, produces less carbon emissions, and is safer since it disperses quickly when released. However, CNG also has some disadvantages, such as requiring a large storage tank and limited refueling station availability compared to gasoline. Overall, CNG is considered an environmentally friendly alternative motor fuel that can help reduce vehicle emissions.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gaseous hydrocarbon composed primarily of methane. It is odorless, colorless, and lighter than air. Natural gas is considered one of the cleanest burning fossil fuels and produces fewer emissions than other fuels like coal, oil, and wood. It is used for power generation, industrial processes like fertilizer production, and heating homes and buildings. When natural gas replaces dirtier fuels, greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for ease of storage or transport and takes up less space than gaseous natural gas. LNG is transported globally via specially designed carriers and stored in insulated tanks.
An Overview of CNG and PNG
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): is natural gas compressed to a pressure of 200-250 Kg/cm² (g) (due to its low density) to enhance the vehicle onboard storage capacity. Thus, the compressed form of natural gas is used as a fuel for transportation purposes.
At present CNG Retail Outlets of GAIL and Its JVCs are available in Delhi, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, and Madhya Pradesh States with more than 400 CNG Retail outlets catering to approximately 6,80,000 vehicles.
Indraprastha Gas Ltd, a JV of GAIL (India) Ltd, has 209 CNG Retail outlets and Mahanagar Gas Ltd another JV of GAIL (India) Ltd has set up 148 CNG stations
Similarly, other JVCs like MNGL has 13 Outlets, BGL has 14 outlets , GGL with 10 outlets each, and AGL & CGUL with 9 retail outlets each and TNGCL with one outlet.
GAIL Gas Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL (India) Limited has currently 17 CNG outlets at Dewas, Sonepat, Kota, Meerut, Vijaipur, Dibiyapur, Firozabad, Vadodara and Panvel. It will be commissioning its other outlets very soon.
Piped Natural Gas (PNG) is natural gas used as a fuel for households, Industries (with a demand of less than 50000 scmd) and commercial units
CNG versus LPG as a Fuel
The document compares and contrasts compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as vehicle fuels. CNG produces fewer emissions than gasoline or LPG. It is safer than other fuels in the event of a spill, but causes more engine wear due to lack of lubrication. LPG produces more energy than CNG but requires specialized fuel systems. While LPG availability is greater, CNG has a more extensive pipeline distribution network. Both gases are used widely for transportation and cooking applications. The conclusion is that CNG represents a good alternative to gasoline and its use as a transportation fuel is expected to increase in the next 5-10 years.
Cng an alternative transport for natural gas instead of lngsimachem
This document discusses compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for transporting natural gas over shorter distances. CNG uses less infrastructure than LNG and can transport gas economically over distances up to 2500 miles. The document analyzes the technical aspects of compressing and refrigerating natural gas for transport via CNG carriers. It estimates costs for compression, refrigeration and transportation equipment and compares the cost of delivering gas via CNG versus LNG over different distances. CNG has the potential to access smaller gas reserves that are not economically viable for LNG projects.
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
The document discusses using natural gas as an alternative fuel to diesel in dump trucks used in surface mines in India. It provides background on global initiatives to use natural gas in heavy equipment. The key points made are:
- Natural gas could reduce fuel costs and emissions compared to diesel alone. Two options discussed are compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
- A case study from an Australian coal mine found that using 75% CNG or LNG and 25% diesel in dump trucks could meet an 8-hour shift with smaller fuel tanks than diesel alone.
- For implementation in Indian mines, on-site storage and fueling infrastructure would need to be established to safely
CNG is a compressed form of natural gas that can be used as an alternative fuel to diesel, petrol and propane. It has several advantages over other fuels such as being cheaper, causing less pollution and requiring lower maintenance costs. However, CNG vehicles require more space due to the onboard fuel storage tanks, which decreases available interior space. Overall, the document concludes that CNG is a useful fuel for vehicles to reduce pollution and costs compared to other fuels like petrol and diesel.
This document summarizes the work of Natural State Research, Inc. in developing a technology to convert municipal solid waste plastics into liquid fuels. It outlines the company's history and research process. Testing shows the produced fuel is similar to gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. The technology aims to reduce foreign oil dependency and environmental issues from plastic waste in landfills.
This document summarizes the work of Natural State Research, Inc. in developing a technology to convert waste plastics into liquid fuel. Key points:
1. NSR has been researching this technology since 2003 and has produced fuel from waste plastics that is similar to gasoline, diesel and jet fuel in tests.
2. The technology could help reduce foreign oil dependency in the US and create jobs by providing an alternative use for the 30 million tons of waste plastics produced in the US each year.
3. NSR is seeking funding to further develop the technology and build a pilot plant, and plans to license the technology which could generate hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue for use in all 50 US states and
2017.9 directory of china's cng mother stationsarapublication
This document introduces China's 628 compressed natural gas (CNG) supply sources (mother stations) in alphabetical order. It provides information on each project such as location, investor, operator, and contact details. The directory aims to help various stakeholders in the CNG industry better understand the competitive landscape and make informed decisions regarding investments and contracts. It can assist CNG project investors, fueling station developers, equipment suppliers, and consulting firms with analyzing the market and planning new projects.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WIT...IAEME Publication
In the scenario of fast depletion of fossil fuels, increase of fuel prices in International Market causing economic burden on developing countries like India and increase of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low and less dangerous when compared with liquid fuels. Specifically, CNG, provides an affordable energy source. Not only is CNG cheaper, it also gives consumers fuel efficiency. Besides, CNG becoming a vehicle owner’s best friend as it offers the potential of preserving the well-being of the vehicle, which translates into reduced up keeping cost. CNG is way better than petrol, as it emits less harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides into the air. Another big plus point about CNG is in abundant supply as it is widely available throughout the world. CNG was injected and ethanol was carbureted in diesel engine. Ethanol is highly volatile fuel and ratio of C/H (C=Number of carbon atoms, H=Number of hydrogen atoms in fuel composition) is less. However, ethanol has low cetane number. It causes combustion problems in diesel engine and hence call for semi adiabatic diesel engine (SADE), which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. Air gap insulation was provided with piston and liner. Investigations were carried out with CNG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and ethanol was carbureted into the engine. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at different values of brake power of engine. Data was compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of ethanol was 40% of total mass of diesel as full load operation, while it was 60% with SADE. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at different values of brake power of the engine. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of CNG and carbureted ethanol and further reduced with SADE.
Making the CNG Virtual Pipeline a Reality for Transportation Natural Gas (TNG)Jolynn Kennedy, CIMS-GB
No natural gas pipeline? No problem. You can facilitate off-pipeline vehicle fueling for CNG transportation fleet. Learn how by checking out this informative presentation by Broadwind | SAFE, XNG and Hexagon Composites.
This document discusses environmental risk compliance for natural gas ship design and operation. It notes that natural gas (NG) is becoming an increasingly important fuel due to its lower emissions compared to petroleum. NG can be transported and stored as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG). The document analyzes the regulatory frameworks governing NG ship design and operation, and discusses approaches to integrate risk assessment and goal-based standards to safely design and operate LPG ships in compliance with environmental regulations. It aims to prevent accidents and minimize risks to protect the environment.
Performance and Emission Improvement through Optimization of Venturi Type Gas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimization of a venturi-type gas mixer for compressed natural gas (CNG) engines. Five different venturi configurations were designed and tested experimentally on a single-cylinder CNG engine. The venturi configurations varied the throat diameter and number of holes. Testing analyzed the performance parameters (torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption) and exhaust emissions (CO, HC) of the engine across its operating range when using each venturi design. The results showed that venturi number 3 provided the best performance. It maintained lambda and equivalence ratios closest to stoichiometric and optimal values. It also produced the lowest BSFC and lowest CO and HC emissions compared to the other venturi designs. Therefore, venturi number
IRJET- Applications of Alternative Fuels in Maritime IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in the maritime industry to reduce emissions and fuel costs. It focuses on natural gas and hydrogen. Natural gas produces fewer emissions than coal or diesel and is cheaper than crude oil. It can be used on ships in liquid (LNG) or compressed gas form. Hydrogen is abundant but requires energy to extract from water or other sources. The effects of using natural gas and hydrogen in gas turbines were modeled, finding a small reduction in efficiency but lower fuel consumption and emissions compared to diesel. Natural gas was identified as a promising near-term alternative fuel for ships, while hydrogen requires more technological developments.
The document compares various alternative fuels to gasoline across multiple properties. It provides information on the chemical structure, fuel material/feedstocks, energy content and gasoline gallon equivalents of fuels like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas, ethanol and hydrogen. The document also discusses factors like maintenance issues, energy security impacts and references for further information on various fuel properties.
Annual Fossil Fuel Clean Air Initiative Usajmelanson
The document discusses a technology called GESiTM that can reduce emissions from vehicles and generators powered by gasoline, natural gas, and other fuels by up to 100%. It provides details on the technology and its benefits, including that it has been tested on vehicles and generators and shown reductions in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. The technology involves installing a device called a "Dry Selective Catalyst" on the exhaust that treats the emissions.
Study of Methane Emissions in the Marcellus, Haynesville and Fayetteville Sha...Marcellus Drilling News
A new study by researchers at the University of Colorado’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Titled "Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus shale gas production regions," the new study finds very little methane leakage in the Marcellus Shale region--less than 1/2 of 1%.
Gas reinjection and flaring reduction Norway's experience - Steinar Nja (Norw...Esther Petrilli-Massey
The document discusses gas reinjection as an alternative to flaring. It describes how gas reinjection can be used for improved oil recovery and gas storage. Gas reinjection involves compressing and injecting gas back into reservoirs. Monitoring programs are needed to track the movement of injected gas over time. The document also provides examples of gas reinjection projects in Norway, including some that involve storing carbon dioxide emissions underground.
The Team Red Octane aims to design and build two vehicles for the 2015 Shell Eco Marathon competition - one using compressed natural gas (CNG) and the other using gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel. Their goals are to complete the CNG vehicle by March 1st for testing, complete the GTL vehicle by March 15th, achieve 130 MPG equivalents for both vehicles, keep the weight below 450 lbs, and win the CNG on-track first place award.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Masciali Gabriele - Responsabile Commerciale - Ecomotive SolutionsWEC Italia
Slides presentate a Roma il 21 gennaio 2014 in occasione del Workshop "L'Impiego del gas naturale liquefatto (GNL) nei trasporti stradali. Normative, Standard e Tecnologie" promosso da @ConferenzaGNL, un progetto a cura di Symposia e WEC Italia - TWITTER #GNL
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document presents a paper on implementing an image search firewall with content filtering. The paper proposes a system that uses one-click image searching to better understand user intent compared to text-based searches. It aims to restrict unauthorized users from overloading the server.
The system allows users to register and be allocated a time period by the admin to use the image search application. It provides directional image searching through categories instead of text queries. When a user clicks an image, similar images will be displayed. The admin can set permissions to allow or block users during certain sessions. Content filtering is used to remove negative images not aligned with user intentions. This is meant to improve search results and server speed by limiting traffic from unauthorized users.
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
The document discusses using natural gas as an alternative fuel to diesel in dump trucks used in surface mines in India. It provides background on global initiatives to use natural gas in heavy equipment. The key points made are:
- Natural gas could reduce fuel costs and emissions compared to diesel alone. Two options discussed are compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
- A case study from an Australian coal mine found that using 75% CNG or LNG and 25% diesel in dump trucks could meet an 8-hour shift with smaller fuel tanks than diesel alone.
- For implementation in Indian mines, on-site storage and fueling infrastructure would need to be established to safely
CNG is a compressed form of natural gas that can be used as an alternative fuel to diesel, petrol and propane. It has several advantages over other fuels such as being cheaper, causing less pollution and requiring lower maintenance costs. However, CNG vehicles require more space due to the onboard fuel storage tanks, which decreases available interior space. Overall, the document concludes that CNG is a useful fuel for vehicles to reduce pollution and costs compared to other fuels like petrol and diesel.
This document summarizes the work of Natural State Research, Inc. in developing a technology to convert municipal solid waste plastics into liquid fuels. It outlines the company's history and research process. Testing shows the produced fuel is similar to gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. The technology aims to reduce foreign oil dependency and environmental issues from plastic waste in landfills.
This document summarizes the work of Natural State Research, Inc. in developing a technology to convert waste plastics into liquid fuel. Key points:
1. NSR has been researching this technology since 2003 and has produced fuel from waste plastics that is similar to gasoline, diesel and jet fuel in tests.
2. The technology could help reduce foreign oil dependency in the US and create jobs by providing an alternative use for the 30 million tons of waste plastics produced in the US each year.
3. NSR is seeking funding to further develop the technology and build a pilot plant, and plans to license the technology which could generate hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue for use in all 50 US states and
2017.9 directory of china's cng mother stationsarapublication
This document introduces China's 628 compressed natural gas (CNG) supply sources (mother stations) in alphabetical order. It provides information on each project such as location, investor, operator, and contact details. The directory aims to help various stakeholders in the CNG industry better understand the competitive landscape and make informed decisions regarding investments and contracts. It can assist CNG project investors, fueling station developers, equipment suppliers, and consulting firms with analyzing the market and planning new projects.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WIT...IAEME Publication
In the scenario of fast depletion of fossil fuels, increase of fuel prices in International Market causing economic burden on developing countries like India and increase of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low and less dangerous when compared with liquid fuels. Specifically, CNG, provides an affordable energy source. Not only is CNG cheaper, it also gives consumers fuel efficiency. Besides, CNG becoming a vehicle owner’s best friend as it offers the potential of preserving the well-being of the vehicle, which translates into reduced up keeping cost. CNG is way better than petrol, as it emits less harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides into the air. Another big plus point about CNG is in abundant supply as it is widely available throughout the world. CNG was injected and ethanol was carbureted in diesel engine. Ethanol is highly volatile fuel and ratio of C/H (C=Number of carbon atoms, H=Number of hydrogen atoms in fuel composition) is less. However, ethanol has low cetane number. It causes combustion problems in diesel engine and hence call for semi adiabatic diesel engine (SADE), which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. Air gap insulation was provided with piston and liner. Investigations were carried out with CNG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and ethanol was carbureted into the engine. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at different values of brake power of engine. Data was compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of ethanol was 40% of total mass of diesel as full load operation, while it was 60% with SADE. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at different values of brake power of the engine. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of CNG and carbureted ethanol and further reduced with SADE.
Making the CNG Virtual Pipeline a Reality for Transportation Natural Gas (TNG)Jolynn Kennedy, CIMS-GB
No natural gas pipeline? No problem. You can facilitate off-pipeline vehicle fueling for CNG transportation fleet. Learn how by checking out this informative presentation by Broadwind | SAFE, XNG and Hexagon Composites.
This document discusses environmental risk compliance for natural gas ship design and operation. It notes that natural gas (NG) is becoming an increasingly important fuel due to its lower emissions compared to petroleum. NG can be transported and stored as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG). The document analyzes the regulatory frameworks governing NG ship design and operation, and discusses approaches to integrate risk assessment and goal-based standards to safely design and operate LPG ships in compliance with environmental regulations. It aims to prevent accidents and minimize risks to protect the environment.
Performance and Emission Improvement through Optimization of Venturi Type Gas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimization of a venturi-type gas mixer for compressed natural gas (CNG) engines. Five different venturi configurations were designed and tested experimentally on a single-cylinder CNG engine. The venturi configurations varied the throat diameter and number of holes. Testing analyzed the performance parameters (torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption) and exhaust emissions (CO, HC) of the engine across its operating range when using each venturi design. The results showed that venturi number 3 provided the best performance. It maintained lambda and equivalence ratios closest to stoichiometric and optimal values. It also produced the lowest BSFC and lowest CO and HC emissions compared to the other venturi designs. Therefore, venturi number
IRJET- Applications of Alternative Fuels in Maritime IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in the maritime industry to reduce emissions and fuel costs. It focuses on natural gas and hydrogen. Natural gas produces fewer emissions than coal or diesel and is cheaper than crude oil. It can be used on ships in liquid (LNG) or compressed gas form. Hydrogen is abundant but requires energy to extract from water or other sources. The effects of using natural gas and hydrogen in gas turbines were modeled, finding a small reduction in efficiency but lower fuel consumption and emissions compared to diesel. Natural gas was identified as a promising near-term alternative fuel for ships, while hydrogen requires more technological developments.
The document compares various alternative fuels to gasoline across multiple properties. It provides information on the chemical structure, fuel material/feedstocks, energy content and gasoline gallon equivalents of fuels like biodiesel, propane, compressed natural gas, ethanol and hydrogen. The document also discusses factors like maintenance issues, energy security impacts and references for further information on various fuel properties.
Annual Fossil Fuel Clean Air Initiative Usajmelanson
The document discusses a technology called GESiTM that can reduce emissions from vehicles and generators powered by gasoline, natural gas, and other fuels by up to 100%. It provides details on the technology and its benefits, including that it has been tested on vehicles and generators and shown reductions in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. The technology involves installing a device called a "Dry Selective Catalyst" on the exhaust that treats the emissions.
Study of Methane Emissions in the Marcellus, Haynesville and Fayetteville Sha...Marcellus Drilling News
A new study by researchers at the University of Colorado’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Titled "Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus shale gas production regions," the new study finds very little methane leakage in the Marcellus Shale region--less than 1/2 of 1%.
Gas reinjection and flaring reduction Norway's experience - Steinar Nja (Norw...Esther Petrilli-Massey
The document discusses gas reinjection as an alternative to flaring. It describes how gas reinjection can be used for improved oil recovery and gas storage. Gas reinjection involves compressing and injecting gas back into reservoirs. Monitoring programs are needed to track the movement of injected gas over time. The document also provides examples of gas reinjection projects in Norway, including some that involve storing carbon dioxide emissions underground.
The Team Red Octane aims to design and build two vehicles for the 2015 Shell Eco Marathon competition - one using compressed natural gas (CNG) and the other using gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel. Their goals are to complete the CNG vehicle by March 1st for testing, complete the GTL vehicle by March 15th, achieve 130 MPG equivalents for both vehicles, keep the weight below 450 lbs, and win the CNG on-track first place award.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Masciali Gabriele - Responsabile Commerciale - Ecomotive SolutionsWEC Italia
Slides presentate a Roma il 21 gennaio 2014 in occasione del Workshop "L'Impiego del gas naturale liquefatto (GNL) nei trasporti stradali. Normative, Standard e Tecnologie" promosso da @ConferenzaGNL, un progetto a cura di Symposia e WEC Italia - TWITTER #GNL
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document presents a paper on implementing an image search firewall with content filtering. The paper proposes a system that uses one-click image searching to better understand user intent compared to text-based searches. It aims to restrict unauthorized users from overloading the server.
The system allows users to register and be allocated a time period by the admin to use the image search application. It provides directional image searching through categories instead of text queries. When a user clicks an image, similar images will be displayed. The admin can set permissions to allow or block users during certain sessions. Content filtering is used to remove negative images not aligned with user intentions. This is meant to improve search results and server speed by limiting traffic from unauthorized users.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document proposes a list of principles for disciplined innovation management. It begins by describing how the list was created through debate between Megan and Potter. The list includes principles such as pursuing incremental or radical innovation, understanding customers and markets, attracting creative people, investing in capabilities, and shaping innovation with a strategy. Successful innovation delivers benefits for companies through financial gains and solving problems.
El documento solicita información personal de Dayanalid Lauris Hernandez Briceño incluyendo su nombre completo, promoción y nombre de usuario en Edmodo, así como capturas de pantalla que muestren su perfil completo, aportes e interacciones con otros usuarios en la plataforma Edmodo.
Este documento presenta la información general sobre un curso de Matemática para Economía, incluyendo los temas a cubrir (lógica, teoría de conjuntos, límites, derivadas, integración), el cronograma con las fechas de las clases y exámenes parciales, la normativa sobre las calificaciones y promoción, y consideraciones sobre los exámenes como el uso permitido de calculadoras y reposiciones.
Eleições europeias cintia, carolina, maria e micaelaNatercia
O documento fornece informações sobre o Parlamento Europeu: 1) É o único órgão da UE eleito diretamente pelos cidadãos; 2) As eleições ocorrem a cada 5 anos; 3) Cerca de 500 milhões de cidadãos da UE podem votar.
El documento lista las especificaciones y opciones de componentes para armar computadoras, incluyendo procesadores Intel y AMD, placas madres compatibles, memoria RAM DDR3, almacenamiento SATA, enfriamiento, tarjetas de video Nvidia o AMD, y fuentes de poder. También incluye enlaces a dos procesadores Intel Core i3 de tercera y cuarta generación en MercadoLibre Venezuela con sus respectivos precios.
O financiamento da cultura no estado de MG - Maria Elisa FerreiraRafaela Cappai
O documento analisa a Lei Estadual de Incentivo à Cultura de Minas Gerais de 1998 a 2008 e o Fundo Estadual de Cultura de 2006 a 2008. A pesquisa mostra que ambos incentivos tiveram algum sucesso na descentralização dos recursos, mas ainda concentram financiamento na região central do estado. Também observa que certos gêneros culturais como teatro e música captam mais patrocínio. Mudanças nas leis tentaram melhorar a equalização entre regiões e áreas artísticas.
Jesús Manuel Olivares Palacios es un estudiante de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en la modalidad mixta en la sede del Hospital San José. Su matrícula es 1341705 y su número de contacto es 8187997124.
This multi-service publication provides tactics, techniques and procedures for tactical convoy operations. It addresses planning considerations such as troop leading procedures, route selection, convoy organization and communication. It also covers gun truck employment, mounted tactics, and improvised explosive device quick reference information. The document is intended to reduce casualty rates and increase mission success for convoys conducting operations in high threat environments.
El resumen presenta el informe de enero a mayo de 2012 del Grupo Valores y sus Brigadas Misioneras. El informe incluye una presentación de su proyecto con módulos teóricos y prácticos, reportes de actividades complementarias y gastos, e informa sobre el impacto positivo del programa en un brigadito llamado David que ahora desea estudiar una carrera universitaria.
[1] O documento discute como as tecnologias sociais e as redes sociais estão mudando as relações entre empresas e seus públicos.
[2] A teoria de redes sociais surgiu na antropologia social e tem sido aplicada para entender como as conexões entre pessoas influenciam o comportamento individual e coletivo.
[3] A medição da reputação de uma marca é fundamental, pois uma boa reputação pode gerar novos negócios, enquanto uma reputação negativa pode prejudicar toda a estratégia da empresa. Uma medição cor
Este documento presenta una serie de preguntas de selección múltiple sobre frutas, seguidas de comentarios de si se ganó o perdió. Comienza con cuatro opciones de frutas para seleccionar, luego otra ronda con cuatro opciones, y así sucesivamente con varias rondas más de preguntas sobre frutas seguidas de feedback. El documento termina agradeciendo la participación.
El escarabajo japonés fue encontrado por primera vez en Estados Unidos en 1916. Es una plaga importante que daña pastos, céspedes y parques al alimentarse sus larvas de las raíces de plantas, y cuyos adultos se alimentan de hojas, flores y frutos de más de 300 especies de plantas. Completa su ciclo de vida en 1-2 años, poniendo huevos en el suelo que eclosionan en primavera, pasando por estadios de larva y pupa antes de emerger los adultos en verano. Se le puede control
The document outlines a presentation about compressed natural gas (CNG) engines. It begins with an introduction to CNG as an alternative fuel comprised mostly of methane. It then discusses the history of CNG engines, how they work, their major components and operating principles. The document covers why CNG is used in vehicles, its advantages like lower emissions and cost effectiveness, and disadvantages like lower mileage. It also discusses the CNG power cycle, efficiency considerations, and reasons why CNG engines have not been more widely commercialized.
Converting a Diesel Engine to Dual-Fuel Engine Using Natural GasABHAY TIWARI
Over the past many years, large numbers of car buyers have been opting for a petrol car with a compressed natural gas (CNG)
kit fitted by the company. The most important thing is that the petrol engines cause global warming by having a large amount
of toxic gases exhausted by the petrol cars. However, by the introduction of catalytic converters (a catalytic converter is a
vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalysing a redox
reaction) we have been able to reduce the toxic emissions. Use of Catalytic converters in internal combustion engines fuelled
by either petrol or diesel, which reduces pollutants such as CO to a much less harmful gas, such as CO2. Because of this, a
catalyst car also consumes slightly more fuel, thus reducing its performance. However, by having these improvements, petrol
engine cars with catalysts still exhaust more CO and HC than cars with diesel engine, and by using a CNG kit there is are other
problem such as starting problems and jerks. Therefore, CNG kit is not as useful as it is expected to be. An alternative to this is
a diesel engine (dual fuel engine). However, a question arises that, Why Should one Choose a Diesel Powered dual fuel Engine
over other. So the answer is Diesel fuel contains more energy per litre than petrol. Thus, making more efficient than petrol
engine car. Diesel fuel contains no emissions of the regulated pollutants like (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides) which are quite less than those from petrol cars without a catalyst. Therefore, diesel engines are attracting greater
attention due to higher efficiency and cost effectiveness. Now, the main objective of this paper is to convert a diesel engine into
duel fuel engine with compressed natural gas, which will overcome the problem of cost and global warming. This paper
presents a dual fuel system for diesel-natural gas operation for a diesel engine, and analysis of the operating characteristics of
the engine.
The document presents an experimental study on the effects of substituting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine. Experiments were conducted at different CNG substitution levels of 2.5 LPM, 7.5 LPM, and 12.5 LPM and compression ratios of 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific energy consumption were calculated. The results showed that as CNG substitution increased, performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency decreased while brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific energy consumption increased. The highest performance was achieved at a compression ratio of 17.5. Ex
This document provides an overview of CNG filling operations at Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL) in New Delhi, India. It discusses the basics of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative vehicle fuel, describing the CNG filling process, infrastructure requirements, and vehicle storage systems. It also summarizes IGL's quality control procedures for incoming natural gas, highlighting tests done at their Mahipalpur Gas Station. The report aims to understand various aspects of CNG filling operations in order to analyze the process and suggest improvements.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Green engines development using compressed natural gas as an alternative fuelMarcus 2012
This document reviews the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative fuel for engines. CNG has advantages over gasoline and diesel such as lower emissions and cost. It can be used in modified gasoline or diesel engines. There are two main options for gasoline engines - bi-fuel conversion, which allows both fuels, or dedicated CNG engines. For diesel engines, options are dual-fuel engines which use both fuels, or normal ignition engines which run solely on CNG. CNG engines can operate at lean or stoichiometric conditions with different emissions characteristics. Overall CNG engines have potential for lower emissions than gasoline or diesel engines if properly designed. Further research is needed to improve CNG engine performance and meet future
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
The document discusses the influence of injection timing on the performance of a dual fuel compression ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Key findings from experiments conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine retrofitted to run on diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) include: 1) Brake thermal efficiency is highest at an intermediate LPG flow rate of 0.5kg/hr due to better combustion; 2) EGR reduces brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature by lowering combustion temperatures; 3) NOx emissions decrease with increased EGR as EGR lowers peak combustion temperatures. Smoke and hydrocarbon emissions increase with EGR due to reduced oxygen.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WI...IAEME Publication
In the context of exhaustion of fossil fuels day by day due to heavy demand with the use of agriculture sector and transport sector, escalation of fuel prices in International Oil Market causing huge economic burden on developing countries like India and rise of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the conservation of fossil fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many merits over liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low due to clean combustion, high calorific value in comparison with liquid fuels. Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (measure of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines. They can be rectified to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. They are many methods to induct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near end of compression stroke etc. Investigations were carried out with Acetylene gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and diesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection pressure and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of Acetylene gas was 35% of total mass of diesel as full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of Acetylene gas and further reduced with an increase of injection pressure.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas (mostly methane) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel that is used in vehicles. CNG produces fewer emissions and is cheaper than gasoline or diesel. While CNG vehicles require a high-pressure storage tank that takes up space, manufacturers are developing solutions like roof and underbody storage to address this disadvantage. CNG is also safer and more readily available than liquefied natural gas (LNG), making it more suitable for powering vehicles.
Critical perspective of using natural gas for vehiclesTorben Haagh
This document provides a critical perspective on the use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel. It discusses the differences between compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG), and notes that while natural gas burns cleaner than gasoline, it is still a fossil fuel with environmental impacts. The document also examines issues with natural gas supply and extraction methods, costs of natural gas vehicles, and argues that more comprehensive studies are needed to fully evaluate natural gas and other alternative fuels compared to traditional gasoline vehicles.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
1. The document evaluates the performance of a diesel engine running in dual fuel mode with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel.
2. LPG was inducted into the engine at rates of 0.094, 0.189, and 0.283 kg/hr using a fumigation method. This led to reductions in diesel consumption of up to 11% and improvements in brake specific fuel consumption of up to 32%.
3. However, brake thermal efficiency did not improve due to poor utilization of LPG's high energy content. While diesel was saved, using LPG resulted in higher overall costs and slightly reduced performance compared to diesel alone.
Investigation on multi cylinder s.i engine using blends of hydrogen and cngeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissionscharan samanchi
This study investigated the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on emissions and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine running on biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and diesel. Biodiesel was produced through alkali-catalyzed transesterification of WCO. The engine was tested with biodiesel-diesel blends (B20, B40, B80, B100) with and without 30% EGR. EGR effectively reduced NOx emissions for all fuels by lowering combustion temperatures but increased hydrocarbon, smoke and CO emissions due to reduced oxygen. B20 generally had the lowest emissions. While EGR increased fuel consumption, it was very effective at reducing NOx to
Investigation of engine performance, combustion, and emissions using waste t...Adib Bin Rashid
This work investigated engine performance and emissions using waste tire oil-diesel-biodiesel blends. A sustainable fuel glycine max biodiesel was blended with the tire oil-diesel blends to improve performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions. The seven fuels including a 100% diesel 10–30% waste tire oil to 90-70% diesel, 10% tire oil +10% biodiesel +80% diesel, 30% tire
oil+10% biodiesel+60% diesel and 10% biodiesel+90% diesel was used as fuels in a direct injection diesel engine. Up to 30% (vol) waste tire pyrolysis oil was blended with diesel. More than 30% of waste tire pyrolysis oil shows inferior solubility issues and inferior engine performance and emissions. Thus, this investigation was limited to 30% waste tire pyrolysis oil. All fuel blends
showed similar properties to diesel. With similar engine performance, like torque, power,efficiency, energy, and exergy metrics, the blends showed insignificant variations in emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide) compared to a reference diesel fuel. Interestingly, the experimental results were compared with the modelling results, and the maximum variations between
them were 10%. The outcome of this research can promote waste tire pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and accords with alternative energy development initiatives all over the world.
Advancement in lpg as alternative fuels and its commercial applicationRaihan Shaikh
This document is a student paper on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel. It discusses the properties and composition of LPG, its history of use as a vehicle fuel over the past 60 years, how it is produced, its advantages as an environmentally friendly fuel with lower costs than gasoline, and its drawbacks such as reduced driving range and limited refueling infrastructure. The document also summarizes the technology and performance of LPG engines, which operate similar to gasoline engines, and provides details on LPG combustion processes.
This document summarizes a study on using compressed natural gas (CNG) as a fuel for two-wheelers in India. CNG has advantages over gasoline and diesel such as being cheaper, more abundant domestically, and reducing emissions. The study involved modifying a motorcycle to run on CNG and testing its performance and emissions. Results showed the CNG-powered motorcycle reduced CO and hydrocarbon emissions by over 95% compared to gasoline, increased fuel efficiency, and lowered maintenance costs. The document concludes that CNG is a viable cleaner alternative fuel for motorcycles that could help reduce air pollution in cities.
Abstract: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used in commercial vehicles. This project evaluated an experimental investigation on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the study was to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using different fuels. The engine used in the study was originally a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine and minor modifications were carried out to permit the experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer with non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) was inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to performance and emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and LPG) at various compression ratios (4.67:1,5.49:1).The engine performance studies were conducted with engine setup. Parameters like brake power, brake fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test result indicated that LPG fuel have closer performance to Gasoline fuel. However, the brake specific energy consumption shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
Performance and emission analysis of four stroke twin spark single cylinder S...ijsrd.com
An internal combustion (IC) engine has a predominant role in a low power generation and a virtual monopoly in mobile applications today. One of the best methods to improve the engine performance and reduce the exhaust emission in a SI engine is by using introduction of twin spark into the combustion chamber. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of twin spark using CNG fuel in SI engine. The performance and emission analysis of an engine are investigated by experiment with CNG kit and gas analyzer. From this study the fuel consumption is reduce in twin spark arrangement for the same power output as compare to single spark using both of the fuel gasoline as well as CNG. Engine emission is considerably reduced using twin spark plug.
IRJET- Performance of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Euc...IRJET Journal
This document discusses testing the performance of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine running on eucalyptus oil biodiesel. Key points:
1) Tests were conducted on a single cylinder HCCI engine to analyze parameters like brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and emissions of NOx, HC, and smoke when running on blends of 10% eucalyptus oil biodiesel and 90% diesel.
2) Results showed performance decreased with HCCI operation but emissions of NOx, HC, and smoke reduced significantly.
3) HCCI aims to combine benefits of gasoline and diesel engines like low soot emissions and high efficiency. It prem
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
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Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
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This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
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"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
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Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Ga3411031110
1. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1103 | P a g e
Experimental Study on Conversion of 4 Stroke Gasoline Internal
Combustion Engine into Enriched Compressed Natural Gas
Engine To Achieve Lower Emissions
Mr. Saravanan V.S1
, Dr. P. S. Utgikar2
, Dr. Sachin L Borse3
1, 2, 3
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering,Tathawade, Pune,
Maharashta, Pune-411033
ABSTRACT
In spark ignition engine with gasoline
and compressed natural gas as fuel,
performance and emissions results were
recorded under steady state operating
conditions. The engine is run at wide open
throttle and constant speed ranging from 1000
rpm to 5000 rpm with 500 rpm increment. On
average, we have observed that CNG operation
results in 3-12% less Mechanical efficiency
compared to gasoline. In terms of exhaust
emissions, the results show that HC, CO and
CO2 have got reduced significantly by 40-66%,
54-98% and 28-30% respectively compared to
gasoline. Now a days the emission norms are
very stringent. Emission standards like Bharat
Stage IV (Equal to EURO IV) is implemented in
India, in 13 major cities, since April 2010 and
Bharat Stage III is implemented nationwide
since April 2010. To meet the EURO V norms
this can be further modified into Hydrogen
Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG)
system by using hydrogen with CNG. This
process is carried out to reduce the exhaust
emissions at its best and to have the complete
combustion of fuel from the beginning itself.
Key words: Bharat Stage, CNG, Emission
standards, EURO, Exhaust gas analyzer
I. Introduction
There are currently more than 9 million
Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) operating worldwide,
with numbers increasing by more than 35% per
year. Most of these vehicles operate on
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), however,
advances in gas storage and transport technology
are bringing about significant changes in NGV
options. According to Brett Jarman[1] the
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), small scale
liquefaction, bio methane (biogas), Hydrogen
Methane Blends (HCNG), Adsorbed Natural Gas
(ANG) and even synthesized methane hydrates are
all available on the commercial horizon.
Compressed natural gas is the most
favorite for fossil fuel substitution. As per
Semin[2] the new design of the CNG engine
injector nozzle holes geometries of the port
injection CNG engine can be achieved through
increased understanding of the fuel spray process.
The objectives of the gas fuel spray simulation of
sequential port injection CNG engine using injector
nozzle multi holes is to simulate the injector nozzle
multi holes injected gas fuel spray effect in
combustion chamber of sequential port injection
dedicated CNG engine based on variation intake
valve lift.
Natural gas is found in various locations
in oil and gas bearing sand strata located at various
depths below the earth surface. Compressed natural
gas is the most favorite for fossil fuel substitution.
CNG is a gaseous form of natural gas was
compressed, it have been recognized as one of the
promising alternative fuel due to its substantial
benefits compared to gasoline and diesel fuel.
These include lower fuel cost, cleaner exhaust gas
emissions, higher octane number and most
certainly. Therefore, the numbers of engine
vehicles powered by CNG engines were growing
rapidly. Natural gas is safer than gasoline in many
respects. The ignition temperature for natural gas is
higher than gasoline and diesel.
Additionally, natural gas is lighter than air and
will dissipate upward rapidly if a rupture occurs.
Gasoline and diesel fuel will pool on the ground,
increasing the danger of fire. Natural gas is non-
toxic and will not contaminate groundwater if
spilled. Advanced CNG engines guarantee
considerable advantages over conventional
gasoline and diesel engines. CNG is a largely
available form of fossil energy. The exploitation of
full potential of CNG as an alternative fuel is
means of reducing exhaust gas emissions.
However, the research of applying natural gas as an
alternative fuel in engines will be an important
activity, because the liquid fossil fuels will be
finished and will become scarce and most costly.
CNG has some advantages compared to gasoline
and diesel fuel from an environmental perspective.
It is a cleaner fuel than either gasoline or diesel fuel
as far as emissions are concerned. CNG is
considered to be an environmentally clean to those
fuels. Another that, the advantages of CNG as a
fuel are octane number is very good for SI engines.
Octane number is a fast flame speed, so the CNG
engine can be operated in high compression ratio.
2. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1104 | P a g e
Trails has been conducted in the SI bi-fuel engine
fuel as CNG and gasoline under different testing
conditions and the results were compared to
achieve the lower emissions.
II. Literature survey
The use of gas (as opposed to gasoline) as
a transport fuel has a history almost as long as the
motor car itself. Early engines were known to make
use of coal gas or town gas as a fuel source. While
the gas itself proved to be a good performer,
probably the key reason why it didn’t take off at
the time was the simple matter of on-board storage.
Liquid fuels such as petrol and diesel (and alcohol)
proved to be more ‘user friendly’ thus they won the
day and liquid fuels became the ‘status quo’. More
than that, they have become the lifeblood of the
world economy, with crude oil taking the role of
the key currency.
However, times have changed now and
one wonders, if we knew back then what about
producing, transporting and storing gases now, how
much different the world would be - not just in
terms of transport but even politically,
economically, and militarily. Fortunately it was
learned a lot about gases in the meantime, with
natural gas first making headway on our roads in
the 1930s and 40s. The depression and the II World
War saw the birth of creative ideas for the storage
and transport of natural gas.
The benefits of natural gas vehicles are
well known already, particularly here in India, but
they deserve a quick mention - reduced air
pollutants, reduced greenhouse emissions,
increased safety over other fuels, lower cost,
improved energy independence due to the wider
distribution of natural gas, and now, the onset of
‘renewable natural gas’ (more on that soon).
According to Brett Jarman[1] CNG does have some
limitations, the lower fuel density means more
frequent refueling, and the high pressures involved
can prove problematic if a system is tampered with.
The natural gas vehicle landscape is changing
dramatically though, with fuel sources, storage and
transportation all undergoing massive change.
While a lot of these technologies have been around
for some time, many of these have become ‘viable’
with the onset of peak oil and dramatic price
fluctuations in oil prices.
One technical consideration with these
projects is that the jury is still out on the effect of
hydrogen on high pressure cylinders, piping and
vehicle engines. In most jurisdictions blends of
relatively low percentages of hydrogen are
permitted before a fuel is considered not to be
natural gas. According to Brett Jarman[1], these
limits were originally set as an arbitrary limit,
primarily because of the possibility of hydrogen
causing embrittlement in components. A theoretical
‘safe’ limit is yet to be determined and work is
underway to define and amend this if require. The
future for HCNG does however look bright and
will help carve an easier path for hydrogen vehicles
if they are to eventuate.
Improvement the new design of the CNG
engine injector nozzle holes geometries of the port
injection CNG engine can be achieved through
increased understanding of the fuel spray process.
The simulations run by Cosmos FloWork, a
computation fluid dynamic (CFD) software. As per
Semin [2] the simulation is focused in the 1.78mm,
3.55mm, 5.33mm and 7.1mm intake valve lift. The
types of injector nozzles that used are multi holes
nozzle such as 2 holes, 3 holes, 4 holes and 5 holes.
The detail of the simulation methodology is start
from collecting data of the engine until analyze the
gas fuel spray phenomenon in combustion
chamber. The results are shown that the natural gas
fuel flow spray for the original injector nozzle flow
is in good condition, but the gas fuel spray is not
excellently because the spray is focuses in left and
right side of combustion chamber. The new injector
nozzle multi holes fuel spray is more excellent than
the original, where in the new injector the fuel has
spray in spread in the combustion chamber.
Compressed natural gas is the Gas Fuel Spray
Simulation of Port Injection Compressed Natural
Gas Engine Using Injector Nozzle Multi Holes 189
most favourite for fossil fuel substitution.
CNG is a gaseous form of natural gas was
compressed, it have been recognized as one of the
promising alternative fuel due to its substantial
benefits compared to gasoline and diesel fuel.
These include lower fuel cost, cleaner exhaust gas
emissions, higher octane number and most
certainly. Therefore, the numbers of engine
vehicles powered by CNG engines were growing
rapidly. Natural gas is safer than gasoline in many
respects.
CNG is a largely available form of fossil
energy. The exploitation of full potential of CNG
as an alternative fuel is means of reducing exhaust
gas emissions. According to Semin [2] the research
of applying natural gas as an alternative fuel in
engines will be an important activity, because the
liquid fossil fuels will be finished and will become
scarce and most costly. CNG has some advantages
compared to gasoline and diesel fuel from an
environmental perspective. It is a cleaner
fuel than either gasoline or diesel fuel as far as
emissions are concerned. CNG is considered to be
an environmentally clean to those fuels. Another
that, the advantages of CNG as a fuel are octane
number is very good for SI engines. Octane number
is a fast flame speed, so the CNG engine can be
operated in high compression ratio.
3. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1105 | P a g e
Improvement the new design of the CNG engine
injector nozzle holes geometries of the port
injection CNG engine can be achieved through
increased understanding of the fuel spray process
and this effect on engine performance and
emissions. In the latter, a model can be developed
based on computational simulation and
experimental then for the further will be tested by
comparing both them. In any research, the
physically model was developed after the
computational modeling to reduce the
economically cost, materials and time. To improve
of CNG engine nozzle hole geometry and
understand of the processes in the air-fuel mixing
and combustion is a challenge because the
compression-ignition combustion process is
unsteady, heterogeneous, turbulent and three
dimensional, very complex.
The gaseous fuel injector nozzle holes
geometry can be variation with any holes
geometry, to improve the perfect of mixing process
of CNG fuel and air in combustion chamber, for
example with arranging of nozzle hole geometry,
nozzle spray pressure, modification of piston head,
arranging of piston top clearance, letting the air
intake in the form of turbulent and changing the
CNG fuel angle of spray. The CNG fuel spraying
injector nozzle is the level of earning variation so
that can be done by research experiment and
computational simulation. Based on research
results with the Trans-Valve-Injection (TVI)
system, a high-speed gas jet is pulsed from the
intake port through the open intake valve into the
combustion chamber, where it causes effects of
turbulence and charge stratification particularly at
engine part load operations. The system is able to
diminish the cyclic variations and to expand the
limit of lean operation of the engine. The flexibility
of gas pulse timing offers the potential advantage
of lower emissions and fuel consumption.
With three types of multi point injection
(MPI) injectors available on the market, was
compared for stationary and transient engine
operation. There are several advantages of MPI,
e.g., better possibility to equalize the air-fuel ratio
of the cylinders, optimization of the gas injection
timing and of the gas pressure for different
operating conditions. According to that the
sequential or MPI system has advantages for the
more efficiency. According to Semin [2] this
research will develop the sequential port injection
CNG engine using new injector nozzle multi holes
geometries. The objectives on the gas fuel spray
simulation of sequential port injection CNG engine
using injector nozzle multi holes is to simulate the
injected gas fuel spray effect in combustion
chamber of sequential port injection dedicated
CNG engine based on variation intake valve lift.
The increasing cost of petroleum-based
fuels and the stringent regulations regarding limits
for exhaust emissions in recent years have
increased interest in alternative fuels for
automotive engines. The converted engine uses the
intrinsic fuel system (i.e. carburetor or port
injection) to deliver fuel to the cylinder. Based on
How Heoy Geok [3] these result in some
drawbacks, mainly reduced power and limited
upper speed, which are due to lower charge inhaled
energy (due to reduced volumetric efficiency) and
slower flame speed respectively.
It is reported that power, volume
efficiency and brake mean effective pressure
(BMEP) were reduced significantly when
converting port injection engine from gasoline to
natural gas. One of the methods to mitigate the
problems is by directly injecting natural gas into
the combustion chamber. Direct injection (DI)
system can increase the absolute heating value of
the cylinder charge and enhance turbulence
intensity for better mixing prior to ignition. As a
result, it can improve the combustion efficiency for
better torque and power, reduce pumping and heat
losses and control the air fuel ratio of the engine
more precisely. Besides, DI of natural gas can
maintain the smoke free operation of SI engines
and produce lower NOx emissions compared to the
unthrottled diesel engines. However, the
development of new direct injection engine is
costly and technically difficult to achieve within a
short period of time. This is due to the needs for
development of new cylinder head to acclimate
with direct fuel injector and also involves tedious
calibration of the engine control system.
Sequential port injection (or multi-point
injection) of natural gas can offer an immediate
solution for the drawbacks of CNG converted
engine. NG is injected by individual injector at
each cylinder intake manifold just before the
opening of intake valve. Better control of mixture
formation and response to changing speed can be
achieved. Thus, it provides the opportunity to
reduce the negative effects on the performance
compared to carburetor-type or single injector
manifold injection. The results obtained from
experimental investigation of the sequential port
injection natural gas engine with respect to
performance and exhaust emissions were
compared.
According to Munde Gopal, G [4], the
compressed natural gas vehicles exhibit significant
potential for the reduction of gas emissions and
particulates. There are many problems for
compressed natural gas applications such as
onboard storage due to low energy volume ratio,
knock at high loads and high emission of methane
and carbon monoxide at light loads. However these
4. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1106 | P a g e
can be overcome by the proper design, fuel
management and exhaust treatment techniques.
Darade.P.M. [5] says that the greatest
opportunity for improving the efficiency and
performance of spark ignition engines are by way
of higher compression ratio, variable valve timing
and low friction. The compression ratio also affects
many performance parameters and emissions.
Variable compression ratio is recognized as a
method for improving fuel economy in spark
ignition engines.
One of the major benefits of using natural
gas as an engine fuel is that exhaust gas emissions
can be reduced compared to the levels achievable
with either gasoline or diesel fuel. One of the
methods of achieving reduced emissions from
spark ignited IC engines is to use a three way
catalytic converter with careful control of air-fuel
ratio to the stoichiometric value. An alternative, but
particularly promising, operating strategy for
reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons is to run the
engine at very lean air-fuel ratios, using so called
‘lean-burn’ strategy.
Implementation of this strategy eliminates
the costly catalytic converter and the attendant
control problems associated with the need to keep
the precise control of air-fuel ratio. Using a lean
burn strategy with a carefully optimized spark
ignited natural gas engine may result in both light
duty and heavy duty engines meeting current and
proposed emissions regulations without the use of
the expensive catalytic converter. Another benefit
of lean operation is increased thermal efficiency in
due to an increase in the ratio of specific heats for
lean mixtures.
Natural gas is particularly benefit for this
particular strategy since it has wider flammability
limits than does gasoline, enabling an engine to
operate at leaner air-fuel ratios with a consequent
reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. Operation
with natural gas mixtures at a fixed part- load
condition also leads to increased thermal efficiency
due to a reduction in throttling losses. Evans
R.L.[6] says that the objective of this work was to
obtain a detailed comparison of engine
performance and exhaust emissions from natural
gas and gasoline fuelled spark engines over a wide
range of engine speeds, loads and air-fuel ratios
under carefully controlled steady state operating
conditions.
Many comparative studies of natural gas
and gasoline as engine fuels have been published,
but these have nearly all utilized natural gas
conversions of standard gasoline automobile
engines. Such conversions normally use simple gas
carburetion systems which have very air-fuel ratio
control compared to modern fuel injected gasoline
engines. In many cases the result published for
natural gas operation have shown lower exhaust
emissions for the gasoline fuelled vehicles,
primarily because of the better air-fuel ratio
control. This study was designed, therefore, to
ensure that accurate measurements of performance
and exhaust emissions were obtained under
carefully controlled Air-fuel ratio conditions for
both fuels.
Engines are basically air pumps. For more
power, an engine must burn more fuel; hence more
air must be pumped into the cylinders. The amount
of air available to the engine depends on the
resistance to the flow through the engine intake
system, cylinder and exhaust system. The ability of
the engine to pump the air is called volumetric
efficiency. If this is reduced the maximum power
output will be reduced in the similar manner.
Liquid fuel when atomized generally consumes
very small space in the intake system, thus do not
affect the volumetric efficiency significantly. While
gaseous fuels require 4 to 15 percent of intake
passage volume. Space occupied by the fuel
reduces the amount of air entering the engine;
hence the power output of the engine is reduced.
According to Bhandari Kirti [7] theoretically, loss
in power output for LPG (4%) is less than NG
(9.5%).
III. Experimental setup and procedure
A 0.8 liter, multipoint fuel injection
gasoline engine (Maruti 800) was converted to a
CNG-gasoline bi-fuel sequential type port fuel
injection and can be operated either with gasoline
or CNG by switching between the fuel supplies
using an electronically controlled solenoid actuated
fuel selector. The specifications of the engine are
listed in Table 1 and the experimental setup and the
schematic diagram are shown in Fig. 1and Fig. 2
respectively. An eddy current dynamometer and
Ni-DAQ data acquisition system were used to
program the engine test as well as recording engine
performance data. The engine was run at steady
state conditions with wide open throttle at constant
speed ranging from 1500 to 5000 rpm with 500
rpm increment for both gasoline and CNG.
CNG is stored at 200 bar pressure in a
tank and its pressure was reduced to 1.5 bar by a
pressure regulator and a reducer as it is injected
into the intake manifold. A check valve was
installed on the fuel system to prevent the backflow
of gas. The injection of CNG was controlled by the
TAMMONA CNG control software for the engine
tuning calibration at different speeds. Gasoline
consumption was measured using a volume-scaled
pipette and time recording. The mass flow rate of
CNG was measured with digital weighing balance.
A pressure sensor (Kistler type 6125B) was
installed to one of engine cylinders and pressure
5. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1107 | P a g e
data was sent to data acquisition system. Exhaust
emissions for both fuels were measured by AVL 5
gas analyzer.
Fig. 1 3 -Cylinder MPFI water cooled
computerized SI engine
Fig. 2 Schematic of Experimental set up
T1 – Inlet water temperature to the Engine
T2 – Outlet water temperature from engine
T3 – Inlet water temperature to exhaust gas
calorimeter
T4 – Outlet water temperature at exhaust gas
calorimeter
T5 – Temperature of water at Engine outlet / at
Calorimeter inlet
T6 – Temperature of water at Calorimeter outlet
Table 1 Engine and Dynamometer
Specification
Engine Make Maruti
Model Maruti 800, 796 CC
Type 3 Cylinder, 4 stroke
Fuel Petrol(MPFI)
Cooling Water Cooled
Power 27.6 kW @ 5000 rpm
Bore (d) 66.5 mm
Stroke 72 mm
Dynamometer type Eddy Current
Compression ratio 9.2:1
Orifice Diameter (do) 35 mm
Dynamometer Arm
Length
210 mm
3.1 Engine test
Tests were conducted under 100% wide open
throttle (WOT) and two part load (50% and 25% of
full load) conditions. The four stroke engine also
connected to a personal computer based data
acquisition system. The system allows
simultaneous measurement of all major engine
parameters, including torque, flow rates, speed,
pressures, temperatures and exhaust composition.
A separate high speed data acquisition
system enables measurements of cylinder pressure
to be recorded if required. Although this is a low
compression ratio engine for natural gas, with its
high octane rating, a direct comparison of the two
fuels when used in the same engine build was focus
of this investigation.
IV. Observations and results
The engine is run at wide open throttle and
constant speed ranging from 1500 to 5000 rpm
with around 500 rpm increment. However, the
volumetric efficiency is reduced by 4-10% with
CNG operation. Due to this, the brake torque, brake
power and brake mean effective pressure of the
engine are reduced by 8-16%. In terms of exhaust
emissions, the results will be that HC, CO and CO2
will be significantly reduced by 40-66%, 55-87%
and 28-30 % respectively compared to gasoline.
Experiments were conducted for WOT,
25% and 50% of throttle opening. Engine speed,
temperature at various locations and the gas
analyzer readings for CO, CO2, NOx and HC were
recorded for gasoline as well as CNG fuel.
Fig. 3 Hydrocarbon versus engine speed
Fig. 3 compares the HC emission for CNG
and gasoline. For fuels CNG and gasoline at 2500
rpm the exhaust gas contains around 50 ppm and
250 – 300 ppm of HC respectively.
Carbon content of CNG is 8 times lesser than the
gasoline, which reduces carbon based emissions.
Also in the gaseous fuel complete combustion takes
place, which reduces HC emissions. More
homogeneous mixture is formed in gaseous fuel
compared to liquid fuels. Further reduction of HC
can be done using higher compression ratio
dedicated CNG engine.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
HC(ppm)
Speed (rpm)
GASOLINE
CNG
6. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1108 | P a g e
Fig.4 Carbon Dioxide versus engine speed
Fig. 5 Nitrogen oxide versus engine speed
Fig.4 shows the graphical comparison of
CO2 content in the exhaust gas. For fuel as CNG
against gasoline, CO2 emissions were lower at
different speeds of engine.
Figure 5 shows the graphical comparison
of NOx content in the exhaust gas. For fuels CNG
and gasoline at 4500 rpm the exhaust gas contains
around 1800 ppm and 400 ppm of NOx
respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) are usually grouped together as NOx
emissions. NO is the predominant oxide of nitrogen
produced inside the engine cylinder. Principal
source of NOx is oxidation of atmospheric
(molecular) nitrogen and high combustion
temperature. It is observed that in CNG NOx
emissions are more due to increase in temperature
during combustion. NOx can be reduced by
retarding the spark timing or forming lean burn
combustion.
EGR or steam injections are some of the
techniques used for NOx reduction. It is observed
that at higher speed and higher load NOx formation
is more. At higher speed & higher load NOx
formation is less for gasoline as the engine is
dedicated gasoline engine. EURO V norms are
more stringent for NOx emissions as it forms nitric
acid when comes in contact with the atmospheric
water vapour.
Fig. 6 Carbon monoxide versus engine speed
Fig. 7 Volumetric efficiency versus engine speed
Carbon monoxide content was lesser
while the engine using CNG fuel as against
gasoline, at various speeds. This comparison is
shown in Fig.6 When Gasoline was used as fuel
there were some possibilities of improper mixing.
Consequence of this lead to CO emissions.
Variation of volumetric efficiency of the
engine at different speeds is being shown in
Fig. 7. At the speed of 3000 rpm it is 80% for
gasoline and 58% for CNG.
Fig. 8 Mechanical efficiency versus engine speed
Variation of mechanical efficiency of the
engine at different speeds is being shown in
Fig. 8. At the speed of 3000 rpm it is 70% for CNG
and 80% for gasoline.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
CO2(%)
Speed (rpm)
Gasoline
CNG
5
205
405
605
805
1005
1205
1405
1605
1805
2005
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
NOxppm
Speed (rpm)
GASOLINE
CNG
Poly. (CNG)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
CO(%)
Speed (rpm)
Gasoline
CNG
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500VolumetricEfficiency(%)
Speed (rpm)
Gasoline
CNG
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
MechanicalEfficiency(%)
Gasoline
CNG
Poly. (Gasoline)
Log. (CNG)
7. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1109 | P a g e
Table 2 Comparison of emission of exhaust gases
at different throttle opening
Throttle
Open
Exhaust
gases
Gasoline CNG
25% CO (%) 0.11 0.02
CO2(%) 14.3 9.3
HC(ppm) 23 14
NOx(ppm) 21 29
50% CO (%) 1.41 0.64
CO2(%) 14.6 10.4
HC(ppm) 56 33
NOx(ppm) 32 139
100%
WOT
CO (%) 2.9 0.69
CO2 (%) 14.9 10.6
HC(ppm) 274 62
NOx(ppm) 58 338
Engine Throttle Opening level
Fig. 9 Carbon monoxide versus Engine throttle
opening
In the Fig. 9 it is shown that there was
reduction in CO emission with CNG as fuel as
against gasoline at different throttle opening. When
Gasoline was used as fuel there were some
possibilities of improper mixing. Consequence of
this lead to CO emissions
.
Engine Throttle Opening level
Fig. 10 Carbon Dioxide versus Engine throttle
Opening
Engine Throttle Opening level
Fig. 11 Hydrocarbon versus Engine throttle
opening
Engine Throttle Opening level
Fig. 12 Nitrogen oxides versus Engine throttle
Opening
In Fig. 10 it is shown that the overall
Carbon dioxide content in the exhaust gas was
lower for the engine with CNG as fuel as against
gasoline, at various throttling.
Hydro carbon emission was reduced in
exhaust gas with CNG as fuel as against gasoline at
various throttle opening. Which is shown in the
Fig. 11
Nitrogen oxides emission was found increased
in exhaust gas with CNG as fuel as against gasoline
at various throttle opening. Which is shown in the
Fig. 12
V. Conclusions and scope for further
work
This study has demonstrated that
sequential type CNG conversion kit gasoline
engine has a potential for improved fuel economy
and higher fuel conversion efficiency with
significantly lower exhaust emissions. The
following remarks can be drawn as the conclusions
for this study:
1. Reduction in CO, CO2 and HC emissions at
25% throttle opening with CNG as fuel as
against Gasoline were 81.81%, 34.96%,
39.13% respectively while NOx increasing
27.58%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
25% 50% 100%
CNG
Gasoline
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
25% 50% 100%
CNG
Gasoline
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
25% 50% 100%
CNG
Gasoline
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
25% 50% 100%
CNG
Gasoline
CO(%)
CO2(%)
HC(ppm)
NOx(ppm)
8. Mr. Saravanan V.S, Dr. P. S. Utgikar, Dr. Sachin L Borse / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1103-1110
1110 | P a g e
2. Similar results at 50% of throttle opening were
54.6%, 29.25% and 41.07% , while NOx
increase was 76.97%
3. At 100% of throttle opening similar results
showed 76.2%, 28.85% and 77.37%, while
NOx increase was 82.84%
4. Under the same engine operations and
configurations, sequential port injection CNG
operations shows 20% reduction in Mechanical
efficiency was observed at 25% throttle.
5. Air fuel ratio is reduced by 43%, 38.35% and
18% at 25%, 50% and 100% throttle
respectively. CNG produces less 8-16% of
torque compared to gasoline.
6. Considerable improvement in the emission
characteristics of the engine using CNG fuel as
against gasoline, at all remaining conditions.
VI. Scope for further work
Further work can be extended to evaluate
the performance of engine using CNG blended with
Hydrogen and emission characteristics studied.
References
[1] Brett Jarman, “Beyond CNG – Natural gas
vehicles in the Years Ahead”, The
Automotive Research Association of
India, 2009
[2] Semin, Abdul Rahim Ismail, and Rosli
Abu Bakar, “ Gas Fuel Spray Simulation
of Port Injection Compressd Natural Gas
Engine Using Injector Nozzle Multi
Holes”, European Journal of Scientific
Research, pp.188-193, 2009.
[3] How Heoy Geok, Taib Iskandar
Mohamad, Shahrir Abdullah, Yusoff Ali,
Azhari Shamsudeen, and Elvis Adril
“Experimental Investigation of
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[4] Munde Gopal, G. and Dr. Dalu Rajendra,
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January 2013
[6] Evans, R. L. and Blaszczyk, J. “A
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39-47
[7] Bhandari Kirti, Bansal Akhil, Shukla
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